Study of Degradable Fibers With and Without Guar Gum As A Proppant Transport Agent Using A Large Scale Slot Equipment

Summary Hydraulic fracturing with slickwater is a common practice in developing unconventional resources in North America. The proppant placement in the fractures largely determines the productivity of the well because it affects the conductivity of fractures. Despite the wide use of slickwater fracturing and the importance of proppant placement, the proppant transport is still not fully understood, and the efficiency of the proppant placement is mostly bound to the changes to proppant properties, friction reducers, and guar technology. Although the degradable fiber is currently used in some cases, it has not been well investigated. In this experimental study, we conducted a proppant transport experiment using different fluid compositions of fiber and guar gum in three types of proppant transport slot equipment. After the experiments, simulation was conducted with the commercial fracture software StimPlanTM (NSI Technologies 2020) to simulate and compare the fracture fluid performance with and without the fibers. The results indicate that using degradable fibers with or without the guar gum as a viscosifier can produce a fracture slurry applicable in both conventional and unconventional fracturing operations, helping proppant placement in the reservoir.

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Experimental Research on Erosion of P110 Tubing during Perforating

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.2244 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1073-1076 ◽

pp. 2244-2247

Author(s):

Hu Sun ◽

Zhi Jun Ning ◽

Zu Wen Wang ◽

Zhen Li ◽

Zhi Guo Wang

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Erosion Rate ◽

Large Scale ◽

Guar Gum ◽

Electrochemical Corrosion ◽

Low Velocity ◽

Gas Field ◽

Weight Loss Method ◽

Loss Method ◽

Gas Fields

Erosion is a main failure of tubings and downhole tools in Changqing gas field. It is necessary to evaluate the erosion rate for the safety of tubing and strings. In this paper, the erosion of P110 steel, in the 0.2%wt guar gum fracturing fluid which contains sands, is investigated by weight loss method in the self-made jet experiment device. It is indicated that the erosion rate increases with the increment of slurry velocity exponentially. When the slurry velocity is in low velocity area, the electrochemical corrosion of dissolved oxygen dominates in erosion mechanism; when slurry velocity increases into middle velocity area, the weight loss is controlled by the synergism of corrosion-erosion; and when the slurry velocity increases into high velocity area, the weight loss rate is dominantly depended on erosion of particles. The results can provide guidelines for large-scale fracturing work of Changqing gas fields.

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Long Term and Large-Scale Continuous Studies on Zinc(II) Sorption and Desorption on Hybrid Pectin-Guar Gum Biosorbent

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11010096 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 96 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Agata Jakóbik-Kolon ◽

Joanna Bok-Badura ◽

Andrzej Milewski ◽

Krzysztof Karoń

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Large Scale ◽

Guar Gum ◽

Mechanical Stability ◽

Small Scale ◽

Time Model ◽

Fine Grain ◽

Real Wastewater ◽

Scale Experiment ◽

Large Scale Tests

Pectin-guar gum biosorbent was tested for zinc(II) ions removal in column process. Sorption–desorption experiments were performed in laboratory and at larger scale. The breakthrough and elution curves were obtained for various conditions. The Bed Depth Service Time model was tested for utility in data estimation. Possibility of sorbent reuse and its lifetime was examined in 20 repeated sorption–desorption cycles. Finally, tests were repeated for real wastewater from galvanizing plant, giving satisfactory results. The effectiveness of Zn(II) sorption happened to be dependent on process parameters; tests have proved that it increased with increasing bed height and with decreasing flow rate or grain size. For an initial zinc concentration of 30 mg/L, even 2096 mL of zinc solution could be purified in small scale experiment (2 g of fine grain sorbent and flow rate 60 mL/h) or 5900 L in large-scale (16 kg of large grain sorbent and flow rate 45 L/h). This allowed for 40-fold or 49-fold zinc increases in concentration in one sorption–desorption cycle. The most successful results are meant that at least 20 sorption–desorption cycles could be performed on one portion of biosorbent without loss of its effectiveness, large-scale tests for real wastewater from galvanizing plant gave satisfactory results, and that the form and mechanical stability of our sorbent is suitable for column usage with flow rates applicable in industry.

