scholarly journals Peta Jalan (Road Map) dan Kebijakan Pengembangan Industri Gula Nasional

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudi Mardianto ◽  
Pantjar Simatupang ◽  
Prajogo Utomo Hadi ◽  
Husni Malian ◽  
Ali Susmiadi
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Development Program ◽  
State Enterprise ◽  
Sugar Factory ◽  
Long Run ◽  
International Prices ◽  
Short Run ◽  
On Farm

<strong>English</strong><br />There are three major problems encountered by Indonesia in relation with sugar agribusiness. First, the declining sugar productivity, due among others to low on farm technology adoption and sugar factory efficiency. Second, the increasing sugar resulted from among others; the international prices of sugar that do not represent the true production efficiency because it is sold below its production cost; ad-hoc border measure policies; and many illegal sugar imports. Third, the unstable domestic prices of sugar because of inefficient distribution system. To overcome these problems, the future sugar industry development needs to be formulated into short-run development program (3 years), medium-run development program (10 years) and long-run development program (20 years). The short-run development program aims to rehabilitate the sugar factories in Java Island to enable them to produce crystal sugar with “cost of good sold” being competitive with the international prices of sugar. The medium-run development program aims to develop the sugar factories outside Java through utilizing dry land’s formerly allocated to transmigration now being no longer competitive for food crops development. The long-run development program aims to switch the ownership of sugar factory from the state enterprise to sugar cane farmers, and development of sugar cane based industry, such as ethanol, alcohol, etc. Moreover, it is also necessary to revitalize research and development activities through providing more sufficient funds.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Ada tiga permasalahan utama yang dihadapi Indonesia berkaitan dengan agribisnis pergulaan. Pertama, produktivitas gula yang cenderung terus turun yang disebabkan antara lain karena penerapan teknologi on farm dan efisiensi pabrik gula yang rendah. Kedua, impor gula yang semakin meningkat. Hal ini disebabkan antara lain, karena harga gula di pasar internasional tidak menggambarkan tingkat efisiensi produksi yang sebenarnya, karena dijual di bawah ongkos produksinya; kebijakan border measure yang sifatnya ad-hoc; dan banyaknya impor gula illegal. Ketiga, harga gula di pasar domestik tidak stabil yang disebabkan oleh sistem distribusi yang kurang efisien. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, maka pengembangan industri gula di masa yang akan datang perlu disusun dalam Program Jangka Pendek (3 tahun), Program Jangka Menengah (10 tahun) dan Program Jangka Panjang (20 tahun). Program jangka pendek ditujukan untuk melakukan rehabilitasi PG di Jawa, sehingga mampu menghasilkan gula hablur dengan harga pokok yang dapat bersaing dengan harga gula di pasar internasional. Program jangka menengah ditujukan untuk pengembangan PG di Luar Jawa, dengan memanfaatkan lahan kering eks transmigrasi yang kurang kompetitif bagi pengembangan tanaman pangan. Program jangka panjang ditujukan untuk pengalihan pemilikan PG BUMN kepada petani tebu, serta pengembangan industri berbasis tebu, seperti ethanol, alkohol, dan lain-lain. Selain itu, perlu juga dilakukan revitalisasi kegiatan research and development, dengan memberikan dukungan dana yang lebih memadai.

THE IMPACT OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INVESTMENT ON AGRICULTURAL SECTOR PERFOMANCE IN KENYA

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-57
Author(s):  
John Githii Kimani ◽  
Dr. George Ruigu Ruigu
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
Parsimonious Model ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of research and development investment/expenditure on the agricultural sector performance in Kenya.Methodology: The study took the peoples impact assessment direction. The data for this study was collected from various government agencies such as KARI, ASTI, Kenya Agricultural Sector Data compendium website, FAOSTAT, World Bank among others. Co-integration and error correction modeling methods were used in analyzing the data for this study.Results: Co-integration results for both the parsimonious and non-parsimonious model indicated that that there is a long-run relationship among the variables in the agriculture performance in Kenya. Further, findings in this study indicated that the variables under study were insignificant determinants of the long run Total Factor Productivity of the agricultural sector.  Meanwhile, Trade openness was the only significant determinant of the short run agricultural Total Factor Productivity.Unique Contribution to Policy and Practice: This study recommends the institutionalization of policies aimed at ensuring interaction between the various stakeholders in the agricultural sectors. This interaction will ensure that resources are better allocated to reduce duplication of research and dissemination activities. In addition, greater collaboration among the stakeholders will promote and strengthen the connection between research, policy and the application of research findings. The study further advocates that the government should follow a trade liberazation oriented approach to the agricultural sector as opposed to a trade tightening approach.

