Reduced-Polymer-Loading, High-Temperature Fracturing Fluids by Use of Nanocrosslinkers

SPE Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 622-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Liang ◽  
Ghaithan Al-Muntasheri ◽  
Hooisweng Ow ◽  
Jason Cox
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Gelling Agent ◽  
Formation Damage ◽  
Fluid System ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Fracturing Fluids ◽  
Polymer Loading

Summary In the quest to discover more natural-gas resources, considerable attention has been devoted to finding and extracting gas locked within tight formations with permeability in the nano- to microdarcy range. The main challenges associated with working in such formations are the intrinsically high-temperature and high-pressure bottom conditions. For formations with bottomhole temperatures at approximately 350–400°F, traditional hydraulic-fracturing fluids that use crosslinked polysaccharide gels, such as guar and its derivatives, are not suitable because of significant polymer breakdown in this temperature range. Fracturing fluids that can work at these temperatures require thermally stable synthetic polymers such as acrylamide-based polymers. However, such polymers have to be used at very-high concentrations to suspend proppants. The high-polymer concentrations make it very difficult to completely degrade at the end of a fracturing operation. As a consequence, formation damage by polymer residue can reduce formation conductivity to gas flow. This paper addresses the shortcomings of the current state-of-the-art high-temperature fracturing fluids and focuses on developing a less-damaging, high-temperature-stable fluid that can be used at temperatures up to 400°F. A laboratory study was conducted with this novel system, which comprises a synthetic acrylamide-based copolymer gelling agent and is capable of being crosslinked with an amine-containing polymer-coated nanosized particulate crosslinker (nanocrosslinker). The laboratory data have demonstrated that the temperature stability of the crosslinked fluid is much better than that of a similar fluid lacking the nanocrosslinker. The nanocrosslinker allows the novel fluid system to operate at significantly lower polymer concentrations (25–45 lbm/1,000 gal) compared with current commercial fluid systems (50–87 lbm/1,000 gal) designed for temperatures from 350 to 400°F. This paper presents results from rheological studies that demonstrate superior crosslinking performance and thermal stability in this temperature range. This fracturing-fluid system has sufficient proppant-carrying viscosity, and allows for efficient cleanup by use of an oxidizer-type breaker. Low polymer loading and little or no polymer residue are anticipated to facilitate efficient cleanup, reduced formation damage, better fluid conductivity, and enhanced production rates. Laboratory results from proppant-pack regained-conductivity tests are also presented.

Reduced Polymer Loading, High Temperature Fracturing Fluids using Nano-crosslinkers

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Liang ◽  
Ghaithan Al-Muntasheri ◽  
Hooisweng Ow ◽  
Jason Cox
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Fracturing Fluids ◽  
Polymer Loading

Effect of Nanoparticle Shape on Viscoelastic Surfactant Performance at High Temperatures

SPE Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Hanafy ◽  
Faisal Najem ◽  
Hisham A. Nasr-El-Din
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Formation Damage ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Stability Range ◽  
Fracturing Fluids ◽  
High Pressure High Temperature

Summary Viscoelastic surfactants (VESs) have been used for acid diversion and fracturing fluids. VESs were introduced because they are less damaging than polymers. VESs’ high cost, low thermal stability, and incompatibility with several additives (e.g., corrosion inhibitors) limit their use. The goal of this study is to investigate the interaction of VES micelles with different nanoparticle shapes to reduce VES loadings and enhance their thermal stability. This work examined spherical and rod-shaped nanoparticles of silica and iron oxides. The effects of particle size, shape, and surface charge on a zwitterionic VES micellization were conducted. The physical properties were measured using zeta-potential, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The rheological performances of VES solutions were evaluated at 280 and 350°F using a high-pressure/high-temperature rotational rheometer. The proppant-carrying capacity of the fracturing fluids was evaluated using a high-pressure/high-temperature see-through cell and dynamic oscillatory viscometer. The fluid loss and formation damage were determined using corefloods and computed-tomography scans. The interaction between nanoparticles and VES is strongly dependent on the VES concentration, temperature, nanoparticle characteristics, and concentration. The spherical particles at 7-lbm/1,000 gal loading extended the VES-based-fluid thermal stability at VES loading of 4 wt% up to 350°F. The nanorods effectively enhanced and extended the thermal-stability range of the VES system at VES concentration of only 2 wt%. Both particle shapes performed similarly at 4 wt% VES and 280°F. The addition of silica nanorods extended the thermal stability of the 4 wt% VES aqueous fluid, which resulted in an apparent viscosity of 200 cp for 2 hours. The addition of rod-shaped particles enhanced the micelle to micelle entanglement, especially at VES loading of 2 wt%. The use of nanoparticles enhanced the micelle/micelle networking, boosting the fluid-storage modulus and enhancing the proppant-carrying capacity. The addition of nanoparticles to the VES lowered its fluid-loss rate and minimized formation damage caused by VES-fluid invasion. This research gives guidelines to synthesize nanoparticles to accommodate the chemistry of surfactants for higher-temperature applications. It highlights the importance of the selected nanoparticles on the rheological performance of VES.

