The New Technological Frontiers of CO2 and Hydrogen Transportation Via Pipelines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Arcangeletti ◽  
Daniele Scarsciafratte ◽  
Mariella Leporini ◽  
Benedetto Orselli ◽  
Angelo Santicchia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Engineering ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Offshore Pipelines ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
Engineering Effort ◽  
Co2 Transportation ◽  
Pipeline Design

Abstract COVID-19 pandemic is accelerating the transition to decarbonized energy systems. In this context, major Operators and Contractors are bound to promote innovation and technological development. The paper describes how this is being applied to the design of offshore pipelines that are now required to transport not only Hydrocarbons but also anthropogenic CO2 and low-carbon Hydrogen. In order to evaluate all the new technical challenges presented in designing CO2 and H2 pipelines, a state of art has been carried out and is here presented focusing on all the new technical aspects associated to the main disciplines involved in the pipeline network design. Different technical aspects (such as performances evaluation of Equation of State in CCS, Design Standards application to both CO2 and hydrogen pipelines, energy capacity of hydrogen pipelines and others) have been also analytically or numerically addressed simulating credible pipeline operating scenarios. To achieve that, an intensive engineering effort is being dedicated to the development of knowledge, engineering tools, methods and procedures that will be the basis for the execution of future projects concerning H2 and CO2 transportation and storage. A particular focus has been dedicated to offshore pipeline design both for new installation and repurposing of existing ones. In parallel, the cooperation started between Operators, Contractors, Manufacturers, Institutions and Universities, as described in the present paper, acts as a "booster" for the consolidation of knowledge and for the advancing of technology to put in place to overcome those new challenges. Recommendations are made in relation to the gaps found in experimental evidence present in literature and gaps in Standards coverage for the proper pipeline design in those new scenarios.

The Status of Arctic Offshore Pipeline Standards and Technology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Paulin ◽  
Jonathan Caines ◽  
Amy Davis ◽  
Duane DeGeer ◽  
Todd Cowin
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Gap Analysis ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Offshore Pipelines ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Pipe System ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
The Status ◽  
Pipeline Design

Abstract Offshore pipelines in an Arctic or ice-covered environment face unique challenges different from traditional subsea pipeline design. In 2018, Intecsea as lead consultancy delivered a report to the US Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) Alaska Region which provided a comprehensive review and gap analysis of the Status of Arctic Pipeline Standards and Technology. The objective of this study was to provide BSEE with a comprehensive review and gap analysis of current offshore Arctic pipeline design standards, codes and regulations pertaining to design and development of offshore pipelines in the Arctic, and to report on the state-of-the-art and emerging technologies for offshore pipelines in Arctic applications. Project development information from nine existing offshore Arctic pipelines in the U.S., Canada, and Russia was summarized, as well as guidelines and industry best-practice for monitoring and leak detection. This paper provides an overview of the results of this study; what offshore Arctic-specific pipeline design and construction challenges may entail, how they have been overcome in past projects, perceived gaps in regulations, and technology advancements that may help with future developments. This paper also summarizes the results of a comprehensive review and gap analysis of Arctic pipeline standards, assessment of the suitability of a single-walled versus pipe-in-pipe system for Arctic applications and presents information on some of the advancements in pipeline design, installation, operations and repair solutions that may be applicable to an Arctic environment.

scholarly journals Strain-Based Pipeline Design Criteria Review

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron S. Dinovitzer ◽  
Raymond J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Limit States ◽  
Design Standard ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Pipeline Design ◽  
Classification Society

The new Canadian limit states pipeline design standard (CSA Z662-96, Appendix C - Limit States Design) incorporates deformation or strain-based design criteria to prevent pipe rupture and or buckling and limit ovality due to bending. These criteria are different and in some instances, much more conservative than those contained in the Canadian offshore pipeline design standard (chapter 11 of CSA Z662-96) and similar standards used in other countries. This study was completed to review the ovality, buckling (including wrinkling) and rupture criteria included in current Canadian pipeline design standards (CSA Z662-96) and define its basic differences with respect to other standards. The deformation or strain based design criteria formulations in Z662 are compared with those contained in design standards, industry association recommendations and classification society rules from Norway, Britain, Germany, Australia and the USA to illustrate their differences and relative levels of conservatism. In addition, current and on-going research efforts were reviewed to identify the state-of-the-art in pipeline strain-based design, since this research could form the basis for future amendments to existing pipeline design standards. Based on the findings of this review, recommended changes to the limit states pipeline design formulation are given to better reflect the strain-based (non-linear or post-yield) design and assessment approaches included in the Canadian offshore or foreign pipeline design approaches. In addition, an analytical basis for pipeline ovality and buckling design criteria are recommended.

