scholarly journals The use of Biotechnology in the Characterization, Evaluation, and Utilization of Indonesian Rice Germplasm

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Tiur S Silitonga
Keyword(s):  
International Rice Research Institute ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Material Transfer ◽  
Rice Germplasm ◽  
Material Transfer Agreement ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Research Institute

<p>Penggunaan Bioteknologi dalam Karakterisasi, Evaluasi,<br />dan Pemanfaatan Plasma Nutfah Padi Indonesia. Tiur S.<br />Silitonga. Beras merupakan makanan pokok penduduk<br />Indonesia yang terus meningkat kebutuhannya. Untuk memenuhi<br />kebutuhan beras nasional, peningkatan produktivitas<br />varietas padi terus diupayakan melalui peningkatan potensi<br />hasil dengan cara merakit varietas tipe baru dan padi<br />hibrida yang berdaya hasil tinggi dan genjah, tahan terhadap<br />cekaman biotik dan abiotik. Sejak tahun 2006 sampai saat<br />ini jumlah varietas yang dihasilkan sebanyak 31 varietas.<br />Perakitan varietas itu semua dilakukan dengan menggunakan<br />plasma nutfah. Sampai saat ini plasma nutfah yang dilestarikan<br />di Bank Gen Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan<br />Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian<br />(BB-Biogen) berjumlah sekitar 4.000 aksesi yang terdiri atas<br />varietas padi lokal, varietas padi unggul lama, varietas unggul<br />tipe baru, galur-galur elit, dan kerabat spesies padi liar.<br />Untuk menjaga keselamatan koleksi, sebanyak 2.500 aksesi<br />dilestarikan di Balai Besar Penelitian Padi sebagai koleksi<br />duplikat. Di samping itu, sebagai mitra kerja sama internasional,<br />koleksi ini juga disimpan di pusat pelestarian plasma<br />nutfah padi International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) sebanyak<br />lebih dari 8.900 aksesi. Plasma nutfah ini memiliki<br />peranan yang sangat besar sebagai sumber gen dalam<br />program pemuliaan padi. Untuk mempermudah pemanfaatannya,<br />koleksi ini telah di karakterisasi, dievaluasi, dan didokumentasikan<br />di dalam database. Karena plasma nutfah<br />memiliki nilai potensial dan nilai aktual bagi kehidupan manusia,<br />maka sangat penting untuk melestarikannya baik<br />secara in situ, ex situ, dan lekat lahan (on farm). Pada tulisan<br />ini diuraikan status koleksi plasma nutfah, bagaimana dikoleksi,<br />karakterisasi, evaluasi, dan didokumentasikan dalam<br />database dan dimanfaatkan dalam program pemuliaan<br />padi serta dalam pertukaran plasma nutfah padi. Dalam pemanfaatan<br />dan pertukaran plasma nutfah, Indonesia telah<br />meratifikasi perjanjian pertukaran sumber daya genetik dan<br />mengimplementasikannya dengan menggunakan Standard<br />Material Transfer Agreement (sMTA) melalui UU No. 4 Tahun<br />2006.</p>

scholarly journals Duck Genetic Resources, Their Improvement And Conservation In Bangladesh: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
MA Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Research Institute

The present article addresses the scenario of duck genetic resources, their production and reproduction performances, their improvement and conservation in Bangladesh. The duck, among other poultry species available in the country, are used for meat and egg production. The duck germplasm available in the country are indigenous/native, improved native, exotic and their crosses. The native duck population is comprised of Indigenous Non-descript, Deshi White, Deshi Black, Nageshwari, Sylhet Mete etc. The improved native such as, BLRI-1 and BLRI-2 are developed by Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute. The exotic duck such as, Khaki Campbell, Indian Runner, Jending, Muscovy, White Pekin, Cherry Valley, Thailand Black etc. are also used at farms level. The crossbred of different ducks are used in the country at different farming systems. Improvement and conservation of native duck are ongoing both in-situ and ex-situ in vivo by DLS, BLRI, BAU and also by others. The present study provided baseline information on duck germplasm of Bangladesh which could be useful for future genetic characterization, improvement and conservation. SAARC J. Agri., 17(2): 31-42 (2019)

Conservation gap analysis of crop wild relatives in Turkey

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Necla Tas ◽  
George West ◽  
Gun Kircalioglu ◽  
S. Boyraz Topaloglu ◽  
Jade Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gap Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Taxon Richness ◽  
Central Research ◽  
Research Institute

