scholarly journals The influence of nitrogen content on the amount of austenite in the structure of the deposited coatings obtained from diffusionsgleichung shavings of steel Р6M5

2019 ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
V. A. Stefanovich ◽  
S. V. Borisov ◽  
A. V. Stefanovich
Keyword(s):  
Phase Composition ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Structure Formation ◽  
Nitrogen Doping ◽  
Carbon Doping ◽  
Steel Chip

The article presents the results on the structure formation of deposited coatings obtained from steel chips P6M5 subjected to diffusion nitrogen-carbon doping. It was found that the diffusion doping with nitrogen-carbon steel chip waste P6M5 carbon content in them varies between 1.75–3.14%, nitrogen – 0.43–1.24%. The phase composition includes phases: a-Fe, M6C, Fe3C, (Cr, Fe)2N1–x, Fe3N, Cr0.63C0.35N0.03, M4(C, N) depending on the temperature and time of diffusion doping. When surfacing these materials in the deposited coating contains carbide-forming elements 8,6–9,3%, carbon 1,04–1,94%, nitrogen 0,08–0,25%. The structure consists of carbide M23S6, martensite and austenite, while the content of austenite in dendrites can reach 70–90%. It is shown that nitrogen doping of the deposited coatings obtained from steel chips P6M5, subjected to saturation with nitrogen-carbon, more effectively increases the amount of austenite in the structure than alloying the deposited coatings with nitrogen ferroalloys.

ALGOMA AR225

Alloy Digest ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Brinell Hardness ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Rolled Plate ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
High Carbon Content

Abstract Algoma AR225 is a carbon steel developed primarily to supply a low-cost material for high-abrasion applications. It is furnished in the form of as-rolled plate with a relatively high carbon content (0.35-0.45%). AR-225 is sold on the basis of chemical analysis only; the number 225 signifies the approximate Brinell hardness. On thicknesses one-half inch and over, this Brinell value may be lower than 225 because of higher finishing temperatures. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and elasticity. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: CS-138. Producer or source: Algoma Steel Corporation Ltd.

Effect of Soaking Time on Paste Carburizing of Carburized Low Carbon Steel

2017 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hafizuddin Jumadin ◽  
Bulan Abdullah ◽  
Muhammad Hussain Ismail ◽  
Siti Khadijah Alias ◽  
Samsiah Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Case Depth ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Soaking Time ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Carburized Steel ◽  
Carburizing Process

Increase of soaking time contributed to the effectiveness of case depth formation, hardness properties and carbon content of carburized steel. This paper investigates the effect of different soaking time (7-9 hours) using powder and paste compound to the carburized steel. Low carbon steels were carburized using powder and paste compound for 7, 8 and 9 hours at temperature 1000°C. The transformation of microstructure and formation carbon rich layer was observed under microscope. The microhardness profiles were analyzed to investigate the length of case depth produced after the carburizing process. The increment of carbon content was considered to find the correlation between types of carburizing compound with time. Results shows that the longer carburized steel was soaked, the higher potential in formation of carbon rich layer, case depth and carbon content, which led to better hardness properties for carburized low carbon steel. Longer soaking time, 9 hours has a higher dispersion of carbon up to 41%-51% compare to 8 hours and 7 hours. By using paste carburizing, it has more potential of carbon atom to merge the microstructure to transform into cementite (1.53 wt% C) compare to powder (0.97 wt% C), which increases the hardness of carburized steel (13% higher).

Structure and phase composition of cobalt rich coating prepared by laser cladding on low carbon steel

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Pizúrová ◽  
J. Komurka ◽  
M. Svoboda ◽  
O. Schneeweiss
Keyword(s):  
Phase Composition ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Laser Cladding ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon

Synthesis of high carbon content microspheres using 2-step microwave carbonization, and the influence of nitrogen doping on catalytic activity

Carbon ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 307-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alum Jung ◽  
Suenghoon Han ◽  
Teawon Kim ◽  
Won Joon Cho ◽  
Kun-Hong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Nitrogen Doping ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
High Carbon Content

scholarly journals Different Growth and Sporulation Responses to Temperature Gradient among Obligate Apomictic Strains of Ulva prolifera

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2256
Author(s):  
Yoichi Sato ◽  
Yutaro Kinoshita ◽  
Miho Mogamiya ◽  
Eri Inomata ◽  
Masakazu Hoshino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Genetic Stability ◽  
Ulva Prolifera ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Site Specific

The green macroalga Ulva prolifera has a number of variants, some of which are asexual (independent from sexual variants). Although it has been harvested for food, the yield is decreasing. To meet market demand, developing elite cultivars is required. The present study investigated the genetic stability of asexual variants, genotype (hsp90 gene sequences) and phenotype variations across a temperature gradient (10–30 °C) in an apomictic population. Asexual variants were collected from six localities in Japan and were isolated as an unialgal strain. The hsp90 gene sequences of six strains were different and each strain included multiple distinct alleles, suggesting that the strains were diploid and heterozygous. The responses of growth and sporulation versus temperature differed among strains. Differences in thermosensitivity among strains could be interpreted as the result of evolution and processes of adaptation to site-specific environmental conditions. Although carbon content did not differ among strains and cultivation temperatures, nitrogen content tended to increase at higher temperatures and there were differences among strains. A wide variety of asexual variants stably reproducing clonally would be advantageous in selecting elite cultivars for long-term cultivation. Using asexual variants as available resources for elite cultivars provides potential support for increasing the productivity of U. prolifera.

