Stability of Chemically Degraded Friction Reducers and Their Relationship to Regain Conductivity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Ayazi ◽  
Gabriel Monreal ◽  
Hassan Bleibel ◽  
Frank Zamora ◽  
Larry Watters
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Friction Reduction ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Tracking Behavior ◽  
Polymer Dispersions

Abstract Previously, it was shown that zeta potential could be used as a metric to determine friction reducer (FR) performance. Specifically, the extent of and how quickly the FR reaches peak friction reduction in source water. A correlation postulated from the previous work is zeta potentials relationship to an FR's stability during mechanical or chemical degradation. In other words, can zeta potential be used as a metric to determine the extent of polymer breaking and can this relationship be translated to regained conductivity? This paper describes a laboratory study of zeta potential measurements to track breaker reaction rates, stability of broken polymer dispersions, and the relationship between chemical degradation of FRs and regained conductivity. The approach of this investigation involves measuring zeta potential of frac fluids formulated using anionic and cationic FRs with varying types and concentrations of breakers at different temperatures and times. These metrics are then correlated with regain conductivity. A quantitative relationship exists between zeta potential, fluid rheology, and regain conductivity. Zeta potential evaluation of degraded FR's in frac fluids correlate to performance in regain conductivity testing. These measurements can expedite the selection of chemical breakers with respect to performance. Zeta potential measurements of degraded FR are indicative of broken FR dispersion stability which has impact on regain conductivity. Tracking behavior of cationic FR's using zeta potential reveals the materials can become anionic with time and temperature and become susceptible to agglomeration with iron. Zeta potential measurements can be used during a chemical breaker selection process as a viable supplement to industry standard tests for assessing the comparative effectiveness of chemical breakers in frac fluids.

Kinetics of Ion-Pair Effect of Aquation of Bromopentaammine Cobalt(III) Complex in Different Dicarboxylate Media

2011 ◽  
Vol 324 ◽  
pp. 166-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Zeitouni ◽  
Gehan El-Subruiti ◽  
Ghassan Younes ◽  
Mohammad Amira
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Solvent Effect ◽  
Compensation Effect ◽  
Ion Pairing ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
Free Energy Of Activation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Kinetics Of

The rate of aquation of bromopentaammine cobalt(III) ion in the presence of different types of dicarboxylate solutions containing tert-butanol (40% V/V) have been measured spectrophotometrically at different temperatures (30-600°C) in the light of the effects of ion-pairing on reaction rates and mechanism. The thermodynamic and extrathermodynamic parameters of activation have been calculated and discussed in terms of solvent effect on the ion-pair aquation reaction. The free energy of activation ∆Gip* is more or less linearly varied among the studied dicarboxylate ion-pairing ligands indicating the presence of compensation effect between ∆Hip* and ∆Sip*. Comparing the kip values with respect of different buffers at 40% of ter-butanol is introduced.

scholarly journals Reactivity of Phenol and Aniline towards Quinolinium Chloro Chromate: A Comparative Oxidation Kinetic Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
Seplapatty Kalimuthu Periyasamy ◽  
H. Satham Hussain ◽  
R. Manikandan
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Kinetic ◽  
Activation Parameters ◽  
Dipole Interaction ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Aqueous Acetic Acid ◽  
Acetic Acid Medium ◽  
First Order ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Kinetics Of

The kinetics of Oxidation of Phenol and aniline by quinolinium Chlorochromate (QCC) in aqueous acetic acid medium leads to the formation of quinone and azobenzene respectively. The reactions are first order with respect to both Phenol and aniline. The reaction is first order with respect to quinolinium chlorochromate (QCC) and is catalyzed by hydrogen ion. The hydrogen-ion dependence has the form: kobs = a+b [H+]. The rate of oxidation decreases with increasing dielectric constant of solvent, indicating the presence of an ion-dipole interaction. The reaction does not induced the polymerization of acrylonitrile. The retardation of the rate by the addition of Mn2+ ions confirms that a two electron transfer process is involved in the reaction. The reaction rates have been determined at different temperatures and the activation parameters have been calculated. From the above observations kinetic results a probable mechanism have been proposed.

