scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumonia serotypes in Kisii, Kenya

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Obino Orucho ◽  
Cyrus Orucho Ochoi ◽  
Maureen Kerubo Nyangau
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumonia

Abstract Background : Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children under five worldwide, accounting for about 1.6 million deaths a year. Streptococcus pneumonia , has proved to be the most competent bacterial pathogen causing pneumonia infections among the infants and the elderly, leading to great morbidity and mortality. Currently there are over 94 different serotypes of Streptococcus pneumonia , and quite a number have emerged as drug-resistant strains which introduce a twist to the current treatment strategies. Detailed information of current antibiotic susceptibilities, resistance and serotype distribution will be important in designing new strategies for treatment and management of pneumococcal infections. Methods: A total of 309 S. pneumoniae isolates were collected from patients attending the Kisii Teaching and Referral Hospital between 2017 and 2018. Nasopharyngeal samples collected and serotyped using PCR. The samples were cultured and their sensitivity to drugs tested using various concentrations of; Oxacilin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Ofloxacin, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and Chloramphenicol. Results: Out of the 309 samples collected, 235 were positive for S. pneumonia, although 10 of the samples had incomplete data. A total of 41 S. pneumonia serotypes isolated from the 309 samples with the most prevalent serotypes being; Non-typable (11%), 15B (7.6%), 19F (7.0%), 19A (6.7%), 23B (5.8%), 23F (5.3%), 6A (4.4%). All the serotypes were highly resistant to Oxacilin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, while showing high sensitivity to Erythromycin, Ofloxacin and chloramphenicol. The rate of sensitivity to Tetracycline was 75% with the other 25% showing intermediate sensitivity. Conclusions: The data collected showed a high rate of S. pneumonia (76%) consisting of various serotypes for various ages. The various serotypes isolated showed a marked resistance routinely used antibiotics for patient samples of various ages. The isolated serotypes also consisted of serotypes 19A, 6A, and 5B that are lacking in the pneumococcal vaccine (PCV 10). This data will provide relevant information for a better approach to both clinical treatment, management and prevention of infections with S. pneumonia. Keywords: Streptococcus pneumonia, Antibiotic resistance, serotypes, Drug sensitivity

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumonia serotypes in Kisii, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Obino Orucho ◽  
Cyrus Orucho Ochoi ◽  
Maureen Kerubo Nyangau
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumonia ◽  
Prevention Of Infections

Abstract Background : Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children under five worldwide, accounting for about 1.6 million deaths a year. Streptococcus pneumonia , has proved to be the most competent bacterial pathogen causing pneumonia infections among the infants and the elderly, leading to great morbidity and mortality. Currently there are over 94 different serotypes of Streptococcus pneumonia , and quite a number have emerged as drug-resistant strains which introduce a twist to the current treatment strategies. Detailed information of current antibiotic susceptibilities, resistance and serotype distribution will be important in designing new strategies for treatment and management of pneumococcal infections. Methods: A total of 309 S. pneumoniae isolates were collected from patients attending the Kisii Teaching and Referral Hospital between 2017 and 2018. Nasopharyngeal samples collected and serotyped using PCR. The samples were cultured and their sensitivity to drugs tested using various concentrations of; Oxacilin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Ofloxacin, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and Chloramphenicol. Results: Out of the 309 samples collected, 235 were positive for S. pneumonia, although 10 of the samples had incomplete data. A total of 41 S. pneumonia serotypes isolated from the 309 samples with the most prevalent serotypes being; Non-typable (11%), 15B (7.6%), 19F (7.0%), 19A (6.7%), 23B (5.8%), 23F (5.3%), 6A (4.4%). All the serotypes were highly resistant to Oxacilin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, while showing high sensitivity to Erythromycin, Ofloxacin and chloramphenicol. The rate of sensitivity to Tetracycline was 75% with the other 25% showing intermediate sensitivity. Conclusions: The data collected showed a high rate of S. pneumonia (76%) consisting of various serotypes for various ages. The various serotypes isolated showed a marked resistance routinely used antibiotics for patient samples of various ages. The isolated serotypes also consisted of serotypes 19A, 6A, and 5B that are lacking in the pneumococcal vaccine (PCV 10). This data will provide relevant information for a better approach to both clinical treatment, management and prevention of infections with S. pneumonia.