scholarly journals Effects of Heterogeneous Environment After Deforestation on Plant Phenotypic Plasticity of Three Shrubs Based on Leaf Traits and Biomass Allocation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinniu Wang ◽  
Jing Gao ◽  
Yan Wu ◽  
Bo Xu ◽  
Fusun Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Heterogeneous Environment

Phenotypic plasticity among natural plant populations is a species-specific ecological phenomenon of paramount importance that depends on their life forms, development stages, as well as environmental factors. While this phenomenon is broadly understood, it has hardly been observed in nature. This study aimed at understanding phenotypic plasticity and ecological adaptability in three shrubs (Salix etosia, Rubus setchuenensis, and Hydrangea aspera) affected by potential environmental variables after deforesting in sparse Larix spp. forest and tall shrub mixed secondary forests. Soil organic carbon content, total nitrogen content, and available nitrogen content were greater outside the forests, contrary to other measured factors whose availability was higher in the forest interiors. In case of leaf traits and stoichiometric indicators, there were significant interactions of leaf area (LA), leaf dry matter (DW), specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf phosphorus content (LPC) between shrub species and heterogeneous environments (P < 0.05) but not for leaf C/N, N/P, and C/P. Principal components analysis (PCA) indicated that soil temperature, pH value, soil carbon content, soil nitrogen content, and MBC and MBN mainly constituted the first component. Summarized results indicated that TB and leaf C/P of S. etosia were significantly correlated with three principal components, but only marginal significant correlations existed between R/S and relevant components. SLA and R/S of R. setchuenensis had marginal significant relationships with independent variables. Both SLA and TB of H. aspera were significantly correlated with three principal components. Based on the pooled values of leaf functional traits and leaf stoichiometric indicators, R. setchuenensis (vining type) had better leaf traits plasticity to adapt to a heterogeneous environment. In descending order, the ranks of biomass allocation plasticity index of three shrubs were H. aspera (bunch type), R. setchuenensis (vining type), and S. etosia (erect type). The highest integrated plasticity values of leaf traits and biomass allocation was observed in H. aspera (bunch type), followed by R. setchuenensis, and by S. etosia with less adaptive plasticity in heterogeneous environments.

scholarly journals Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Stainless/Carbon Steel Bimetal Plate

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Li ◽  
Liyuan Zhang ◽  
Boyang Zhang ◽  
Qingdong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Carbon Diffusion ◽  
Annealing Process ◽  
Stainless Steel Surface ◽  
Surface Corrosion ◽  
Annealing Conditions

In order to research the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of stainless/carbon steel bimetal plate, the annealing process at 700°C with different times was carried out for stainless/carbon steel bimetal plate. Because the carbon content of carbon steel was higher than that of stainless steel, the carbon would diffuse from carbon steel to stainless steel in the bimetal plate during the annealing process. The carbon diffusion would cause the thickness of the decarburized layer in carbon steel and the carbon content of stainless steel to increase. The carbon diffusion would be ongoing with the annealing process until the carbon content of stainless steel reached 0.08%. The higher carbon content could help in the formation of more chromium-depleted regions in the stainless steel surface, causing the stainless steel in the bimetal plate to have a poorer surface corrosion resistance than that of stainless steel under the same annealing conditions.

scholarly journals Characterization of Microstructure in High-Hardness Surface Layer of Low-Carbon Steel

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 995
Author(s):  
Haitao Xiao ◽  
Shaobo Zheng ◽  
Yan Xin ◽  
Jiali Xu ◽  
Ke Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Acicular Ferrite ◽  
Lath Martensite ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Upper Bainite ◽  
Mixed Microstructure

Surface hardening improves the strength of low-carbon steel without interfering with the toughness of its core. In this study, we focused on the microstructure in the surface layer (0–200 μm) of our low-carbon steel, where we discovered an unexpectedly high level of hardness. We confirmed the presence of not only upper bainite and acicular ferrite but also lath martensite in the hard surface layer. In area of 0–50 μm, a mixed microstructure of lath martensite and B1 upper bainite was formed as a result of high cooling rate (about 50–100 K/s). In area of 50–200 μm, a mixed microstructure of acicular ferrite and B2 upper bainite was formed. The average nanohardness of the martensite was as high as 9.87 ± 0.51 GPa, which was equivalent to the level reported for steel with twenty times the carbon content. The ultrafine laths with an average width of 128 nm was considered to be a key cause of high nanohardness. The average nanohardness of the ferrites was much lower than for martensite: 4.18 ± 0.39 GPa for upper bainite and 2.93 ± 0.30 GPa for acicular ferrite. Yield strength, likewise, was much higher for martensite (2378 ± 123 MPa) than for upper bainite (1007 ± 94 MPa) or acicular ferrite (706 ± 72 MPa). The high yield strength value of martensite gave the surface layer an exceptional resistance to abrasion to a degree that would be unachievable without additional heat treatment in other steels with similar carbon content.

SEM Studies on the Microstructure and Phase Composition Distribution in Cr3C2 + TiC Claddings on Low-Carbon Steel

2020 ◽  
Vol 303 ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Konstantin V. Ivanov ◽  
Vladimir E. Ovcharenko
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phase Composition ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Relativistic Energy ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Composition Distribution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) we studied the distribution of structural parameters, phase composition and alloying elements concentration across the coatings obtained by cladding of chromium and titanium carbides mixture on low-carbon steel. The beam of relativistic energy electrons extracted into the atmosphere was used to form the coatings. The homogeneity in the allying elements distribution is shown to be defined by the lifetime of the melt bath while the phase composition distribution depends on the thickness of the melt layer. Both above parameters are determined by the density of the entered energy.

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