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Experimental Research on Proppant Transport Performance of GRF-CO2 Fracturing Fluid

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.2583 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 807-809 ◽

pp. 2583-2588 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiang Rong Luo ◽

Shu Zhong Wang ◽

Xiao Sun ◽

Xiao Juan Ren

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

High Pressure ◽

High Temperature ◽

Large Scale ◽

Settling Velocity ◽

Test System ◽

Average Error ◽

Fracturing Fluid ◽

Proppant Transport ◽

Fluid Test

In this article, the experimental study on proppant transport performance of GRF-CO2 system is performed by using the large-scale foam fracturing fluid test system of high temperature and high pressure, and critical settling velocity and proppant settling velocity are obtained.Research results show that the critical settling velocity increases with the temperature rising, in foaming cases,decreases with the foam quality and sand ratio rising.The correlations for GRF-CO2 fracturing final proppant settling velocity within solution and the critical settling velocity have been obtained, all kinds of average error is less than 14%.

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Numerical simulation on proppant transport in fracture junctions affected by the fracture scale

Journal of Energy Resources Technology ◽

10.1115/1.4051304 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-33

Author(s):

Chunting Liu ◽

Mingzhong Li ◽

Tiankui Guo ◽

Guodong Zhang

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Injection Velocity ◽

Small Scale ◽

Width Ratio ◽

Bed Load ◽

Fluid Viscosity ◽

Fracture Networks ◽

Proppant Transport ◽

Split Ratio ◽

Fracture Scale

Abstract The proppant distribution significantly affects the conductivity of fracture networks. However, the law of proppant transport in fracture networks is still unclear, and the influence of fracture scale on the proppant distribution has not been determined. Thus, in the present study, the influence of fracture scale was investigated, and the influences of approaching angle and width ratio on fluid split ratio were analyzed. An Eulerian–Eulerian model was utilized to simulate suspended proppant and bed load proppant migration in fracture junctions. Then, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to evaluate the parameters that may affect the proppant distribution pattern, such as injection velocity, fluid viscosity, and proppant density. The results show that the approaching angle and width ratio significantly influence the fluid split ratio in a small-scale fracture. Moreover, the effect of the approaching angle decreases with an increase in the fracture scale. The split ratio of suspended proppant increases with increasing sand ratio, fluid split ratio, and width ratio. The split ratio of bed load proppant increases with increasing injection rate, fluid viscosity, width ratio, fluid split ratio, and decreasing proppant diameter. In small-scale fracture junctions, the approaching angle affects the split ratio of suspended proppant or bed load proppant by influencing the fluid split ratio; however, the effect is inconspicuous in large-scale fractures. The increase in fluid split ratio with the fracture scale leads to an increase in the split ratio of suspended proppant or bed load proppant.

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Some comments about observations and image processing of comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100031493 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 173 ◽

pp. 243-248

Author(s):

D. Kubáček ◽

A. Galád ◽

A. Pravda

Keyword(s):

Image Processing ◽

Large Scale ◽

Harvard College ◽

Oak Ridge ◽

Large Scale Structures ◽

Short Period Comet ◽

Short Period ◽

Scale Structures ◽

Harvard College Observatory ◽

Period Comet

AbstractUnusual short-period comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 inspired many observers to explain its unpredictable outbursts. In this paper large scale structures and features from the inner part of the coma in time periods around outbursts are studied. CCD images were taken at Whipple Observatory, Mt. Hopkins, in 1989 and at Astronomical Observatory, Modra, from 1995 to 1998. Photographic plates of the comet were taken at Harvard College Observatory, Oak Ridge, from 1974 to 1982. The latter were digitized at first to apply the same techniques of image processing for optimizing the visibility of features in the coma during outbursts. Outbursts and coma structures show various shapes.

