Geoprocessing Techniques for the Visualization of Subsurface Geologic Data in Geographic Information Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan D. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
3D Gis ◽  
Borehole Data ◽  
Plan View ◽  
Commercial Off The Shelf ◽  
Gis Software ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
Geologic Data ◽  
Geologic Information

ABSTRACT The ability to visualize subsurface geologic information is critical to sound decision making in many disciplines of geology. While there are numerous commercial off-the-shelf software solutions available to model geologic data in both 2D and 3D, these can be costly and have a steep learning curve. Some of the same functionality of these software packages can be accomplished by workflows that incorporate built-in geoprocessing tools of Geographic Information System (GIS) software. These workflows allow the geologist to plot vertical or inclined borehole data in 2D or 3D, create section views of raster data along section lines, and provide a means to convert contact elevations from existing geologic cross sections into plan-view or 3D space. These workflows have been successfully used to visualize construction data and subsurface geologic information for several embankment dams. Grouting and exploratory borehole data from databases with tens of thousands of records have been transformed into 2D and 3D GIS features. The workflows were instrumental in developing a 3D GIS model of site geology from which a series of geologic cross sections were drawn. These sections were critical in informing risk decisions related to the foundation conditions for a recent risk assessment of an earthen embankment dam.

Geographic Information System-Based Digital Catalog for Managing Subsurface Geotechnical and Geologic Data

2003 ◽  
Vol 1821 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-96
Author(s):  
Anne I. Veeger ◽  
Daniel P. Murray ◽  
O. Don Hermes ◽  
Jon C. Boothroyd ◽  
Nasir Hamidzada
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Geographic Information System ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Relational Database ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Borehole Data ◽  
Organic Sediment ◽  
Geologic Data

Knowledge of surface and subsurface geology and geotechnical properties is fundamental to planning, developing, and modernizing transportation systems. Through dynamic coupling of readily available areal geographic information system coverages and subsurface borehole data stored in a relational database, a spatially referenced digital catalog of borehole data was created for two pilot areas in Rhode Island. The borehole database was populated with data derived from Rhode Island Department of Transportation geotechnical reports and supplemental data from the U.S. Geological Survey groundwater site inventory system and local storm water and sewer projects. Most of these data were previously maintained in paper format, making historical or interproject data comparisons virtually impossible. Unification of these data in a single relational database yields two primary benefits: ( a) historical data are readily accessible for review and therefore can be incorporated easily into the planning stages of new projects and ( b) sophisticated analysis of the region becomes possible with access to data from multiple projects with both spatial and temporal coverage. Geologic data include bedrock geology, surface outcrops, unconsolidated materials, soil type, topographic and orthophotographic base maps, and location of boreholes and wells. Subsurface data include land surface elevation, depth to water table, depth to bedrock, presence of fill, high and low blow-count zones, and organic sediment. The digital catalog is distributed on a CD-ROM that includes ArcView project files and an Access relational database. The borehole data are also accessible through the Internet, with retrieval access for all users and data entry privileges for registered users.

Three-Dimensional Stratigraphic Characterization for Geotechnical Exploration

1996 ◽  
Vol 1526 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
Patrick Kinnicutt ◽  
Herbert Einstein ◽  
Carlos Noack
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Borehole Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Site Model ◽  
Indicator Cokriging ◽  
A Site ◽  
Gis Software

In current geotechnical engineering practice, soil or rock stratigraphy is usually obtained from borehole data. Interpolation between boreholes is performed by projecting borehole data on a cross-sectional plane, either by hand drawings or by using CAD or GIS software, then manually interpolating between the boreholes. This methodology for obtaining the geology of a site does not truly represent the three-dimensional nature of the data, and it does not capture the uncertainties in the interpolation. This study describes NOMAD, a three-dimensional ground profiler developed for education and research that runs on the UNIX platform. The focus is on features available in NOMAD for visualizing uncertainties, creating ground profiles from site data, and updating the model with new subjective and objective data. One such feature, which will be described in detail, is the ability to modify a cross section of the site and have this modification automatically propagated to the site model and other cross sections, allowing users to visualize how changes in one cross section affect other cross sections. Also discussed is a model incorporated in NOMAD for creating ground profiles from borehole data. This model makes use of Indicator CoKriging and Bayesian Updating for modeling both the subjective and objective information about a site, taking into account the true three-dimensional nature of the data.

scholarly journals Identifying Changes in Sediment Texture along an Ephemeral Gravel-Bed Stream Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography 2D and 3D

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 3030
Author(s):  
Marcos A. Martínez-Segura ◽  
Carmelo Conesa-García ◽  
Pedro Pérez-Cutillas ◽  
Pedro Martínez-Pagán ◽  
Marco D. Vásconez-Maza
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Tomography ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Sediment Texture ◽  
Borehole Data ◽  
Resistivity Tomography ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
Basin Scale