scholarly journals Understanding International Prices: Customers as Capital

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 364-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukasz A Drozd ◽  
Jaromir B Nosal
Keyword(s):  
International Macroeconomics ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Key Innovation ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
International Prices ◽  
Building Market ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Market Driven ◽  
Using Data

The article develops a new theory of pricing to market driven by dynamic frictions of building market shares. Our key innovation is a capital theoretic model of marketing in which relations with customers are valuable. We discipline the introduced friction using data on differences between short-run and long-run price elasticity of international trade flows. We show that the model accounts for several pricing “puzzles” of international macroeconomics. (JEL E13, F14, F31, F41, F44, M31)

scholarly journals Profitability of Banks in Lebanon: Some Theoretical and Empirical Results

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Samih Antoine Azar ◽  
Ali Bolbol ◽  
Alexandre Mouradian
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Interest Rate Spread ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Interest Rate

<p>The paper, instead of relying on ad hoc measures, derives a simple theoretical model for the income of a commercial bank. This model identifies eight internal exogenous factors to the profitability of these banks. A total panel of 39 banks over the twelve-year period 2003-2014 is studied. The dependent variable is taken to be the return on average total assets (ROAA). The estimation procedure is through panel least squares.  Fixed effects and random effects are considered. The results support the cross section fixed effects model, which brings to light the heterogeneity of banks in Lebanon. Four out of the eight factors are found to be statistically highly significant, explaining about 50% of the variation in ROAA. These are: the interest rate spread, the capital adequacy ratio, the cost to income ratio, and the ratio of non-interest income to total assets. Dynamics are included in the model by adding to the regressors the first lag of the dependent variable. This makes for different short run and long run impacts, with the latter found to be higher than the former as economic theory postulates. Among other recommendations banks are advised to diversify their income towards more wealth management and investment banking, to pay particular attention to their traditional source of income, which is the interest rate spread between loans and deposits, and to manage carefully their cost structure.</p>

scholarly journals Interplays among R&D spending, patent and income growth: new empirical evidence from the panel of countries and groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Chandra Das
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Var Model ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Capita Income Growth

Abstract Industrial houses and governments of different countries and groups spend a sizeable amount of their earnings upon research and development activities to create new products and obtain patents for them. The short-run motive is to get patents, and the long-run motive is to influence income growth of the countries. The empirical findings so far are skeptical on the effects of research and development (R&D) spending. The present study further investigates the long-run associations and short-run dynamics among R&D spending, number of patents and per capita income growth in the panel of countries and groups for the period 1996–2017. Using VAR model for the panel data, the study observes that R&D spending, number of patents and per capita income growth have no long-run equilibrium relations but in the short-run, income growth and number of patents make a cause to R&D spending. However, there are weak causation from patents and R&D spending to income growth rates. The study thus recommends for controlling unfair competition on spending on R&D head and getting patents since it increases the magnitudes of social cost.

scholarly journals Economy-wide impacts of zero-rated VAT on exports of business services in Indonesia: A CGE analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-145
Author(s):  
Tri Bayu Sanjaya
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Professional Services ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Services Research ◽  
Business Services ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Technology Services ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Information And Technology

The Indonesian government expanded the zero-rated VAT regime on exports of services to include information and technology services, research and development services, and professional services and a number of other activities as stipulated in the Minister of Finance Regulation Number 32 Year 2019. This research projects economy-wide impacts of the policy with respect to information and technology services, research and development services, and professional services using the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model. Both short-run (i.e. fixed labour and capital) and longer-run (fixed labour with variable capital) economic environment is set to compare the results derived from two scenarios: elasticity scenario (i.e. rebating input VAT by 1%) and policy scenario (i.e. rebating input VAT by 4.57%). The main findings are that, although a majority of sectors are likely to contract in the short run due to the relocation of some resources in favour of business services, there is a likely long-run national economic benefit reflected by projected increases in export volume of business services, real wages, particularly for skilled labour, and real income.