scholarly journals Towards Deep Decarbonisation of Energy-Intensive Industries: A Review of Current Status, Technologies and Policies

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2408
Author(s):  
Anissa Nurdiawati ◽  
Frauke Urban
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Price Support ◽  
Reference Case ◽  
Technological Trajectories ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Energy Intensive Industries

Industries account for about 30% of total final energy consumption worldwide and about 20% of global CO2 emissions. While transitions towards renewable energy have occurred in many parts of the world in the energy sectors, the industrial sectors have been lagging behind. Decarbonising the energy-intensive industrial sectors is however important for mitigating emissions leading to climate change. This paper analyses various technological trajectories and key policies for decarbonising energy-intensive industries: steel, mining and minerals, cement, pulp and paper and refinery. Electrification, fuel switching to low carbon fuels together with technological breakthroughs such as fossil-free steel production and CCS are required to bring emissions from energy-intensive industry down to net-zero. A long-term credible carbon price, support for technological development in various parts of the innovation chain, policies for creating markets for low-carbon materials and the right condition for electrification and increased use of biofuels will be essential for a successful transition towards carbon neutrality. The study focuses on Sweden as a reference case, as it is one of the most advanced countries in the decarbonisation of industries. The paper concludes that it may be technically feasible to deep decarbonise energy-intensive industries by 2045, given financial and political support.

Hydrogen’s Peculiar Effect on Material Properties: Do We Need to Be Concerned About Hydrogen Transport in Pipelines?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erling Østby ◽  
Bjørn-Andreas Hugaas ◽  
Agnes Marie Horn
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Hydrogen Transport ◽  
Offshore Pipelines ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Controversial Topic

Abstract Considering the vast number of articles that have been published during the last 150 years related to hydrogen embrittlement and the multiple attempts to explain the governing mechanisms, it is evident that hydrogen’s effect on mechanical properties in steel is still a controversial topic. This little atom has even by some authors been referred to as the “little devil”. We do not intend to explore this particular description of hydrogen any further. However, we would like to shed some light on the key technical aspects we believe need to be further scrutinized and understood to ensure that the decision-makers have sufficiently reliable data available to decide whether hydrogen gas can be safely transported in new or existing offshore pipelines at an acceptable cost.

Developed E-CRM Intelligence in Technological Trends

2021 ◽  
pp. 2095-2104
Author(s):  
Bashar Shahir Ahmed ◽  
Mohammed Al-Sarem ◽  
Mohamed Larbi Ben Maati
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Customer Relationship Management ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Source Code ◽  
Relationship Management ◽  
Customer Relationship ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Open Source Code ◽  
It Implementation

This chapter has discussed the technical aspects of the electronic customer relationship management intelligence (E-CRM). The paper has mainly focused on the technological development, as well as, IT implementation of the E-CRM intelligence. Different engines of E-CRM together with the recent technological trends have also been included in the discussion. Towards the end the paper has provided a simple open source code that has been used to develop CRM related applications. The code is intended to illustrate the E-CRM idea and also the results. The paper can be found useful in analyzing technical reviews on electronic customer relationship management.

Qualification of UOE SAWL Linepipes With Enhanced Collapse Resistance for Ultra Deepwater Applications

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio Arroyo ◽  
Rafael F. Solano ◽  
Luciano Mantovano ◽  
Fábio B. de Azevedo ◽  
Hélio Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Load Testing ◽  
Offshore Pipelines ◽  
Cold Forming ◽  
Collapse Resistance ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Combine Load

Large diameter UOE pipes are being increasingly used for the construction of offshore pipelines. Since oil discoveries are moving towards ultra-deepwater areas, such as Pre-Salt in Brazil, collapse resistance is a key factor in the design of the pipelines. It is known that the cold forming, and the final expansion in the UOE linepipe manufacturing process, reduces the elastic limit of the steel in subsequent compression. Due to this, the DNV collapse formula includes a fabrication factor that derates by a 15% the yield strength of UOE Pipes. However, DNV also recognizes the effect of thermal treatments and the code allows for improvement of the fabrication factor when heat treatment or external cold sizing (compression) is applied, if documented. This paper presents the qualification of UOE pipes with enhanced collapse capacity focusing the use of a fabrication factor (αfab) equal to 1. TenarisConfab has performed a technology qualification process according to DNV-RP-A203 standard “Qualification Procedures for New Technology”. The main aspects of the qualification process are presented in this paper which included significant material and full scale testing, including combine load testing, and final analysis. The qualification process achieved successful results and this will allow use of a fabrication factor equal to 1 directly in deepwater and ultra-deepwater offshore pipeline projects with a possible reduction in material and offshore installation costs and also potentially enhancing the feasibility of many challenging offshore projects.

