Update in Development and Deployment of Advanced Pulsed Plasma Drilling Technology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matus Gajdos ◽  
Igor Kocis ◽  
Tomas Kristofic
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Rock Surface ◽  
Pulsed Plasma ◽  
Plasma Technology ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Quantitative Parameters ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Conventional Technology ◽  
Drilling Technology

Abstract Current drilling methods may only achieve relatively low penetration rates in hard formations found in deep wellbores. The relatively high wear rates of drill bits used in such applications can cause the overall economy of deep drilling to be non-feasible. Therefore, a step change is necessary for such formations. This paper presents update in development of the pulsed plasma drilling technology which allows controlled thermo-mechanical rock breakage efficient mainly for hard rock formations. Pulsed plasma drilling technology does not melt rock but uses very short high energy pulses with high frequency which suddenly increase rock surface temperature and, thus, disintegrate its surface. Since the process is very swift, there is not enough time for creation of melt, which is viscous, difficult to remove and may act as a prevention for further penetration. Based on extensive experimental work done on 23 rock types we identified working windows for all of them. Based on this work, there is an "overlap window" where keeping the same parameters should enable drilling through any rock type. The development team performed 1500+ various tests of pulsed plasma technology. During these tests we focused on qualitative parameters like efficiency of the process, sustainability of the process, etc. Quantitative parameters were not decisive when trying to make the process work in various operational cases. In total, we've run hundreds of testing hours of the technology. Now the team focus on quantitative parameters with the milestone of deepening the existing geothermal wellbores of other entities in 2023 to demonstrate the PLASMABIT technology at great depths. The system of this technology is composed of three main parts: PLASMABIT tool (Bottom Hole Assembly - BHA)Transfer line delivering fluid and power into PLASMABIT BHASurface equipment including rig, fluid and waste management, etc. PLASMABIT BHA which is the major innovation is composed of the following modules which are under development within dedicated development programme: Pulse plasma drilling head disintegrating rockFluid and power distribution moduleControl and electronics moduleLogging moduleTwo tractoring modules securing movement and anchoringActive and passive cooling modules maintaining temperature of BHATransfer line connector For the commercial application we intend to combine conventional drilling technology with plasma in the following way: Conventional technology would be used for initial hundreds/thousands of feet to overcome sedimentary/soft rock formations where it achieves competitive Rate of Penetration (ROP). Then, in deeper/hotter/harder formations we intend to apply plasma technology where it is much more efficient than conventional technology. Based on this, we intend to use hybrid rig combining rotary drilling and coiled tubing operations.

Magnetic spectrometry of high energy deuteron beams from pulsed plasma system

2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 085007 ◽  
Author(s):  
M V Roshan ◽  
S V Springham ◽  
A Talebitaher ◽  
R S Rawat ◽  
P Lee
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
Pulsed Plasma ◽  
Plasma System

scholarly journals Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells for production of fatty acid-derived biofuels and chemicals

Open Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 190049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yating Hu ◽  
Zhiwei Zhu ◽  
Jens Nielsen ◽  
Verena Siewers
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Central Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Enzyme Engineering ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Cell Factory ◽  
Platform Chemicals

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a widely used cell factory for the production of fuels and chemicals, in particular ethanol, a biofuel produced in large quantities. With a need for high-energy-density fuels for jets and heavy trucks, there is, however, much interest in the biobased production of hydrocarbons that can be derived from fatty acids. Fatty acids also serve as precursors to a number of oleochemicals and hence provide interesting platform chemicals. Here, we review the recent strategies applied to metabolic engineering of S. cerevisiae for the production of fatty acid-derived biofuels and for improvement of the titre, rate and yield (TRY). This includes, for instance, redirection of the flux towards fatty acids through engineering of the central carbon metabolism, balancing the redox power and varying the chain length of fatty acids by enzyme engineering. We also discuss the challenges that currently hinder further TRY improvements and the potential solutions in order to meet the requirements for commercial application.

Preparation of Nanocrystalline Inorganic Materials by Impulse Plasma in Liquid

2006 ◽  
Vol 15-17 ◽  
pp. 549-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil Omurzak Uulu ◽  
Mitsuhiro Matsuda ◽  
Hirotaka Ihara ◽  
Tsutomu Mashimo ◽  
Saadat Sulaimankulova
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Fullerene C60 ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Pulsed Plasma ◽  
Dispersed Particles ◽  
Plasma In Liquid

We developed a synthesis method of nanomaterials by the impulse plasma in liquid. The method is based on the low voltage pulsed plasma. The apparatus is very simple and does not require vacuum system, high-energy, cooling system, but can evaporate even refractory metals. Preparation experiments of nanomaterials by using Impulse Plasma in Liquid method were performed. We succeeded in synthesis of nanocrystals of some metals, TiO2, and fullerene C60. The synthesized TiO2 powder consists of fine-dispersed particles of rutile and anatase phases with 5-15 nm grain size. Pure fullerene C60 was prepared by dispersion of graphite electrodes by Impulse Plasma in toluene. It was suggested that the present method can be effectively used for nanomaterials preparation.

