Influence of Virtual Reality on Visual Parameters: Immersive Versus Non-Immersive Mode

Abstract Background : To investigate the differences in refraction, accommodative factors, visual parameters, and subjective symptoms after using two types of virtual reality (VR) content with different depths perception. Methods : Twenty-three volunteers, who played VR games in two modes (immersive and non-immersive) for 30 min, were enrolled. Visual parameters were examined before and after using VR. Accommodative factors were measured using static and dynamic methods. Subjective symptoms were assessed using a questionnaire. Differences according to VR content were compared, and correlations between each visual parameter were analyzed. Results : There were no changes in refraction or accommodative factors after use of the VR. However, there was a significant increase in the near point of accommodation (NPA), the near point of convergence (NPC), and subjective symptom scores after using the immersive mode. Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between baseline values of near exophoria and mean accommodative lag of the dominant eye, and also revealed a negative correlation between NPA and mean accommodative lag in the non-dominant eye. Conclusions : The use of VR for 30 min increased NPA and NPC, especially after the immersive mode was used. In addition, higher exophoria and smaller NPA is associated with increased accommodative lag after using VR.

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Influence of Virtual Reality on Visual Parameters: Immersive Versus Non-Immersive Mode

10.21203/rs.2.10019/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hyeon Jeong Yoon ◽

Jonghwa Kim ◽

Sang Woo Park ◽

Hwan Heo

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Subjective Symptom ◽

Subjective Symptoms ◽

Dynamic Methods ◽

Dominant Eye ◽

Before And After ◽

Different Depths ◽

Baseline Values ◽

Visual Parameter ◽

Accommodative Lag

Abstract Background: To investigate the differences in refraction, accommodative factors, visual parameters, and subjective symptoms after using two types of virtual reality (VR) content with different depths perception.Methods: Twenty-three volunteers, who played VR games in two modes (immersive and non-immersive) for 30 min, were enrolled. Visual parameters were examined before and after using VR. Accommodative factors were measured using static and dynamic methods. Subjective symptoms were assessed using a questionnaire. Differences according to VR content were compared, and correlations between each visual parameter were analyzed.Results: There were no changes in refraction or accommodative factors after use of the VR. However, there was a significant increase in the near point of accommodation (NPA), the near point of convergence (NPC), and subjective symptom scores after using the immersive mode. Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between baseline values of near exophoria and mean accommodative lag of the dominant eye, and also revealed a negative correlation between NPA and mean accommodative lag in the non-dominant eye. Conclusions: The use of VR for 30 min increased NPA and NPC, especially after the immersive mode was used. In addition, higher exophoria and smaller NPA is associated with increased accommodative lag after using VR.

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Influence of Virtual Reality on Visual Fuctions: Immersive Versus Non-Immersive Mode

10.21203/rs.2.10019/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Hyeon Jeong Yoon ◽

Jonghwa Kim ◽

Sang Woo Park ◽

Hwan Heo

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Correlation Analysis ◽

Subjective Symptom ◽

Subjective Symptoms ◽

Dynamic Methods ◽

Symptom Scores ◽

Before And After ◽

Accommodative Lag

Abstract Background To investigate differences in refraction, accommodative factors, ocular parameters, and subjective symptoms after using two types of virtual reality (VR) content with different perception depths. Methods Twenty-three volunteers, who played VR games in two modes (immersive and non-immersive) for 30 min, were enrolled. Ocular parameters were examined before and after using VR. Accommodative factors were measured using static and dynamic methods, and subjective symptoms were assessed using a questionnaire. Differences according to VR content and correlations between each ocular parameter were analyzed. Results There were no changes in refraction and accommodative factors after use of the VR. However, there was a significant increase in near point accommodation (NPA), near point convergence (NPC), and subjective symptom scores after using the immersive mode. Correlation analysis revealed that NPA and accommodative lag were increased in subjects with exophoria, and that subjects with high NPA or NPC were more likely to exhibit an increase in mean accommodative lag. Conclusions The use of VR for 30 min reduced NPA and NPC especially after the immersive mode was used. In addition, using VR could further increase accommodation lag and reduce the amplitude of accommodation and convergence in subjects with exophoria.