scholarly journals Research Progress of High Temperature Resistant Fracturing Fluid System

2021 ◽  
Vol 2076 (1) ◽  
pp. 012039
Author(s):  
Ke Xu ◽  
Yongjun Lu ◽  
Jin Chang ◽  
Yang Li
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Fracturing Fluid ◽  
Fluid System ◽  
Fracturing Fluids ◽  
Ultra High Temperature ◽  
Exploration And Development

Abstract China has made significant progress in the efficient exploration and development of deep-seated oil and gas wells. Reservoir reformation, as the core tool of high-temperature deep-seated exploration and development, puts forward a strong demand for fracturing fluids. The ultra-high temperature fracturing fluid system developed in my country is mainly divided into two types: ultra-high temperature guar gum fracturing fluid and ultra-high temperature synthetic polyacrylamide fracturing fluid. The high temperature resistant fracturing fluid system is mainly composed of high temperature resistant thickener, high temperature resistant crosslinking agent and temperature stabilizing additives and other additives. Based on indoor research and a large amount of literature, this article summarizes the research and application of high temperature resistant fracturing fluid system, high temperature resistant thickener, high temperature resistant crosslinking agent and temperature stabilizing additives in my country in recent years, and pointed out the shortcomings and limitations of the high-temperature fracturing fluid, the technical direction of the development of high-temperature resistant fracturing fluid technology is proposed.

A High Density Fracturing Fluid System for HPHT Reservoir Stimulation Treatment

2013 ◽  
Vol 680 ◽  
pp. 312-314
Author(s):  
Ping Li Liu ◽  
Qi Zhu ◽  
Xi Jin Xing
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
High Density ◽  
Fracturing Fluid ◽  
Fluid System ◽  
Shear Properties ◽  
Proppant Transport ◽  
Reservoir Stimulation ◽  
Fracturing Fluids

Petroleum industry is focusing on HPHT reservoir. In high-temperature conditions, fracturing fluids especially need to be stable and induce minimum damage, and have good proppant transport capabilities. In order to overcome these problems, a novel high density fracturing fluid system has been developed whose density can reach up to 1.21 g/cm3. This paper summarizes a study on formulating weighted agent, and extensive studies were also conducted to determine temperature stability and anti-shear properties and compatibility with additives.

The reaction of amorphous Ni-Nb films with Si in the presence of a native SiO2 layer

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-665
Author(s):  
N. Rozhanski ◽  
A. Barg
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Crystallization Temperature ◽  
Diffusion Barriers ◽  
Sio2 Layer ◽  
Si Substrate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Plan View ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Sputter Deposited

Amorphous Ni-Nb alloys are of potential interest as diffusion barriers for high temperature metallization for VLSI. In the present work amorphous Ni-Nb films were sputter deposited on Si(100) and their interaction with a substrate was studied in the temperature range (200-700)°C. The crystallization of films was observed on the plan-view specimens heated in-situ in Philips-400ST microscope. Cross-sectional objects were prepared to study the structure of interfaces.The crystallization temperature of Ni5 0 Ni5 0 and Ni8 0 Nb2 0 films was found to be equal to 675°C and 525°C correspondingly. The crystallization of Ni5 0 Ni5 0 films is followed by the formation of Ni6Nb7 and Ni3Nb nucleus. Ni8 0Nb2 0 films crystallise with the formation of Ni and Ni3Nb crystals. No interaction of both films with Si substrate was observed on plan-view specimens up to 700°C, that is due to the barrier action of the native SiO2 layer.

