Overcoming Obstacles for Produced Water in Bakken Well Stimulations

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren D. Schmidt ◽  
P.E.. E. Statoil ◽  
Bruce MacKay ◽  
Brandon Williams ◽  
Frederick Beck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Produced Water ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Williston Basin ◽  
Bakken Formation ◽  
Well Stimulation ◽  
Three Forks ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Fluid Design ◽  
Hybrid Fluid

Abstract The use of produced water in well stimulation is not straightforward and presents numerous challenges. A case study using 100% produced water from the Bakken Formation to stimulate a two-well pad in Williams County North Dakota is presented. The well stimulations include a typical 30-stage plug & perf completion using a hybrid fluid design consisting of slickwater and crosslinked gel. The pad includes both a Middle Bakken horizontal and a Three Forks horizontal well. This case study addresses the challenges and obstacles faced over a two-year period since embarking on the first field experiment using 50% produced water to stimulate a well in the same area. A number of first-time experiences have been addressed in the areas of cost, fluid chemistry, water quality, facilities, logistics, storage, and regulatory. All of these factors appeared to be insurmountable barriers in the early phases of considering the use of produced water for well stimulation. However over time and with careful developments along the way, we have progressed to the point of practicality for such endeavors. This case study presents the barriers, technical issues, technology development, current practice, and expected progress of produced water stimulation in the Williston Basin.

Characterization and Origin of Brines from the Bakken-Three Forks Petroleum System in the Williston Basin, USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zell Peterman ◽  
Joanna Thamke ◽  
Kiyoto Futa ◽  
Thomas Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Meteoric Water ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Williston Basin ◽  
Bakken Formation ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Three Forks ◽  
Western North Dakota ◽  
Water Rock Interaction

Brine (also referred to as ‘produced water’) samples were collected from 28 wells producing oil from the Late Devonian-Early Mississippian Bakken and Three Forks Formations in the Williston Basin of eastern Montana and western North Dakota. The samples were analyzed for major ions, trace metals, stable isotopes, and strontium isotopes. The brines in these formations are highly saline with total dissolved solids averaging 308 g/L, almost ten times the salinity of modern seawater. Relative to modern seawater, the brines are enriched approximately 10 to 20 times in [Na], [K], [Cl], and [Br]. Greater enrichments of 100 to 400 times in [Li], [B], [Sr] and [Rb], and 2,000 to 10,000 times in [Cs] and [Ba] are probably due to water-rock interaction (WRI). WRI is further indicated by 87Sr/86Sr values typically between 0.710 and 0.711—considerably larger than marine values of 0.7081 to 0.7083 during this depositional interval. Bakken Formation sediments were deposited in a stratified water column with salinity increasing with depth. The deeper water may have been saturated in calcium carbonate and possibly gypsum, but there is no evidence that halite saturation had been attained. Therefore, brines may have been introduced into the Bakken Formation from the underlying Devonian Prairie Formation or from the overlying Charles Formation before these brines were diluted or replaced by meteoric water. Alternatively, salinity of the native pore water was increased by membrane filtration driven by overpressuring within the Bakken Formation.

scholarly journals Organic compounds in produced waters from the Bakken Formation and Three Forks Formation in the Williston Basin, North Dakota

Heliyon ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. e03590
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Varonka ◽  
Tanya J. Gallegos ◽  
Anne L. Bates ◽  
Colin Doolan ◽  
William H. Orem
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Williston Basin ◽  
Bakken Formation ◽  
Three Forks Formation ◽  
Three Forks ◽  
Produced Waters

scholarly journals CO2 Storage and Utilization in Tight Hydrocarbon-bearing Formations: A Case Study of the Bakken Formation in the Williston Basin

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 7852-7860 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Sorensen ◽  
Jason R. Braunberger ◽  
Guoxiang Liu ◽  
Steven A. Smith ◽  
Robert C.L. Klenner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Storage ◽  
Williston Basin ◽  
Bakken Formation

A Proof for the Possibility of Ce-Oxide from CMP Residuals in Si-Wafers by Analytical TEM

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne Zhao ◽  
Liem Do Thanh ◽  
Michael Gribelyuk ◽  
Mary-Ann Zaitz ◽  
Wing Lai
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Chemical Mechanical Planarization ◽  
Particle Cluster ◽  
Limited Region ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Analytical Tem ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Oxide Particles

Abstract Inclusion of cerium (Ce) oxide particles as an abrasive into chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) slurries has become popular for wafer fabs below the 45nm technology node due to better polishing quality and improved CMP selectivity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has difficulties finding and identifying Ce-oxide residuals due to the limited region of analysis unless dedicated efforts to search for them are employed. This article presents a case study that proved the concept in which physical evidence of Ce-rich particles was directly identified by analytical TEM during a CMP tool qualification in the early stage of 20nm node technology development. This justifies the need to setup in-fab monitoring for trace amounts of CMP residuals in Si-based wafer foundries. The fact that Cr resided right above the Ce-O particle cluster, further proved that the Ce-O particles were from the wafer and not introduced during the sample preparation.

Challenges and Benefits of Product-Like SRAM in Technology Development

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Beaudoin ◽  
Stephen Lucarini ◽  
Fred Towler ◽  
Stephen Wu ◽  
Zhigang Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Random Access Memory ◽  
Static Random Access Memory ◽  
Development Phase ◽  
High Complexity ◽  
Access Memory ◽  
Integration Schemes ◽  
Front End

Abstract For SRAMs with high logic complexity, hard defects, design debug, and soft defects have to be tackled all at once early on in the technology development while innovative integration schemes in front-end of the line are being validated. This paper presents a case study of a high-complexity static random access memory (SRAM) used during a 32nm technology development phase. The case study addresses several novel and unrelated fail mechanisms on a product-like SRAM. Corrective actions were put in place for several process levels in the back-end of the line, the middle of the line, and the front-end of the line. These process changes were successfully verified by demonstrating a significant reduction of the Vmax and Vmin nest array block fallout, thus allowing the broader development team to continue improving random defectivity.

scholarly journals Trusting the Corona-Warn-App? Contemplations on trust and trustworthiness at the intersection of technology, politics and public debate

2021 ◽  
pp. 026732312110283
Author(s):  
Judith Simon ◽  
Gernot Rieder
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
Moral Duties ◽  
Moral Demands

Ever since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, questions of whom or what to trust have become paramount. This article examines the public debates surrounding the initial development of the German Corona-Warn-App in 2020 as a case study to analyse such questions at the intersection of trust and trustworthiness in technology development, design and oversight. Providing some insights into the nature and dynamics of trust and trustworthiness, we argue that (a) trust is only desirable and justified if placed well, that is, if directed at those being trustworthy; that (b) trust and trustworthiness come in degrees and have both epistemic and moral components; and that (c) such a normatively demanding understanding of trust excludes technologies as proper objects of trust and requires that trust is directed at socio-technical assemblages consisting of both humans and artefacts. We conclude with some lessons learned from our case study, highlighting the epistemic and moral demands for trustworthy technology development as well as for public debates about such technologies, which ultimately requires attributing epistemic and moral duties to all actors involved.

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