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Effects of prolonged use of virtual reality smartphone-based head-mounted display on visual parameters: a randomised controlled trial

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-94680-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hyeon Jeong Yoon ◽

Hyun Sik Moon ◽

Mi Sun Sung ◽

Sang Woo Park ◽

Hwan Heo

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Randomised Controlled Trial ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Subjective Symptoms ◽

Head Mounted Display ◽

Before And After ◽

Accommodative Lag ◽

Randomised Controlled ◽

Subjective Discomfort

AbstractWe investigated the effects of using a virtual reality smartphone-based head-mounted display (VR SHMD) device for 2 h on visual parameters. Fifty-eight healthy volunteers were recruited. The participants played games using VR SHMD or smartphones for 2 h on different days. Visual parameters including refraction, accommodation, convergence, stereopsis, and ocular alignment and measured choroidal thickness before and after the use of VR SHMD or smartphones were investigated. Subjective symptoms were assessed using questionnaires. We analyzed the differences in visual parameters before and after the use of VR SHMD or smartphones and correlations between baseline visual parameters and those after the use of the devices. Significant changes were observed in near-point convergence and accommodation, exophoric deviation, stereopsis, and accommodative lag after the use of VR SHMD but not after that of smartphones. The subjective discomfort associated with dry eye and neurologic symptoms were more severe in the VR group than in the smartphone group. There were no significant changes in refraction and choroidal thickness after the use of either of the two devices. The poorer the participants’ accommodation and convergence ability the greater the resistance to changes in these visual parameters, and participants with a large exophoria were more prone to worsening of exophoria than those with a small exophoria.

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Gamification and Hazard Communication in Virtual Reality: A Qualitative Study

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21144663 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (14) ◽

pp. 4663

Author(s):

Janaina Cavalcanti ◽

Victor Valls ◽

Manuel Contero ◽

David Fonseca

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

New Technologies ◽

Training Environment ◽

Hazard Communication ◽

Head Mounted Display ◽

Compliance Behavior ◽

Before And After ◽

Recorded Data ◽

The Impact ◽

Different Levels

An effective warning attracts attention, elicits knowledge, and enables compliance behavior. Game mechanics, which are directly linked to human desires, stand out as training, evaluation, and improvement tools. Immersive virtual reality (VR) facilitates training without risk to participants, evaluates the impact of an incorrect action/decision, and creates a smart training environment. The present study analyzes the user experience in a gamified virtual environment of risks using the HTC Vive head-mounted display. The game was developed in the Unreal game engine and consisted of a walk-through maze composed of evident dangers and different signaling variables while user action data were recorded. To demonstrate which aspects provide better interaction, experience, perception and memory, three different warning configurations (dynamic, static and smart) and two different levels of danger (low and high) were presented. To properly assess the impact of the experience, we conducted a survey about personality and knowledge before and after using the game. We proceeded with the qualitative approach by using questions in a bipolar laddering assessment that was compared with the recorded data during the game. The findings indicate that when users are engaged in VR, they tend to test the consequences of their actions rather than maintaining safety. The results also reveal that textual signal variables are not accessed when users are faced with the stress factor of time. Progress is needed in implementing new technologies for warnings and advance notifications to improve the evaluation of human behavior in virtual environments of high-risk surroundings.

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SURG-03. IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL REALITY APPLICATIONS IN NEUROSURGICAL ONCOLOGY

Neuro-Oncology ◽

10.1093/neuonc/noaa222.800 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. iii461-iii461

Author(s):

Andrea Carai ◽

Angela Mastronuzzi ◽

Giovanna Stefania Colafati ◽

Paul Voicu ◽

Nicola Onorini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Real Time ◽

New Technologies ◽

Young Patients ◽

Spatial Relationship ◽

3D Models ◽

Immersive Virtual Reality ◽

Global Improvement ◽

3D Rendering ◽

Before And After

Abstract Tridimensional (3D) rendering of volumetric neuroimaging is increasingly been used to assist surgical management of brain tumors. New technologies allowing immersive virtual reality (VR) visualization of obtained models offer the opportunity to appreciate neuroanatomical details and spatial relationship between the tumor and normal neuroanatomical structures to a level never seen before. We present our preliminary experience with the Surgical Theatre, a commercially available 3D VR system, in 60 consecutive neurosurgical oncology cases. 3D models were developed from volumetric CT scans and MR standard and advanced sequences. The system allows the loading of 6 different layers at the same time, with the possibility to modulate opacity and threshold in real time. Use of the 3D VR was used during preoperative planning allowing a better definition of surgical strategy. A tailored craniotomy and brain dissection can be simulated in advanced and precisely performed in the OR, connecting the system to intraoperative neuronavigation. Smaller blood vessels are generally not included in the 3D rendering, however, real-time intraoperative threshold modulation of the 3D model assisted in their identification improving surgical confidence and safety during the procedure. VR was also used offline, both before and after surgery, in the setting of case discussion within the neurosurgical team and during MDT discussion. Finally, 3D VR was used during informed consent, improving communication with families and young patients. 3D VR allows to tailor surgical strategies to the single patient, contributing to procedural safety and efficacy and to the global improvement of neurosurgical oncology care.