Screening Friction Reducer Performance Using Zeta Potential

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Ayazi ◽  
Nathan Peregoy ◽  
Gabriel Monreal ◽  
Frank Zamora
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Potential Measurement ◽  
Zeta Potential Measurement ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Shale Reservoirs

Abstract Friction reducers (FRs) are essential additives for water used in hydraulic fracturing treatments for shale reservoirs. These polymers swell and unfurl in the frac water so that polymer chains align along the direction of flow to inhibit turbulence thereby reducing friction at high flow rates. Source water ion content, application pH, and compatibility with the formation are key drivers in deciding which FR chemistries are fit-for-purpose for the operation, balancing desired fluid performance with treatment economics. This investigation explores zeta potential measurement as a novel and meaningful analytical metric to correlate chemical and rheological properties of FRs in a range of source water qualities with their friction reducing performance. The approach of this investigation involves measuring zeta potential of frac fluids formulated using anionic or cationic FRs in waters with varying ionic activity over a range of FR concentrations and pH. The evaluation encompasses a variety of FRs spanning general purpose materials to more sophisticated additives designed to function in fluids with higher concentrations of salt. Dry FR materials as well as corresponding slurry or emulsion forms of the additives are tested. Monovalent and divalent salts and mixtures thereof are used in brine formulations. FR characterization is performed including rheological sweeps, viscoelasticity measurements, and flow loop tests. Results from this study support the conclusion that zeta potential measurement can be used during the FR screening process as a viable supplement to industry standard tests for assessing FR performance in brine.

Temperature, Dynamics, and Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction Rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vickery L. Arcus ◽  
Adrian J. Mulholland
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Activation Parameters ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Rate Theory ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
State Ensemble ◽  
Catalyzed Reactions ◽  
Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions ◽  
Transition State Ensemble ◽  
Rate Limiting

We review the adaptations of enzyme activity to different temperatures. Psychrophilic (cold-adapted) enzymes show significantly different activation parameters (lower activation enthalpies and entropies) from their mesophilic counterparts. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that the temperature dependence of many enzyme-catalyzed reactions is more complex than is widely believed. Many enzymes show curvature in plots of activity versus temperature that is not accounted for by denaturation or unfolding. This is explained by macromolecular rate theory: A negative activation heat capacity for the rate-limiting chemical step leads directly to predictions of temperature optima; both entropy and enthalpy are temperature dependent. Fluctuations in the transition state ensemble are reduced compared to the ground state. We show how investigations combining experiment with molecular simulation are revealing fundamental details of enzyme thermoadaptation that are relevant for understanding aspects of enzyme evolution. Simulations can calculate relevant thermodynamic properties (such as activation enthalpies, entropies, and heat capacities) and reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying experimentally observed behavior.

Laboratory studies on the temperature-phased ASBR system

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 295-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lana L. Welper ◽  
Shihwu Sung ◽  
Richard R. Dague
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
State University ◽  
Lower Treatment ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
In Series

Treatment of high-strength industrial wastewater with the temperature-phased anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) system has shown positive results in laboratory scale studies. The system achieved COD removals as high as 95% and 90% for soluble and total COD, respectively, up to COD loadings of 22 g COD/L/day. Non-fat dry milk was used as a synthetic substrate. The system consisted of two reactors operated in series at different temperatures. Phase I of the system was operated at 55°C and the Phase II was operated at 35°C. The total hydraulic retention time in the system was 18 hours (6 hours in the Phase I and 12 hours in the Phase II). The temperature-phased system incorporates advantages of both thermophilic treatment (high reaction rates) and mesophilic treatment (higher quality effluent) while minimizing the disadvantages such as odors commonly associated with thermophilic treatment and lower treatment rates of mesophilic treatment. This study was conducted using ASBRs. The ASBR was developed at Iowa State University by R.R. Dague. This process allows biomass to increase in the reactors and provides an environment for granulation to occur. Although the ASBR was used for these studies, the temperature-phased process is applicable to other anaerobic treatment processes as well.

scholarly journals GENETIC EVALUATION OF SEED GERMINATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SEEDLINGS IN Ormosia excelsa Benth

FLORESTA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Jennifer Souza Tomaz ◽  
Maria Teresa Gomes Lopes ◽  
Mágno Sávio Ferreira Valente ◽  
Manuel De Jesus Vieira Lima Júnior ◽  
Graciela Inês Bolzón de Muniz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
High Heritability ◽  
Mean Germination Time ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Germination Traits ◽  
Selection Of

