scholarly journals Marked Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease Mortality by Levels of Happiness and Life Satisfaction in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-177
Author(s):  
Hyunjung Lee ◽  
Gopal K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Background: Theimpact of happiness and life satisfaction on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality is not well-studied. Using a longitudinal dataset, we examined the association between levels of happiness/life satisfaction and CVD mortality in the United States. Methods: We analyzed the 2001 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) prospectively linked to 2001-2014 mortality records in the National Death Index (NDI) (N=30,933). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model survival time as a function of happiness, life satisfaction, and sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics. Results: In Cox models with 14 years of mortality follow-up, CVD mortality risk was 59% higher (hazard ratio [HR]=1.59; 95% CI=1.26,2.02) in adults with little or no happiness, controlling for age, and 30% higher (HR=1.30; 95% CI=1.01,1.67) in adults with little/no happiness, controlling for sociodemographic, behavioral and health characteristics, when compared with adults reporting happiness most or all of the time. Mortality risk was 81% higher (HR=1.81; 95% CI=1.40,2.34) in adults who were very dissatisfied with their life, controlling for age, and 39% higher (HR=1.39; 95% CI=1.05,1.82) in adults who were very dissatisfied, controlling for all covariates, when compared with adults who were very satisfied. Conclusions and Implications for Translation: Adults with lower happiness and life satisfaction levels had significantly higher CVD mortality risks than those with higher happiness and life satisfaction levels. Subjective well-being is an important determinant of CVD mortality. Key words: • Happiness • Life satisfaction • Cardiovascular • Mortality • Longitudinal • Social determinants   Copyright © 2020 Lee and Singh. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access arti-cle distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in this journal, is properly cited.

scholarly journals Association of Happiness and Life Satisfaction with Cancer Mortality in the United States: A Longitudinal Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-169
Author(s):  
Hyunjung Lee ◽  
Gopal K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Models ◽  
Creative Commons ◽  
Cancer Mortality Risk

Background: Theimpact of happiness and life satisfaction on cancer mortality is not well studied. Using a longitudinal dataset, we examined the association between levels of happiness/life satisfaction and cancer mortality in the United States. Methods: We analyzed the 2001 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) prospectively linked to 2001-2014 mortality records in the National Death Index (NDI) (N=30,933). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model survival time as a function of happiness, life satisfaction, and sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics. Results: In Cox models with 14 years of mortality follow-up, cancer mortality risk was 78% higher (hazard ratio [HR]=1.78; 95% CI=1.42,2.23) in adults with little or no happiness, controlling for age, and 53% higher (HR=1.53; 95% CI=1.19,1.97) in adults with little/no happiness, controlling for sociodemographic, behavioral and health characteristics, when compared with adults reporting happiness most or all of the time. Age-adjusted cancer mortality risk increased by 41% (HR=1.41; 95% CI=1.21,1.77) in adults who were very dissatisfied with their life. Cancer mortality did not vary by life satisfaction after adjusting for all covariates. Conclusions and Implications for Translation: Adults with lower happiness levels had significantly higher cancer mortality risks than those with higher happiness levels. Excess mortality was substantially accounted for by sociodemographic, behavioral, and health risk factors. Key words: • Happiness • Life satisfaction • Cancer • Mortality • Longitudinal • Social determinants   Copyright © 2020 Lee and Singh. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in this journal, is properly cited.

scholarly journals Inequalities in Life Expectancy and All-Cause Mortality in the United States by Levels of Happiness and Life Satisfaction: A Longitudinal Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-315
Author(s):  
Hyunjung Lee ◽  
Gopal K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
The Impact

Background: Despite having one of the highest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita levels, United States (US) ranks lower in subjective well-being, including happiness and life satisfaction, compared with European countries. Studies of the impact of happiness and life satisfaction on life expectancy and mortality in the US are limited or non-existent. Using a national longitudinal dataset, we examined the association between levels of happiness/life satisfaction and US life expectancy and all-cause mortality. Methods: We analyzed the 2001 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) prospectively linked to 2001-2014 mortality records in the National Death Index (NDI) (N=30,377). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model survival time as a function of happiness, life satisfaction, and sociodemographic and behavioral covariates. Results: Life expectancies at age 18 among adults with high levels of happiness and life satisfaction were, respectively, 7.5 and 8.9 years higher compared to those with low levels of happiness and life satisfaction. In Cox models with 14 years of mortality follow-up, all-cause mortality risk was 82% higher (hazard ratio [HR]=1.82; 95% CI=1.59,2.08) in adults with little or no happiness, controlling for age, and 36% higher (HR=1.36; 95% CI=1.17,1.57) in adults with little/no happiness, controlling for sociodemographic, behavioral and health characteristics, when compared with adults reporting happiness all of the time. Mortality risk was 107% higher (HR=2.07; 95% CI=1.80,2.38) in adults who were very dissatisfied with their life, controlling for age, and 39% higher (HR=1.39; 95% CI=1.20,1.60) in adults who were very dissatisfied, controlling for all covariates, when compared with adults who were very satisfied. Conclusions and Global Health Implications: Adults with higher happiness and life satisfaction levels had significantly higher life expectancy and lower all-cause mortality risks than those with lower happiness and satisfaction levels. These findings underscore the significance of addressing subjective well-being in the population as a strategy for reducing all-cause mortality. Key words: • Inequalities • Disparities • Happiness • Life satisfaction • Life expectancy • Mortality • Longitudinal • Social determinants   Copyright © 2020 Lee and Singh. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in this journal, is properly cited.