scholarly journals Sexuality in Ageing Male: Review of Pathophysiology and Treatment Strategies for Various Male Sexual Dysfunctions

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dysfunction ◽  
Sexual Function ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Poor Treatment ◽  
Ageing Male ◽  
Male Sexual Function ◽  
Normal Ageing

Sexual function among older men is often thought to decrease as part of normal ageing biology despite the fact that sexuality remains an important issue in the elderly. Sexual dysfunction in the aged male is likely multifactorial in nature, with the development and/or progression of medical comorbidities often resulting in decline in male sexual function and poor treatment response. At present, sexual dysfunction in the ageing male is poorly investigated and understood, and current treatment strategies aim at improving sexual desire and erectile function with limited data on ejaculatory and orgasmic dysfunctions. In addition, men are often reticent to seek help for health concerns including sexual dysfunction. The following article provides a narrative review of strategies to address various aspects of sexual dysfunction in the ageing male. Clinicians need to be educated to be sensitive when discussing sexuality issues among older men and to present practical solutions that take into account individual and cultural differences.

Current Treatment Strategies for Pancreatic Cancer in the Elderly

Drugs & Aging ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiji Hanada ◽  
Fumiaki Hino ◽  
Hajime Amano ◽  
Toshikatsu Fukuda ◽  
Yoshinori Kuroda
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Current Treatment

scholarly journals Review on Multiple Facets of Drug Resistance: A Rising Challenge in the 21st Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-214
Author(s):  
Mousumi Saha ◽  
Agniswar Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Potential Threat

With the advancements of science, antibiotics have emerged as an amazing gift to the human and animal healthcare sectors for the treatment of bacterial infections and other diseases. However, the evolution of new bacterial strains, along with excessive use and reckless consumption of antibiotics have led to the unfolding of antibiotic resistances to an excessive level. Multidrug resistance is a potential threat worldwide, and is escalating at an extremely high rate. Information related to drug resistance, and its regulation and control are still very little. To interpret the onset of antibiotic resistances, investigation on molecular analysis of resistance genes, their distribution and mechanisms are urgently required. Fine-tuned research and resistance profile regarding ESKAPE pathogen is also necessary along with other multidrug resistant bacteria. In the present scenario, the interaction of bacterial infections with SARS-CoV-2 is also crucial. Tracking and in-silico analysis of various resistance mechanisms or gene/s are crucial for overcoming the problem, and thus, the maintenance of relevant databases and wise use of antibiotics should be promoted. Creating awareness of this critical situation among individuals at every level is important to strengthen the fight against this fast-growing calamity. The review aimed to provide detailed information on antibiotic resistance, its regulatory molecular mechanisms responsible for the resistance, and other relevant information. In this article, we tried to focus on the correlation between antimicrobial resistance and the COVID-19 pandemic. This study will help in developing new interventions, potential approaches, and strategies to handle the complexity of antibiotic resistance and prevent the incidences of life-threatening infections.

scholarly journals Animal Models of Pneumococcal pneumonia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borsa ◽  
Pasquale ◽  
Restrepo
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Pneumonia ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Bacterial Inoculation ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most common bacterial pathogen causing lower respiratory tract infections and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in children and the elderly. Another important aspect related to pneumococcal infections is the persistent rate of penicillin and macrolide resistance. Therefore, animal models have been developed to better understand the pathogenesis of pneumococcal disease and test new therapeutic agents and vaccines. This narrative review will focus on the characteristics of the different animal pneumococcal pneumonia models. The assessment of the different animal models will include considerations regarding pneumococcal strains, microbiology properties, procedures used for bacterial inoculation, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive approaches.

Acute Bacterial Meningitis: A Systemic Review of Diagnosis and Treatment

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 01-02
Author(s):  
Sheng Leu
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Medical Emergency ◽  
Systemic Review ◽  
Acute Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Detailed Understanding

Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency requiring immediate diagnosis and immediate treatment. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis are the most common and most aggressive pathogens of meningitis. Emerging antibiotic resistance is an upcoming challenge. Clinical and experimental studies have established a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms resulting in brain damage, sequelae and neuropsychological deficits. We summarize the current pathophysiological concept of acute bacterial meningitis and present current treatment strategies.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization, antibiotic resistance pattern and capsular types of invasive Streptococcus pneumonia isolated from clinical samples in Tehran, Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Beheshti ◽  
Fereshteh Jabalameli ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Feizabadi ◽  
Farhad Bonakdar Hahsemi ◽  
Reza Beigverdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Capsular Type ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumonia ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Pattern ◽  
Serious Infections ◽  
Sequence Types