AbstractCrop wild relatives (CWR) are wild plant taxa relatively closely related to crops that can contribute beneficial traits for crop improvement, such as biotic and abiotic stress resistance. Turkey has a rich flora of approximately 11,000 higher plant taxa, has two Vavilov centres of crop diversity (i.e. the Mediterranean and the Near East), is recognized as the cradle of agriculture providing the northern boundary of the Fertile Crescent, and has recently been identified as the country with the highest concentration of CWR diversity. The objective of this paper is to present the results of a gap analysis of CWR genetic diversity in Turkey using existing data sources of 458 of the 764 priority CWR taxa with available georeferenced data. In total, 27,597 presence points were obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Aegean Agricultural Research Institute in Menemen and Field Crops Central Research Institute, Ankara. Geographic Information System (GIS) software was used to identify taxon richness, sampling bias, future ex situ population collection and location where existing protected sites could form the basis of national network of in situ genetic reserves. CWR taxon richness was located along the Aegean Coast, Syrian border and southern Mediterranean coast. Current ex situ representation of CWR taxa is inadequate and further collection across the entire country is required. The highest priority in situ reserve location is found in Izmir, Sanliurfa and Antalya province, which reflects overall CWR richness.

scholarly journals Possibilities and reality of on-farm conservation

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. S60-S64 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Holubec ◽  
T. Vymyslický ◽  
F. Paprštein
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
On Farm Conservation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
On Farm

Conservation of crops is based on <I>ex situ </I>collection into gene banks. Additionally, crop’s wild relatives can be conserved <I>in situ</I>, and landraces and obsolete cultivars also can be conserved using the on-farm method. The definition and methodology of on-farm conservation is discussed. On-farm conservation has been set up in the Czech Republic as model examples in several institutions dealing with nature protection, education, cultural conservation, as well as by some private farmers. Problems, plus positive and negative experiences are presented. On-farm conservation in open-air-museums in the natur (skansens) as well as in the national parks, seem to be suitable ways forward for the Czech Republic.

scholarly journals Management Practices and Breeding History of Varieties Strongly Determine the Fine Genetic Structure of Crop Populations: A Case Study Based on European Wheat Populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 613
Author(s):  
Abdul Rehman Khan ◽  
Isabelle Goldringer ◽  
Mathieu Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Genetic Group ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
History Of ◽  
Breeding History ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Different Levels

As the effects of climate change begin to be felt on yield stability, it is becoming essential to promote the use of genetic diversity in farmers’ fields. The presence of genetic variability in variety could fulfil this purpose. Indeed, the level of intra-varietal genetic diversity influences the spatio-temporal stability of yields and the disease susceptibility of crop species. Breeding history of varieties and their management practices are two factors that should influence intra-varietal genetic diversity. This paper describes the genetic diversity of eight wheat samples covering a gradient from modern single varieties to on-farm mixtures of landraces. This gradient discriminates between landrace, historical and modern varieties, considering the breeding history of varieties, between single-varieties and mixtures of varieties, and between ex situ and in situ de facto strategy in terms of management practices. Genetic diversity of these samples was analyzed with the help of 41 single nucleotide polymorphism markers located in neutral regions, through computing genetic indices at three different levels: Allelic, haplotypic and genetic group level. Population structure and kinship were depicted using discriminant analysis and kinship network analysis. Results revealed an increase in the complexity of the genetic structure as we move on the gradient of variety types (from modern single variety to in situ on-farm mixtures of landraces). For the landraces, the highest levels of genetic diversity have been observed for a landrace (Solina d’Abruzzo) continuously grown on-farm in the region of Abruzzo, in Italy, for many decades. This landrace showed an excess of haplotypic diversity compared to landraces or the historical variety that were stored in genebanks (ex situ conservation). Genetic analyses of the mixtures revealed that, despite a very high selfing rate in wheat, growing in evolutionary mixtures promotes recombination between different genetic components of the mixture, a second way to increase the level of haplotype diversity. When management practices such as growing in mixture and on-farm management are combined, they substantially increase the different levels of genetic diversity of the populations (allelic, haplotypic, genetic group diversity), and consequently promote their adaptability. Our results confirm the need to develop and manage evolving diversified large populations on-farm. These results invite crop diversity managers such as genebank curators, community seed bank managers and farmers’ organizations to adapt their management strategies to the type of variety they wish to manage, because we have shown that their choices have a strong influence on the genetic composition of the crop populations.

Seed systems and diversity

2021 ◽  
pp. 271-288
Author(s):  
Niels Louwaars ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Farming System ◽  
Farm Management ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Seed Systems ◽  
Crop Genetic Diversity ◽  
Modern Breeding ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact

Farmers use various seed systems to obtain seeds for their next crop. The diversity of seeds determines, together with other aspects of the farming system, the biodiversity in farmed areas. Conservation strategies for crop genetic resources distinguish ex situ, on-farm and in situ components. The on-farm management of such resources is highly influenced by the seed systems that farmers use. Next to primary and secondary centres of diversity, this chapter introduces a tertiary source of diversity, based on the creation of new diversity through modern breeding. The impact of different seed systems on the management of crop genetic diversity is also analysed.