Differences in deposit geometry and texture with depth along ephemeral gravel-bed streams strongly reflect fluctuations in bedload which are due to environmental changes at the basin scale and to morphological channel adjustments. This study combines electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) with datasets from borehole logs to analyse the internal geometry of channel cross-sections in a gravel-bed ephemeral stream (southeast Spain). The survey was performed through longitudinal and transverse profiles in the upper channel stretch, of 14 to 30 m in length and 3 to 6 m in depth, approximately. ERT values were correlated with data on sediment texture as grain size distribution, effective grain sizes, sorting, and particle shape (Zingg’s classification). The alluvial channel-fills showed the superposition of four layers with uneven thickness and arrangement: (1) the softer rocky substrate (<1000 Ω.m); (2) a thicker intermediate layer (1000 to 2000 Ω.m); and (3) an upper set composed of coarse gravel and supported matrix, ranging above 2000 Ω.m, and a narrow subsurface layer, which is the most resistive (>5000 Ω.m), corresponding to the most recent armoured deposits (gravel and pebbles). The ERT results coupled with borehole data allowed for determining the horizontal and vertical behaviour of the materials in a 3D model, facilitating the layer identification.

ANALISIS SPASIAL JARINGAN KABEL LISTRIK PADA BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING BERBASIS 3D-GIS (Studi Kasus di Gedung Freeport Kampus ITB Ganesha)

2021 ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Satrio Ramadanto ◽  
Deni Suwardhi ◽  
Akhmad Riqqi ◽  
Albertus Deliar
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Geographic Information System ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
3D Gis ◽  
Building Information Modelling ◽  
Information Modelling ◽  
Building Information

Building Information Modelling (BIM) merupakan sebuah sistem yang umum digunakan sebagai penunjang pembangunan gedung ataupun bangunan lainnya. Namun demikian, BIM memiliki keterbatasan untuk melakukan analisis aspek bangunan yang bersifat keruangan atau spasial. Sementara itu, Geographic Information System (GIS) merupakan sebuah sistem yang memiliki kemampuan untuk melakukan proses analisis yang bersifat spasial. Oleh karena itu, integrasi data antara kedua sistem tersebut dapat memberikan solusi untuk melakukan proses analisis spasial pada BIM. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melakukan integrasi data BIM dengan GIS serta membangun basis data spasial data tersebut dengan studi kasus berupa analisis spasial jaringan kabel listrik pada Gedung Freeport Kampus ITB Ganesha. Metode penelitian terdiri dari tiga tahapan umum yaitu konversi data BIM ke dalam GIS, pembangunan basis data spasial, serta analisis jaringan kabel listrik dengan menggunakan algoritma Dijkstra. Hasil akhir dari penelitian ini berupa basis data spasial jaringan kabel listrik Gedung Freeport Kampus ITB Ganesha beserta mekanisme analisis spasial jaringan kabel listrik tersebut menggunakan algoritma Dijkstra. Analisis spasial jaringan kabel listrik tersebut diharapkan dapat digunakan pada kegiatan pemeliharaan serta perawatan kelistrikan gedung.

scholarly journals Interpolation and 3D visualization of soil moisture

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
András Hervai ◽  
Ervin Pirkhoffer ◽  
Szabolcs Ákos Fábián ◽  
Ákos Halmai ◽  
Gábor Nagy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensors ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
Soil Moisture Measurement

Adaptation to climate change demands the optimal and sustainable water management in agriculture, with an inevitable focus on soil moisture conditions. In the current study we developed an ArcGIS 10.4. platform-based application (software) to model spatial and temporal changes in soil moisture in a soy field. Six SENTEK Drill & Drop soil moisture sensors were deployed in an experimental field of 4.3 hectares by the contribution of Elcom Ltd. Soil moisture measurement at each location were taken at six depths (5, 15, 25, 35, 45 and 55 cm) in 60-minute intervals. The model is capable to spatially interpolate monitored soil moisture using the technique. The time sequence change of soil moistures can be tracked by a Time Slider for both the 2D and 3D visualization. Soil moisture temporal changes can be visualized in either daily or hourly time intervals, and can be shown as a motion figure. Horizon average, maximum and minimum values of soil moisture data can be identified with the builtin tool of ArcGIS. Soil moisture spatial distribution can be obtained and plotted at any cross sections, whereas an alarm function has also been developed for tension values of 250, 1,000 and 1,500 kPa.

scholarly journals Free and Open Source Tools for Volunteer Geographic Information and Geo-Crowdsourcing

Crowdsourcing ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 838-863
Author(s):  
Maria Antonia Brovelli ◽  
Blagoj Delipetrev ◽  
Giorgio Zamboni
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Mobile Device ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Geospatial Data ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Volunteer Geographic Information ◽  
The World ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Gis Software

The availability of new mobile devices (tablets and smartphones) equipped with many sensors is changing or, better, enriching the way we monitor and sense the world that surrounds us. The internet has permeated completely not only our scientific and technological development, but also our life. Only some years ago, we used geospatial data and GIS software installed within our computers. Nowadays, data and operators are provided via the net by means of distributed and shared geo-services and a simple and powerless mobile device is enough to connect them. The possibility of interaction has become not only faster and more user friendly but also active, being individuals and communities free of adding, deleting, and changing contents in real time in the new GeoWeb2.0. This chapter explores GeoWeb2.0.