DISPERSED PHASE VELOCITY IN A HIGH-TEMPERATURE GAS FLOW

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-328
Author(s):  
Dmitry V. Nesterovich ◽  
Oleg G. Penyazkov ◽  
Yu. A. Stankevich ◽  
M. S. Tretyak ◽  
Vladimir V. Chuprasov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Phase Velocity ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Dispersed Phase ◽  
High Temperature Gas

Passive Auto-Focus Algorithm for Correcting Image Distortions Caused by Gas Flow in High-Temperature Measurements of Surface Phenomena

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Strzecha ◽  
Tomasz Koszmider ◽  
Damian Zarębski ◽  
Wojciech Łobodziński
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Surface Phenomena ◽  
Auto Focus ◽  
High Temperature Measurements

Abstract In this paper, a case-study of the auto-focus algorithm for correcting image distortions caused by gas flow in high-temperature measurements of surface phenomena is presented. This article shows results of proposed algorithm and methods for increasing its accuracy.

NICKELVAC L-605

Alloy Digest ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Base Alloy ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Cobalt Base Alloy ◽  
Cobalt Base

Abstract NICKELVAC L-605 is a double vacuum melted, cobalt-base alloy for high temperature applications. It is recommended for highly stressed parts operating in the temperature range of 1700 to 2000 F. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as creep and fatigue. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Co-53. Producer or source: Allvac Metals Company, A Teledyne Company.

Study on characteristics of schottky temperature detector based on metal/n-ZnO/n-Si structures

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Wang ◽  
Jingkai Wei ◽  
Caixia Guo ◽  
Tao Ma ◽  
Linqing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Mems Devices ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
High Temperature Measurement ◽  
Temperature Detector ◽  
Schottky Structure

Background: At present, the main problems of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) temperature detector focus on the narrow range of temperature detection, difficulty of the high temperature measurement. Besides, MEMS devices have different response characteristics for various surrounding temperature in the petrochemical and metallurgy application fields with high-temperature and harsh conditions. To evaluate the performance stability of the hightemperature MEMS devices, the real-time temperature measurement is necessary. Objective: A schottky temperature detector based on the metal/n-ZnO/n-Si structures is designed to measure high temperature (523~873K) for the high-temperature MEMS devices with large temperature range. Method: By using the finite element method (FEM), three different work function metals (Cu, Ni and Pt) contact with the n-ZnO are investigated to realize Schottky. At room temperature (298K) and high temperature (523~873K), the current densities with various bias voltages (J-V) are studied. Results: The simulation results show that the high temperature response power consumption of three schottky detectors of Cu, Ni and Pt decreases successively, which are 1.16 mW, 63.63 μW and 0.14 μW. The response temperature sensitivities of 6.35 μA/K, 0.78 μA/K, and 2.29 nA/K are achieved. Conclusion: The Cu/n-ZnO/n-Si schottky structure could be used as a high temperature detector (523~873K) for the hightemperature MEMS devices. It has a large temperature range (350K) and a high response sensitivity is 6.35 μA/K. Compared with traditional devices, the Cu/n-ZnO/n-Si Schottky structure based temperature detector has a low energy consumption of 1.16 mW, which has potential applications in the high-temperature measurement of the MEMS devices.

scholarly journals High-Temperature Deformation of Naturally Aged 7010 Aluminum Alloy

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 581
Author(s):  
Abdulhakim A. Almajid
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Threshold Stress ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
Temperature Deformation ◽  
High Temperature Range ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
True Activation Energy ◽  
Two Temperatures

This study is focused on the deformation mechanism and behavior of naturally aged 7010 aluminum alloy at elevated temperatures. The specimens were naturally aged for 60 days to reach a saturated hardness state. High-temperature tensile tests for the naturally aged sample were conducted at different temperatures of 573, 623, 673, and 723 K at various strain rates ranging from 5 × 10−5 to 10−2 s−1. The dependency of stress on the strain rate showed a stress exponent, n, of ~6.5 for the low two temperatures and ~4.5 for the high two temperatures. The apparent activation energies of 290 and 165 kJ/mol are observed at the low, and high-temperature range, respectively. These values of activation energies are greater than those of solute/solvent self-diffusion. The stress exponents, n, and activation energy observed are rather high and this indicates the presence of threshold stress. This behavior occurred as a result of the dislocation interaction with the second phase particles that are existed in the alloy at the testing temperatures. The threshold stress decreases in an exponential manner as temperature increases. The true activation energy was computed by incorporating the threshold stress in the power-law relation between the stress and the strain. The magnitude of the true activation energy, Qt dropped to 234 and 102 kJ/mol at the low and high-temperature range, respectively. These values are close to that of diffusion of Zinc in Aluminum and diffusion of Magnesium in Aluminum, respectively. The Zener–Hollomon parameter for the alloy was developed as a function of effective stress. The data in each region (low and high-temperature region) coalescence in a segment line in each region.

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