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Hemodynamic Responses in Lower Limb Lymphedema Patients Undergoing Physical Therapy

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology10070642 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 642

Author(s):

Bianca Brix ◽

Olivier White ◽

Christian Ure ◽

Gert Apich ◽

Paul Simon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Therapy ◽

Lymphatic System ◽

Orthostatic Intolerance ◽

Hemodynamic Responses ◽

Stand Test ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Sit To Stand ◽

Complete Decongestive Therapy ◽

Before And After ◽

Baseline Values

Background: Lymphedema arises due to a malfunction of the lymphatic system, leading to extensive tissue swelling. Complete decongestive therapy (CDT), which is a physical therapy lasting for 3 weeks and includes manual lymphatic drainages (MLD), leads to fluid mobilization and increases in plasma volume. Here, we investigated hemodynamic responses induced by these fluid shifts due to CDT and MLD. Methods: Hemodynamic parameters were assessed continuously during a sit-to-stand test (5 min baseline, 5 min of standing, and 5 min of recovery). This intervention was repeated on days 1, 2, 7, 14, and 21 of CDT, before and after MLD. Volume regulatory hormones were assessed in plasma samples. Results: A total number of 13 patients took part in this investigation. Resting diastolic blood pressure significantly decreased over three weeks of CDT (p = 0.048). No changes in baseline values were shown due to MLD. However, MLD led to a significant decrease in heart rate during orthostatic loading over all epochs on therapy day 14, as well as day 21. Volume regulatory hormones did not show changes over lymphedema therapy. Conclusion: We did not observe any signs of orthostatic hypotension at rest, as well as during to CDT, indicating that lymphedema patients do not display an elevated risk of orthostatic intolerance. Although baseline hemodynamics were not affected, MLD has shown to have potential beneficial effects on hemodynamic responses to a sit-to-stand test in patients undergoing lymphedema therapy.

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFICACY OF TOPICAL LOTEPREDNOL ETABONATE AND FLUOROMETHOLONE IN THE TREATMENT OF VERNAL KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS : A RANDOMISED CONTROLLED STUDY

10.36106/ijsr/5403062 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 8-10

Author(s):

Nandita Chaturvedi ◽

Nidhi Nidhi ◽

Malobika Bhattacharya

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Subjective Symptom ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis ◽

Topical Steroids ◽

Loteprednol Etabonate ◽

Randomised Controlled Study ◽

Before And After ◽

Randomised Controlled

Introduction:Vernal keratoconjunctivitis(VKC) is a chronic, recurrent, inammatory disease of ocular surface showing seasonal exacerbation, affecting young children. Topical steroids are the mainstay in the treatment of ocular allergy, but their use should be judicious since they carry serious side effects . Loteprednol and uorometholone carry better safety prole. Present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the efcacy of these two widely used steroids.Objectives:To compare total subjective symptom score (TSSS), total objective sign score (TOSS) and side effects of medications before and after treatment at each visit.Materials & Methods:A prospective randomised controlled study was performed on 92 patients of VKC over four weeks. Patients were allotted to either of the two arms of treatment (i.e. LP 0.5% or FML 0.1%). Subjective and objective assessments of the signs and symptoms of VKC were done using standard scoring methodologies at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post treatment. The main outcome measure was measured in terms of TSSS and TOSS before and after treatment at each visit. Secondary outcomes included side effects. Statistical analysis of the data collected was carried out.Results: Loteprednol showed greater reduction in symptoms initially but by the end of study there was no statistically signicant difference in effect between the two drugs.Conclusions: Final improvement in clinical features and safety prole, at the end of 4 weeks was similar in eyes treated with either of the two drugs. Hence, both the drugs can be safely used in the treatment of VKC.

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Effects of Virtual Reality Immersion and Audiovisual Distraction Techniques for Patients with Pruritus

Pain Research and Management ◽

10.1155/2009/178751 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 283-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Vera Leibovici ◽

Florella Magora ◽

Sarale Cohen ◽

Arieh Ingber

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Psoriasis Vulgaris ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Computer Game ◽

Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽

Before And After ◽

Chronic Pruritus ◽

Subjective Reports ◽

Advanced Computer

BACKGROUND: Virtual reality immersion (VRI), an advanced computer-generated technique, decreased subjective reports of pain in experimental and procedural medical therapies. Furthermore, VRI significantly reduced pain-related brain activity as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Resemblance between anatomical and neuroendocrine pathways of pain and pruritus may prove VRI to be a suitable adjunct for basic and clinical studies of the complex aspects of pruritus.OBJECTIVES: To compare effects of VRI with audiovisual distraction (AVD) techniques for attenuation of pruritus in patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris.METHODS: Twenty-four patients suffering from chronic pruritus – 16 due to atopic dermatitis and eight due to psoriasis vulgaris – were randomly assigned to play an interactive computer game using a special visor or a computer screen. Pruritus intensity was self-rated before, during and 10 min after exposure using a visual analogue scale ranging from 0 to 10. The interviewer rated observed scratching on a three-point scale during each distraction program.RESULTS: Student’sttests were significant for reduction of pruritus intensity before and during VRI and AVD (P=0.0002 and P=0.01, respectively) and were significant only between ratings before and after VRI (P=0.017). Scratching was mostly absent or mild during both programs.CONCLUSIONS: VRI and AVD techniques demonstrated the ability to diminish itching sensations temporarily. Further studies on the immediate and late effects of interactive computer distraction techniques to interrupt itching episodes will open potential paths for future pruritus research.

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Clinical instructors’ perceptions of virtual reality in health professionals’ cardiopulmonary resuscitation education

SAGE Open Medicine ◽

10.1177/2050312118799602 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 205031211879960 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marie Ann Mae En Wong ◽

Shien Chue ◽

Michelle Jong ◽

Ho Wye Kei Benny ◽

Nabil Zary

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽

Clinical Education ◽

Health Professionals ◽

Future Research ◽

Memory Enhancement ◽

Current Health ◽

Key Stakeholders ◽

Before And After ◽

And Performance

Objectives: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is lifesaving. Yet, cardiac arrest survival remains low despite CPR intervention. Education has been highlighted as a strategy to overcome this issue. Virtual Reality technology has been gaining momentum in the field of clinical education. Published studies report benefits of virtual reality for CPR education; yet, perceptions of CPR instructors towards virtual reality remain unexplored. CPR instructors are key stakeholders in CPR education and their perceptions are valuable for the design and adoption of virtual reality-enhanced learning. The purpose of this study is therefore to understand the perceptions of CPR instructors towards using virtual reality for health professionals’ CPR education. The aim was addressed via three research questions: (1) What are the perceptions of CPR instructors towards current health professionals’ CPR education? (2) What are the perceptions of CPR instructors towards features of virtual reality ideal for health professionals’ CPR education? (3) What are the perceptions of CPR instructors towards the potential role of virtual reality in health professionals’ CPR education? Methods: A total of 30 CPR instructors were surveyed on their views towards current health professionals’ CPR education and the use of virtual reality for health professionals’ CPR education, before and after interacting with a CPR virtual reality simulation. Responses were analysed using interpretative thematic analysis. Results: CPR instructors perceived current health professionals’ CPR education as limited due to unideal test preparation (resources, practice, motivation, and frame of mind) and performance. They perceived fidelity, engagement, resource conservation, and memory enhancement as features of virtual reality ideal for health professionals’ CPR education. Virtual reality was viewed by CPR instructors as having potential as a blended learning tool, targeting both ‘novice’ and ‘experienced’ health professionals. Conclusion: The study highlighted the gaps in current health professionals’ CPR education that can be addressed using virtual-reality-enabled learning. Future research could investigate virtual reality simulations with features desirable for CPR education of target populations.

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Effect of Virtual Reality‐Based Rehabilitation on Physical Fitness in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.2478/hukin-2019-0022 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 149-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sebastian Rutkowski ◽

Anna Rutkowska ◽

Dariusz Jastrzębski ◽

Henryk Racheniuk ◽

Witold Pawełczyk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Virtual Reality ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Pulmonary Disease ◽

Training Group ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Group I ◽

Before And After ◽

Group Ii

Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using the Kinect system during stationary rehabilitation. The study included 68 patients with COPD (35 men, 33 women, mean age 61.3 ± 3.7). The subjects were randomly assigned to one of the two experimental groups described below. Group I included 34 patients – non‐participants in Kinect training. Group II included 34 patients – participants in Kinect training. In all patients before and after rehabilitation physical fitness was assessed using the Senior Fitness Test (SFT). The Xbox 360 and Kinect motion sensor were used to carry out virtual reality training. In group I, statistically significant improvements in SFT performance were observed. Patients in group II also showed statistically significant improvement in physical fitness in all attempts of the SFT. Virtual rehabilitation training in patients with COPD seems to be a practical and beneficial intervention capable of enhancing mobility and physical fitness.

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