scholarly journals Agrobiodiversity and its Conservation in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 14-33
Author(s):  
Bal Krishna Joshi ◽  
Neena Amatya Gorkhali ◽  
Neeta Pradhan ◽  
Krishna Hari Ghimire ◽  
Tek Prasad Gotame ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Status ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Aquatic Animal ◽  
Global Marketing ◽  
Good Practices ◽  
On Farm

Nepal is a part of the world’s biodiversity hotspot and ranks the 49th in the world for biodiversity. Agrobiodiversity and its conservation status were studied through literature review, field survey, key informant survey and focus group discussion. Results of field implementation of some good practices and action research were also documented. Among 24,300 total species in the country, 28% are agricultural genetic resources (AGRs), termed as agrobiodiversity. Agrobiodiversity has six components (crops, forages, livestock, aquatic, insects and microorganisms) and four sub-components (domesticated, semi-domesticated, wild relatives and wild edible) in Nepal. Agrobiodiversity on each component exists at agroecosystem, species, variety/breed/biotype/race/strain, genotype and allele levels, within an altitude range from 60 to 5,000 masl. There are 12 agroecosystems supporting 1026 species under crop component, 510 under forage, 35 under livestock, 250 under the aquatic animal, 17 under aquatic plant, 3,500 under insect and 800 under microorganism. An estimated loss of agrobiodiversity is 40%, however, farmers have reported up to 100% loss of AGRs in some areas for a particular species. Conservation of agrobiodiversity has been initiated since 1986. Four strategies namely ex-situ, on-farm, in-situ and breeding have been adopted for conservation and sustainable utilization of AGRs. Eighty good practices including process, methods and actions for managing agrobiodiversity have been in practice and these practices come under five conservation components (sensitization, method and approach, accelerator, value and enabling environment). Within the country, 18,765 accessions of AGRs have been conserved in different kinds of banks. A total of 24,683 accessions of Nepalese crops, forages and microbes have been conserved in different international and foreign genebanks. Some collections are conserved as safety duplication and safety backup in different CGIARs’ banks and World Seed Vault, Korea. Two global databases (GENESYS and EURISCO) have maintained 19,200 Nepalese accessions. Geographical Information System, Climate Analog Tool and biotechnological tools have been applied for better managing AGRs. Many stakeholders need to further concentrate on the conservation and utilization of AGRs. Global marketing of some native AGRs is necessary for sustaining agriculture and attracting young generations as well as conserving them through use.

scholarly journals Distribution, management and diversity of the endangered Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
WF. Nascimento ◽  
MVBM. Siqueira ◽  
AB. Ferreira ◽  
LC. Ming ◽  
N. Peroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Situ ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Flesh Color ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Distribution Management ◽  
On Farm Conservation ◽  
Purple Yam ◽  
On Farm

The objective of this study was to verify the occurrence of Dioscorea trifida in Brazil and to obtain information concerning its distribution, management and diversity. Farmers from 21 communities were interviewed in the states of São Paulo, Santa Catarina and Mato Grosso. During the visits, semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect socio-economic, management and diversity data for this crop. Fifty-one collected accessions, plus two accessions obtained at local markets of Amazonas, were characterized using 12 morphological traits. Most the interviewed farmers were men (75%) with a mean age of 59.5 years. Just a few young people and labor force were available for agricultural activities, with an average of only three individuals per farm. Most farmers (56%) grew only one variety of D. trifida, although 44% had more than one variety in their fields, which aims to provide greater assurance at harvest. Many popular names were observed for D. trifida, and cará roxo (purple yam) was the name most used by farmers (43.4%). Characters referring to the tuber, such as skin and flesh color, were most relevant for the distinction of the accessions. The results of this study may collaborate to develop strategies for conservation, both ex situ and in situ, within the view of on farm conservation.

An in situ and ex situ TEM study of the formation of thin cobalt silicide films by molecular beam epitaxy on the silicon (100) surface

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 884-885
Author(s):  
D. Loretto ◽  
J. M. Gibson ◽  
S. M. Yalisove ◽  
R. T. Tung
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Beam Epitaxy ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Metal Base ◽  
In Situ Experiments ◽  
Potential Applications

The cobalt disilicide/silicon system has potential applications as a metal-base and as a permeable-base transistor. Although thin, low defect density, films of CoSi2 on Si(111) have been successfully grown, there are reasons to believe that Si(100)/CoSi2 may be better suited to the transmission of electrons at the silicon/silicide interface than Si(111)/CoSi2. A TEM study of the formation of CoSi2 on Si(100) is therefore being conducted. We have previously reported TEM observations on Si(111)/CoSi2 grown both in situ, in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) TEM and ex situ, in a conventional Molecular Beam Epitaxy system.The procedures used for the MBE growth have been described elsewhere. In situ experiments were performed in a JEOL 200CX electron microscope, extensively modified to give a vacuum of better than 10-9 T in the specimen region and the capacity to do in situ sample heating and deposition. Cobalt was deposited onto clean Si(100) samples by thermal evaporation from cobalt-coated Ta filaments.

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