Three Dimensional GIS Monitoring System of Mineral Pipeline Transporting System

2012 ◽  
Vol 224 ◽  
pp. 547-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Dong Geng ◽  
Yu Gong ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Jian An ◽  
Jian De Wu
Keyword(s):  
Remote Control ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Control Room ◽  
3D Gis ◽  
Gis Software

Designing the three dimensional (3D) GIS software used in monitoring mineral pipeline transporting system. The software can truly show and restore the geography of project and the features of terrain .The operator can not only examine and grasp the true situation of the distribution of pipeline, but also keep watch on the secure running of the pipeline by real-time remote video in the remote control room. The practical application indicates that the pipeline can run safely, stably and efficiently with the monitoring system.

Nature of Geographic Knowledge Bases

2019 ◽  
pp. 94-125
Author(s):  
Robert Laurini
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Knowledge Bases ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Software Products ◽  
Geographic Feature ◽  
Geographic Knowledge ◽  
Planning Experts ◽  
Gis Software

In many domains such as environmental and urban planning, experts need to make reasoning and propose solutions. However marketed GIS software products are limited to store, display geographic information together with additional tools such as in spatial analysis, but they do not offer users the real functionalities which are useful for territorial intelligence. This first step is to propose novel models to represent this kind of knowledge needing not only to integrate geographic aspects, but also be independent of data acquisition technologies (satellite images, laser, crowdsourcing, etc.) and able to be used in different languages. After the definitions of geographic ontologies (to organize geographic feature vocabulary) and gazetteers (to structure toponyms in various languages), various examples will be presented in order to extract geographic semantics. A special attention will be devoted to geographic rules.

Nature of Geographic Knowledge Bases

2017 ◽  
pp. 29-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Laurini
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Knowledge Bases ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Software Products ◽  
Geographic Feature ◽  
Geographic Knowledge ◽  
Planning Experts ◽  
Gis Software

In many domains such as environmental and urban planning, experts need to make reasoning and propose solutions. However marketed GIS software products are limited to store, display geographic information together with additional tools such as in spatial analysis, but they do not offer users the real functionalities which are useful for territorial intelligence. This first step is to propose novel models to represent this kind of knowledge needing not only to integrate geographic aspects, but also be independent of data acquisition technologies (satellite images, laser, crowdsourcing, etc.) and able to be used in different languages. After the definitions of geographic ontologies (to organize geographic feature vocabulary) and gazetteers (to structure toponyms in various languages), various examples will be presented in order to extract geographic semantics. A special attention will be devoted to geographic rules.

Virtual Dental Patient

2010 ◽  
pp. 317-336
Author(s):  
Nikos Nikolaidis ◽  
Ioannis Marras ◽  
Georgios Mikrogeorgis ◽  
Kleoniki Lyroudia ◽  
Ioannis Pitas
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Force Feedback ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Virtual Endoscopy ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Cavity Preparation ◽  
Specific Patient ◽  
Dental Patient ◽  
2D And 3D

The availability of datasets comprising of digitized images of human body cross sections (as well as images acquired with other modalities such as CT and MRI) along with the recent advances in fields like graphics, 3D visualization, virtual reality, 2D and 3D image processing and analysis (segmentation, registration, filtering, etc.) have given rise to a broad range of educational, diagnostic and treatment planning applications, such as virtual anatomy and digital atlases, virtual endoscopy, intervention planning etc. This chapter describes efforts towards the creation of the Virtual Dental Patient (VDP) i.e. a 3D face and oral cavity model constructed using human anatomical data that is accompanied by detailed teeth models obtained from digitized cross sections of extracted teeth. VDP can be animated and adapted to the characteristics of a specific patient. Numerous dentistry-related applications can be envisioned for the created VDP model. Here we focus on its use in a virtual tooth drilling system whose aim is to aid dentists, dental students and researchers in getting acquainted with the handling of drilling instruments and the skills and challenges associated with cavity preparation procedures in endodontic therapy. Virtual drilling can be performed within the VDP oral cavity, on 3D volumetric and surface models (meshes) of virtual teeth. The drilling procedure is controlled by the Phantom Desktop (Sensable Technologies Inc., Woburn, MA) force feedback haptic device. The application is a very promising educational and research tool that allows the user to practice in a realistic manner virtual tooth drilling for endodontic treatment cavity preparation and other related tasks.

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