The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters of Ormosia excelsa seeds based on germination traits, at different temperatures, in order to facilitate the selection of superior varieties of seeds for producing seedlings. Twenty six progenies collected in the municipality of Autazes (state of Amazonas, Brazil) were evaluated. The experiment was completely randomized, with four replications and 25 seeds per plot, totaling 100 seeds per progeny. The germination rate, mean germination time and the synchronization and speed germination indexes were determined at the temperatures of 30 and 35 °C. Seedling development was also evaluated under nursery conditions. The progenies of O. excelsa showed significant genetic variability for all traits. Both temperatures proved to be effective in producing germination close to 87%. Germination began between 1 and 4 days after sowing. However, for greater efficiency in the selection of superior progenies, each environment should be considered individually. The high heritability values obtained (> 65%) and the high genetic correlation favorable for selection, among all traits, resulted in significant gains according to the selection process used. Our results indicated that determining superior progenies for height and number of leaves was possible based on a single evaluation. The fact that 100% of seedlings planted in the field survived promotes a promising outlook to set up commercial nurseries for the species.

scholarly journals Effect of excess free energy of solvents on the oxidation of methionine by quinolinium fluorochromate: A kinetic study

2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 735-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S. Bhuvaneshwari ◽  
K.P. Elango
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Excess Free Energy ◽  
Activation Parameters ◽  
Chloroacetic Acid ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Solvent Mixtures ◽  
Free Energy Function ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Oxidation Of Methionine ◽  
Quinolinium Fluorochromate

The oxidation of methionine by quinolinium fluorochromate (QFC) was studied in the presence of chloroacetic acid, in water/organic solvent mixtures of varying excess molar free energy function. The reaction is first order with respect to both QFC and acid. The reaction rates were determined at different temperatures and the activation parameters computed. The rate data was correlated with different solvent parameters using linear multiple regression analysis. From the results, information on the solvent-reactants and the solvent-transition state interactions was obtained. .

scholarly journals Microemulsion based on Pterodon emarginatus oil and its anti-inflammatory potential

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique Pascoa ◽  
Danielle Guimarães Almeida Diniz ◽  
Iziara Ferreira Florentino ◽  
Elson Alves Costa ◽  
Maria Teresa Freitas Bara
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
Stability Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

This article reports the development of a pharmaceutical product containing vegetable actives from a Brazilian medicinal plant. The possibility of forming a microemulsion using Pterodon emarginatus ("sucupira") oil was evaluated and the anti-inflammatory potential of this microemulsion was also examined. A formulation was developed using P. emarginatus oil, a mixture of ethoxylated Castor Oil (Ultramone(r) R-540/propylene glycol 2:1) (surfactant/cosurfactant) and distilled water at a ratio of 10:15:75, respectively. The microemulsion which was selected was then subjected to the preliminary stability test and analyzed in terms of average diameter of droplets, pH, zeta potential, and polydispersity index, on the 1st, 7th, 15th, and 30th days after preparation and stored at different temperatures (5 ± 2 °C, 25 ± 2 °C, and 40 ± 2 °C). The anti-inflammatory in vivo activity of both oil and formulation were evaluated, using the experimental model of croton oil-induced ear edema. The preliminary stability test showed that the microemulsion stored at 5 and 25 °C retained its original features throughout the 30-day period. The anti-inflammatory potential of both oil and formulation was shown to be statistically significant (p < 0.001), when compared to the control group, however, the microemulsion proved to be more effective (p < 0.05) than the oil when applied directly to the ear.

scholarly journals Nanofiltration membranes for salt and dye filtration: effect of membrane properties on performances

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meltem Ağtaş ◽  
Türkan Ormancı-Acar ◽  
Başak Keskin ◽  
Türker Türken ◽  
İsmail Koyuncu
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Nanofiltration Membranes ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Membrane Performance ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Dye Solutions

Abstract In this study, commercial nanofiltration membranes (Toray, NF 270, Desal 5 L) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, optical profilometry, contact angle, mechanical strength and zeta potential measurements. Filtration performance tests were conducted with distilled water, MgSO4 solution and synthetic dye solutions, respectively. Among three commercial membranes, the Toray membrane was thought to be better choice. Additional experiments were carried out for a more detailed characterization of the selected membrane. Therefore, firstly, flux and removal efficiency was monitored by using dye solutions at different pH values, and then experiments were carried out to observe the effect of different temperatures. Also, another filtration test with NaCl solution was performed for the Toray membrane. As the main purpose of this study, we aimed to establish a significant correlation between the structural properties of membranes and their performances. In light of the results obtained, it was observed that the contact angle, mechanical strength and surface roughness values of the membrane significantly affected the membrane performance. It was concluded that the most important parameter in dye removal was the zeta potential. As a result of this work, a data set of commercial membranes was created and is available to all membrane users.

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