scholarly journals Do Centenarians With Higher Life Satisfaction Live Longer?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 225-225
Author(s):  
Oscar Ribeiro ◽  
Lia Araújo ◽  
Rosa Marina Afonso ◽  
Laetitia Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Satisfaction With Life Scale ◽  
Subjective Well Being

Abstract Subjective well-being (SWB) is defined as a person’s cognitive and affective evaluation of life and has been recognized as one of the main psychological factors associated with better health and longevity in different age groups. Several studies evidenced its influence on all-cause mortality, but such a relation has been scarcely explored in individuals aged 100 years and over. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of SWB in the survival of a sample of centenarians. Two studies conducted in Portugal (PT100 Oporto and PT100 Beira Interior) followed individuals from the age of 100+ years, checking their survival every six months over the period of December 2013 until June 2019. The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) was used at baseline as a measure of subjective well-being. Given that this is a self-reported scale, only a subsample of centenarians with cognitive capacity were included in this study (n=82; 67 (80.7%) women; mean age at baseline 101 years (sd=1.3 years)). Results obtained through a univariate Cox proportional hazards model suggest that longer survival was associated with higher levels of life satisfaction, highlighting the importance of this psychological dimension for longevity even at very advanced ages.

scholarly journals Sport Spectatorship and Life Satisfaction: A Multicountry Investigation

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhei Inoue ◽  
Mikihiro Sato ◽  
Kevin Filo ◽  
James Du ◽  
Daniel C. Funk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Emotional Support ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Professional Sport ◽  
Team Identification ◽  
Sport Events ◽  
Satisfaction Relationship

Elite and professional sport events have been recognized as potential mechanisms to enhance well-being. This multicountry study investigates how engagement in such events, behaviorally through live spectating and psychologically through team identification, is associated with life satisfaction. Data from Australia (N = 268) revealed a positive association between live spectating and life satisfaction through a two-wave design measuring live spectating and life satisfaction in separate surveys. Data from the United States (N = 564) confirmed the live spectating–life satisfaction relationship found in Study 1. Additionally, Study 2 revealed individuals with higher levels of team identification perceived greater emotional support from other fans, and this perception, in turn, predicted life satisfaction. Our findings provide sport managers with implications for positioning appeals in support of sport programs and designing events that facilitate engagement to promote life satisfaction in the community.

scholarly journals The Joint Effects of Loneliness and Depression on Mortality: Does Gender Matter?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 323-323
Author(s):  
Ted Kheng Siang Ng ◽  
Abhijit Visaria ◽  
Angelique W M Chan ◽  
Kheng Siang Ted Ng
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Loneliness and depression are both associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality among older adults. However, the evidence on the joint effect of loneliness and depression is scarce. Furthermore, previous research has rarely examined the modifying effects of gender. We investigated these questions using the Panel on Health and Aging of Singaporean Elderly, a nationally-representative cohort study of community-dwelling older Singaporean adults aged 60 and above, conducted in 2009 with two follow-up waves in 2011 and 2015 (N=4536). We operationalized six groups based on three categories of loneliness measured using the 3-item University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) loneliness scale: always lonely, sometimes lonely, and never lonely; Two categories of depressive symptom scores were measured using the 11-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) scale: depressed and not depressed. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to estimate the mortality risks for each group, with an extensive set of covariates. Due to significant differences in the prevalence of loneliness and depression in different genders, we conducted gender-stratified analyses. Compared to being not depressed and never lonely, women who were depressed and sometimes lonely and who were not depressed but always lonely had a higher mortality risk. Men who were not depressed but sometimes lonely had a higher mortality risk. We conclude that loneliness appears to be the predominant construct in conferring excess mortality risk. Health policies and interventions addressing the factors common and unique to each gender may improve psychological well-being at older ages, thereby extending the lifespan.

Do National Service Programs Improve Subjective Well-Being in Communities?