Combined Effects of Waves and Currents on Offshore Pipeline Bundles

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Kamarudin ◽  
K. P. Thiagarajan ◽  
A. Czajko
Keyword(s):  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Hydrodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Equivalent Diameter ◽  
Offshore Pipelines ◽  
Main Pipe ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
Waves And Currents ◽  
Industry Practice ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
The Stability

It is common practice to accompany offshore pipelines by smaller diameter service lines or umbilicals to create a bundle. This gives rise to the so-called piggyback configuration. The flow behavior around the bundle is not well-known, leading to concerns on the stability of the configuration. This paper investigates the influence of the piggyback on the hydrodynamic loadings on the bundle in wave plus current condition using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Key parameters of the configuration that were investigated were the orientation of the smaller pipe with respect to the main pipeline and the flow conditions (different Keulegan-Carpenter numbers). The gap between the seabed and the main pipe was set to zero for all cases investigated. It was found that the hydrodynamic characteristics of the main pipe were significantly influenced by the presence of the piggyback. The numerical results also showed that the orientation of the piggyback plays an essential role in determining the drag, lift and inertia coefficients for the bundle. This phenomenon is explained by examining the vortex flow patterns around the cylinders. It is shown that the established industry practice of assuming the hydrodynamic characteristics of the bundle to be the same as an equivalent diameter cylinder may underestimate the forces on the bundle, and lead to a non-conservative design.

Business Risk Management Applied to Offshore Pipeline Field Development

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihua Gan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Business Risk ◽  
Offshore Pipelines ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Class Project ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
World Class ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Production Facilities

A world class project must have a disciplined business risk management. As a good project manager, he should manage project risk successfully. Through business risk management, he can identify risk of the project, find the cause of all business risks, then define the influence of all risks. He can take measures to avoid, transfer, and mitigate the risk. A field development includes production facilities, risers and pipelines and subsea wells, in which the pipelines and risers connect the subsea wells and production facilities to transfer oil and gas. The cost of offshore pipelines and risers is major. In the following we shall take offshore pipeline and riser as a case study to practice the principal of business risk management step by step. It has been demonstrated that the method may be applied to maximize the returning for the stakeholders in an offshore field development. However, it is suggested to accumulate and update the data bases required for an accurate statistical evaluation.

Influence of Pressure in Pipeline Design: Effective Axial Force

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olav Fyrileiv ◽  
Leif Collberg
Keyword(s):  
Axial Force ◽  
Local Buckling ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Pressure Effects ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
Local Stresses ◽  
Global Buckling ◽  
The One ◽  
Pipeline Design ◽  
Force Concept

This paper discusses use of the effective axial force concept in offshore pipeline design in general and in DNV codes in particular. The concept of effective axial force or effective tension has been known and used in the pipeline and riser industry for some decades. However, recently a discussion about this was initiated and doubt on how to treat the internal pressure raised. Hopefully this paper will contribute to explain the use of this concept and remove the doubts in the industry, if it exists at all. The concept of effective axial force allows calculation of the global behaviour without considering the effects of internal and/or external pressure in detail. In particular, global buckling, so-called Euler buckling, can be calculated as in air by applying the concept of effective axial force. The effective axial force is also used in the DNV-RP-F105 “Free spanning pipelines” to adjust the natural frequencies of free spans due to the change in geometrical stiffness caused by the axial force and pressure effects. A recent paper claimed, however, that the effect was the opposite of the one given in the DNV-RP-F105 and may cause confusion about what is the appropriate way of handling the pressure effects. It is generally accepted that global buckling of pipelines is governed by the effective axial force. However, in the DNV Pipeline Standard DNV-OS-F101, also the local buckling criterion is expressed by use of the effective axial force concept which easily could be misunderstood. Local buckling is, of course, governed by the local stresses, the true stresses, in the pipe steel wall. Thus, it seems unreasonable to include the effective axial force and not the true axial force as used in the former DNV Pipeline Standard DNV’96. The reason for this is explained in detail in this paper. This paper gives an introduction to the concept of effective axial force. Further it explains how this concept is applied in modern offshore pipeline design. Finally the background for using the effective axial force in some of the DNV pipeline codes is given.

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