Abstract Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae causes serious infections worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the molecular characteristic, antibiotic resistance pattern and capsular types of invasive S. pneumonia in Tehran, Iran. Results: Of the 44 pneumococcal invasive isolates, 39 (89%) were isolated from children and 5 (11%) from adults. The results show that all pneumococcal isolates were susceptible to linezolid but had varying resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (86%), erythromycin (73%), tetracycline (66%), clindamycin (43%), penicillin (16%), chloramphenicol (14%) and levofloxacin (2%). The range of erythromycin, tetracycline and penicillin MICs were 2 - ≥ 256 μg/mL, 4 - ≥ 48 μg/mL, and 0.047 - ≥ 256 respectively. All of the penicillin resistant isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) and in addition to penicillin were resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The most common capsular types detected in 64% of the pneumococcal isolates was 6A/B, 19A, 15A, 23F. The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of 10 pneumococcal isolates revealed 9 different sequence types (STs), including ST 15139 (capsular type 19A) and ST 15140 (capsular type 23F), which have not previously been reported.Conclusions: The study revealed that the S. pneumonia isolates belonged to diverse capsular types and clones with high rate of resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, and penicillin.

scholarly journals Identification of Small Molecule Inhibitors of the Pathogen Box against Vibrio cholerae

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haeun Kim ◽  
Brianne J. Burkinshaw ◽  
Linh G. Lam ◽  
Kevin Manera ◽  
Tao G. Dong
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tropical Regions

Cholera is a serious infectious disease in tropical regions causing millions of infections annually. Vibrio cholerae , the causative agent of cholera, has gained multi-antibiotic resistance over the years, posing greater threat to public health and current treatment strategies. Here we report two compounds that effectively target the growth of V. cholerae and have the potential to control cholera infection.

Current concepts of the interventional treatment of proximal supraaortic vessel stenosis

VASA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 313-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernemann ◽  
Bender ◽  
Melms ◽  
Brechtel ◽  
Kobba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Clinical Indication ◽  
Interventional Treatment ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Brachiocephalic Artery ◽  
Treatment Concepts ◽  
Angioplasty And Stenting

Interventional therapies using angioplasty and stenting of symptomatic stenosis of the proximal supraaortic vessels have evolved as safe and effective treatment strategies. The aim of this paper is to summarize the current treatment concepts for stenosis in the subclavian and brachiocephalic artery with regard to clinical indication, interventional technique including selection of the appropriate vascular approach and type of stent, angiographic and clinical short-term and long-term results and follow-up. The role of hybrid interventions for tandem stenoses of the carotid bifurcation and brachiocephalic artery is analysed. A systematic review of data for angioplasty and stenting of symptomatic extracranial vertebral artery stenosis is discussed with a special focus on restenosis rate.

Quintuplex PCR to Detect Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navindra Kumari Palanisamy ◽  
Parasakthi Navaratnam ◽  
Shamala Devi Sekaran
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Penicillin Resistance ◽  
Penicillin Binding Proteins ◽  
Efflux Mechanism ◽  
Mic Value

Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important bacterial pathogen, causing respiratory infection. Penicillin resistance in S. pneumoniae is associated with alterations in the penicillin binding proteins, while resistance to macrolides is conferred either by the modification of the ribosomal target site or efflux mechanism. This study aimed to characterize S. pneumoniae and its antibiotic resistance genes using 2 sets of multiplex PCRs. Methods: A quintuplex and triplex PCR was used to characterize the pbp1A, ermB, gyrA, ply, and the mefE genes. Fifty-eight penicillin sensitive strains (PSSP), 36 penicillin intermediate strains (PISP) and 26 penicillin resistance strains (PRSP) were used. Results: Alteration in pbp1A was only observed in PISP and PRSP strains, while PCR amplification of the ermB or mefE was observed only in strains with reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. The assay was found to be sensitive as simulated blood cultures showed the lowest level of detection to be 10cfu. Conclusions: As predicted, the assay was able to differentiate penicillin susceptible from the non-susceptible strains based on the detection of the pbp1A gene, which correlated with the MIC value of the strains.

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