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristopher Velasco ◽  
Pamela Paxton ◽  
Robert W. Ressler ◽  
Inbar Weiss ◽  
Lilla Pivnick
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Change Score ◽  
National Service ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Community Effects ◽  
Service Programs ◽  
Open Question ◽  
New Evidence

Since the creation of Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) in 1964 and AmeriCorps in 1993, a stated goal of national service programs has been to strengthen the overall health of communities across the United States. But whether national service programs have such community effects remains an open question. Using longitudinal cross-lagged panel and change-score models from 2005 to 2013, this study explores whether communities with national service programs exhibit greater subjective well-being. We use novel measures of subjective well-being derived from tweeted expressions of emotions, engagement, and relationships in 1,347 U.S. counties. Results show that national service programs improve subjective well-being primarily by mitigating threats to well-being and communities that exhibit more engagement are better able to attract national service programs. Although limited in size, these persistent effects are robust to multiple threats to inference and provide important new evidence on how national service improves communities in the United States.

scholarly journals Individual-Level Determinants of Employee Shirking

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 468-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy A. Judge ◽  
Timothy D. Chandler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Work Group ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Organization Level

Employee shirking, where workers give less than full effort on the job, has typically been investigated as a construct subject to organization-level influences. Neglected are individual differences that could explain why employees in the same organization or work-group might shirk. Using a sample of workers from the health care profession in the United States, the present study sought to address these limitations by investigating subjective well-being (a dispositional construct), job satisfaction, as well as other indiuidual-level determinants of shirking. Results indicate that whites shirk significantly more than nonwhites, and that subjective well-being, job satisfaction, and age have significant, negative effects on shirking. The implications of these results are discussed.

Abstract 17: Association of Race and Sex with Cardiovascular Disease and Non-Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: The REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel S Tajeu ◽  
Monika M Safford ◽  
George Howard ◽  
Rikki M Tanner ◽  
Paul Muntner
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Stroke Study ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Introduction: Black Americans have higher rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality compared with whites. Differences in sociodemographic, psychosocial, CVD, and other risk factors may explain increased mortality risk. Methods: We analyzed data from 29,015 REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study participants to determine factors that may explain the higher hazard ratio for CVD and non-CVD mortality in blacks compared with whites. Cause of death was adjudicated by trained investigators. Within age-sex sub-groups, we used Cox proportional hazards regression with progressive adjustment to estimate black:white hazard ratios. Results: Overall, 41.0% of participants were black, and 54.9% were women. Over a mean follow-up of 7.1 years (maximum 12.3 years), 5,299 participants died (1,797 CVD and 3,502 non-CVD deaths). Among participants < 65 years of age, the age and region adjusted black:white hazard ratio for CVD mortality was 2.28 (95% CI: 1.68-3.10) and 2.32 (95% CI: 1.80-3.00) for women and men, respectively, and for participants ≥ 65 was 1.54 (95% CI: 1.30-1.82) and 1.35 (95% CI: 1.16-1.57) for women and men, respectively ( Table ). The higher black:white hazard ratios for CVD mortality were no longer statistically significant after multivariable adjustment, with the largest attenuation occurring with sociodemographic and CVD risk factor adjustment. Among participants < 65 years of age, the age and region adjusted black:white hazard ratios for non-CVD mortality were 1.51 (95% CI: 1.24-1.85) and 1.76 (95% CI: 1.46-2.13) for women and men, respectively, and for participants ≥ 65 was 1.12 (95% CI: 1.00-1.26) and 1.34 (95% CI: 1.20-1.49) for women and men, respectively. The higher black:white hazard ratios for non-CVD mortality were attenuated after adjustment for sociodemographics. Conclusions: Black:white differences are larger for CVD than non-CVD causes of death. The increased CVD mortality for blacks compared with whites is primarily explained by sociodemographic and CVD risk factors.

scholarly journals The influence of daily spiritual experiences and gender on subjective well-being over time in cancer survivors

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-171
Author(s):  
Myriam Rudaz ◽  
Thomas Ledermann ◽  
Joseph G. Grzywacz
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Spiritual Experiences ◽  
Daily Spiritual Experiences ◽  
Over Time

Cancer survivors are at risk for poor subjective well-being, but the potential beneficial effect of daily spiritual experiences is unknown. Using data from the second and third wave of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, we examined the extent to which daily spiritual experiences at baseline moderate the association between subjective well-being at baseline and approximately 10 years later in cancer survivors ( n = 288). Regression analyses, controlled for age, educational attainment, and religious/spiritual coping, showed that daily spiritual experiences moderated the association between life satisfaction at baseline and follow-up. Specifically, high spiritual experiences enhanced life satisfaction over time in cancer survivors with low life satisfaction at baseline. Also, daily spiritual experiences moderated the association between positive affect at baseline and follow-up, though this moderating effect was different for women and men. No moderating effect emerged for negative affect.

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