scholarly journals A Low-Cost Neutral Aqueous Redox Flow Battery with Dendrite-Free Tin Anode

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Chen ◽  
Zhongjie Wang ◽  
Shirui Zhang ◽  
Ming Cheng ◽  
fuyu chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Supporting Electrolyte ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Flow Cell ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Storage Device ◽  
Flow Battery ◽  
Active Materials ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Cycling Performances

Abstract A neutral aqueous tin-based flow battery is proposed by employing Sn2+/Sn as active materials for the negative side, [Fe(CN)6]3-/ Fe(CN)6]4- as active materials for the positive side, and potassium chloride as the supporting electrolyte, and its overall performances and cost for capacity unit are investigated. Cyclic voltammetry is performed and shows that the Sn2+/Sn has outstanding electrochemical behavior. The charging-discharging tests are conducted with the optimized electrolyte composition of 0.2 M [Fe(CN)6]3- and 3 M KCl. It is shown that the flow cell can reach a high energy efficiency of 80% at 10 mA cm-2 and be stably operated at 40 mA cm-2. The 120-cycling test shows that the flow cell can be of superior cycling performances, benefitting from the dendrite-free property of tin. Finally, cost analysis further confirms its competitiveness in price, offering a promising future for commercial application. This work not only forms a promising energy storage device with dendrite-free and low-cost benefits, but also provide a deep insight into its overall behavior, which is highly beneficial to the full understanding and further advancement of the proposed neutral tin-iron flow battery.

scholarly journals Investigation of Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of IN738LC Superalloy Thin Wall Produced by Pulsed Plasma Arc Additive Manufacturing

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3924
Author(s):  
Kaibo Wang ◽  
Zhe Sun ◽  
Yuxin Liu ◽  
Yaohui Lv
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Eutectic Reaction ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Thin Wall ◽  
Pulsed Plasma ◽  
Plasma Arc ◽  
Heat Accumulation ◽  
Energy Beam

The IN738LC Ni-based superalloy strengthened by the coherent γ′-Ni3(Al,Ti) intermetallic compound is one of the most employed blade materials in gas turbine engines and IN738LC thin wall components without macro-cracks were fabricated by pulsed plasma arc additive manufacturing (PPAAM), which is more competitive when considering convenience and cost in comparison with other high-energy beam additive manufacturing technologies. The as-fabricated sample exhibited epitaxial growth columnar dendrites along the building direction with discrepant secondary arm spacing due to heat accumulation. A lot of fine γ′ particles with an average size of 81 nm and MC carbides were observed in the interdendritic region. Elemental segregation and γ–γ′ eutectic reaction were analyzed in detail and some MC carbides were confirmed in the reaction L + MC→γ + γ′. After standard heat treatment, bimodal distribution of γ′ phases, including coarse γ′ particles (385 nm, 42 vol.%) and fine γ′ particles (42 nm, 25 vol.%), was observed. The mechanism of microstructural evolution, phase formation, as well as cracking mechanisms were discussed. Microhardness and tensile tests were carried out to investigate the mechanical performance. The results show that both the as-fabricated and heat-treated samples exhibited a higher tensile strength but a slightly lower ductility compared with cast parts.

Realistic Evaluation of Airplane Brake Vibration by Laboratory Test and Analysis

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond J. Black
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Friction Material ◽  
Landing Gear ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Total System ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Energy Evaluation ◽  
Vibrational Characteristics ◽  
Very High Energy

Abstract An important part of the design of airplane brakes is the laboratory verification of their capability to absorb the kinetic energy of the airplane under various operating conditions ranging from normal service energy levels to the very high energy of a rejected takeoff (RTO). These “stops”, as dynamometer brake applications are called, must demonstrate acceptable temperature levels for the wheel and tire, the ability of the brake to carry out numerous taxi and service type stops without any servicing, and acceptable wear rates for the friction material so as to make the brake economically feasible for use by the airlines. These laboratory tests are typically carried out on an adjustable inertia roadwheel dynamometer. The wheel and tire are “landed” against the flywheel of the dynamometer until the correct radial load is developed on the tire. The brakes are then applied to decelerate the dynamometer to a low taxi speed or stop it completely. With such a system various spectrums of landing and multiple taxi stops can be programmed to yield a simulation of actual airplane operation. An attempt has been made to extend this type of dynamometer testing to examine the vibrational characteristics of the brake as part of the total landing gear system, in addition to its performance as an energy absorber. Since these total-system vibrations can be destructive to both the brake and the landing gear structure, this type of vibrational evaluation is as important as the energy evaluation of the brake. For many transport aircraft, particularly those with four or more wheels per landing gear, it is impossible to incorporate the entire landing gear into the dynamometer testing. The nature of the testing extension has therefore been to simulate the behavior of the gear with simpler devices called simulators. In order to duplicate as nearly as possible the vibrational characteristics that will be experienced on the airplane, various types of landing gear simulators have been used in conjunction with dynamometer testing. This paper discusses the pros and cons of landing gear simulators and a proposed approach that would utilize the simulator in a program to more accurately predict actual airplane landing gear vibrational characteristics.

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