Migration and US agricultural competitiveness

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Farm Workers ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Guest Workers ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Lower Wage ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One

Agriculture has one of the highest shares of foreign-born and unauthorized workers among US industries; over three-fourths of hired farm workers were born abroad, usually in Mexico, and over half of all farm workers are unauthorized. Farm employers are among the few to openly acknowledge their dependence on migrant and unauthorized workers, and they oppose efforts to reduce unauthorized migration unless the government legalizes currently illegal farm workers or provides easy access to legal guest workers. The effects of migrants on agricultural competitiveness are mixed. On the one hand, wages held down by migrants keep labour-intensive commodities competitive in the short run, but the fact that most labour-intensive commodities are shipped long distances means that long-run US competitiveness may be eroded as US farmers have fewer incentives to develop labour-saving and productivity-improving methods of farming and production in lower-wage countries expands.

Electricity consumption and economic growth in ASEAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ghazali Ismail ◽  
Arlinah Abd Rashid ◽  
Azlina Hanif
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Panel Estimation ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship and causality direction between electricity consumption and economic growth is an important issue in the fields of energy economics and policies towards energy use. Extensive literatures has discussed the issue, but the array of findings provides anything but consensus on either the existence of relations or direction of causality between the variables. This study extends research in this area by studying the long-run and causal relations between economic growth, electricity consumption, labour and capital based on the neo-classical one sector aggregate production technology mode using data of electricity consumption and real GDP for ASEAN from the year 1983 to 2012. The analysis is conducted using advanced panel estimation approaches and found no causality in the short run while in the long-run, the results indicate that there are bidirectional relationship among variables. This study provides supplementary evidences of relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in ASEAN.

Impact of exchange rate and oil price on the yield of sovereign bond and sukuk: Evidence from Malaysian capital market

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Huda Arshad ◽  
Ruhaini Muda ◽  
Ismah Osman
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Sovereign Bond ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Impact

This study analyses the impact of exchange rate and oil prices on the yield of sovereign bond and sukuk for Malaysian capital market. This study aims to ascertain the effect of weakening Malaysian Ringgit and declining of crude oil price on the fixed income investors in the emerging capital market. This study utilises daily time series data of Malaysian exchange rate, oil price and the yield of Malaysian sovereign bond and sukuk from year 2006 until 2015. The findings show that the weakening of exchange rate and oil prices contribute different impacts in the short and long run. In the short run, the exchange rate and oil prices does not have a direct relation with the yield of sovereign bond and sukuk. However, in the long run, the result reveals that there is a significant relationship between exchange rate and oil prices on the yield of sovereign bond and sukuk. It is evident that only a unidirectional causality relation is present between exchange rate and oil price towards selected yield of Malaysian sovereign bond and sukuk. This study provides numerical and empirical insights on issues relating to capital market that supports public authorities and private institutions on their decision and policymaking process.

PERSEPSI PETANI TENTANG KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH DALAM UPAYA PENGEMBANGAN AGRIBISNIS SAYURAN

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Awaludin Sofwanto ◽  
Basita Ginting Sugihen ◽  
Djoko Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Agricultural Education ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Farm Management ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
On Farm ◽  
And Training ◽  
Area Development ◽  
Farmer’S Perception

The regional government policies on vegetables agribusiness development is carried out through agropolitan area development program. The aims of this study are : (1) To get informations on perception of vegetables farmer’s towards the regional government policies in the efforts of vegetables agribusiness development, (2) To get informations on the vegetables farmer’s efforts to increase vegetables agribusiness through agropolitan area development program, and (3) To analyze the correlation of farmer’s perception towards the regional government policies in the efforts of vegetables agribusiness development with the farmer’s efforts to increase vegetables agribusiness. The method of this study is using descriptive correlation. Some important results of this study are : (1) The vegetables farmer’s perception towards the regional government policies in the efforts of vegetables agribusiness development is high, (2) Vegetables farmer’s effort to increase vegetables agribusiness is high, and (3) There is significant correlation between vegetables farmer’s perception and the efforts of the vegetables farmer’s to increase vegetables agribusiness, such as : partnership with the entrepreneurs, on-farm management, and marketing management. The supporting sub-system merit such as : the micro financial institutions, agricultural education and training, agricultural extention, faciliting of regional governments to provide market places at main market in Jakarta should be increased.

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