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Evolution of Large-Scale Coronal Structures

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100024945 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 144 ◽

pp. 29-33

Author(s):

P. Ambrož

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Field Line ◽

Large Scale ◽

Coronal Magnetic Field ◽

Source Surface ◽

Solar Cycles ◽

Characteristic Relationship ◽

The Magnetic Field ◽

Coronal Structures

AbstractThe large-scale coronal structures observed during the sporadically visible solar eclipses were compared with the numerically extrapolated field-line structures of coronal magnetic field. A characteristic relationship between the observed structures of coronal plasma and the magnetic field line configurations was determined. The long-term evolution of large scale coronal structures inferred from photospheric magnetic observations in the course of 11- and 22-year solar cycles is described.Some known parameters, such as the source surface radius, or coronal rotation rate are discussed and actually interpreted. A relation between the large-scale photospheric magnetic field evolution and the coronal structure rearrangement is demonstrated.

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Large-scale Motion of Solar Filaments

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100064502 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 179 ◽

pp. 205-208

Author(s):

Pavel Ambrož ◽

Alfred Schroll

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Flux ◽

Proper Motion ◽

Time Scale ◽

Large Scale ◽

Accuracy Of Measurements ◽

Solar Filaments ◽

General Movement ◽

Scale Motion ◽

Velocity Scatter

AbstractPrecise measurements of heliographic position of solar filaments were used for determination of the proper motion of solar filaments on the time-scale of days. The filaments have a tendency to make a shaking or waving of the external structure and to make a general movement of whole filament body, coinciding with the transport of the magnetic flux in the photosphere. The velocity scatter of individual measured points is about one order higher than the accuracy of measurements.

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Some applications of electron beam microanalysis techniques in VLSI process evaluation

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010007463x ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 160-161

Author(s):

Simon Thomas

Keyword(s):

Integrated Circuits ◽

Process Evaluation ◽

Large Scale ◽

Technology Development ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Successful Implementation ◽

Analysis Of Failures ◽

Characterization Of Materials ◽

Circuits Vlsi

Trends in the technology development of very large scale integrated circuits (VLSI) have been in the direction of higher density of components with smaller dimensions. The scaling down of device dimensions has been not only laterally but also in depth. Such efforts in miniaturization bring with them new developments in materials and processing. Successful implementation of these efforts is, to a large extent, dependent on the proper understanding of the material properties, process technologies and reliability issues, through adequate analytical studies. The analytical instrumentation technology has, fortunately, kept pace with the basic requirements of devices with lateral dimensions in the micron/ submicron range and depths of the order of nonometers. Often, newer analytical techniques have emerged or the more conventional techniques have been adapted to meet the more stringent requirements. As such, a variety of analytical techniques are available today to aid an analyst in the efforts of VLSI process evaluation. Generally such analytical efforts are divided into the characterization of materials, evaluation of processing steps and the analysis of failures.

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Electron microscopy study of reactively sputter-deposited Ti/N films on silicon

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100131449 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1362-1363

Author(s):

V. C. Kannan ◽

A. K. Singh ◽

R. B. Irwin ◽

S. Chittipeddi ◽

F. D. Nkansah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Integrated Circuits ◽

Large Scale ◽

Hexagonal Phase ◽

Microscopy Study ◽

Electron Microscopy Study ◽

Process Conditions ◽

Tin Films ◽

Wide Range ◽

Fcc Phase ◽

Circuits Vlsi

Titanium nitride (TiN) films have historically been used as diffusion barrier between silicon and aluminum, as an adhesion layer for tungsten deposition and as an interconnect material etc. Recently, the role of TiN films as contact barriers in very large scale silicon integrated circuits (VLSI) has been extensively studied. TiN films have resistivities on the order of 20μ Ω-cm which is much lower than that of titanium (nearly 66μ Ω-cm). Deposited TiN films show resistivities which vary from 20 to 100μ Ω-cm depending upon the type of deposition and process conditions. TiNx is known to have a NaCl type crystal structure for a wide range of compositions. Change in color from metallic luster to gold reflects the stabilization of the TiNx (FCC) phase over the close packed Ti(N) hexagonal phase. It was found that TiN (1:1) ideal composition with the FCC (NaCl-type) structure gives the best electrical property.

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