Prevalence and factors associated with the contamination of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus during pig transport to slaughterhouses in Colombia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria del Pilar Pineda Ortiz ◽  
Johanna Paola Corrales Morales ◽  
Gilma Hernández Herrera ◽  
Carlos Enrique Trillos Pena ◽  
Diana Corina Zambrano Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Proportional Allocation ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea

Abstract Abstract: Background: Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is an infectious disease that mainly affects neonatal piglets with a morbidity rate of 80%–100% and a mortality rate of 50%–90%. Prior to March 2014, PED was an exotic disease in Colombia with no historical epidemiological data and this study was conducted at the beginning of the spread of the virus in the country. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) contamination in pig transportation to slaughterhouses in Colombia through a cross-sectional study involving a sample of 518 pig trucks visiting the 32 main slaughterhouses authorized by the regulatory agency of the govern, the INVIMA. Samples were obtained using proportional allocation stratified sampling of pig trucks entering and leaving slaughterhouses for the diagnosis of PEDV through RT-PCR, as well as conducting a survey of the drivers of the sampled trucks. The sampling was performed from June to November 2014, during the first outbreak. Results: The prevalence of PEDV at the time of entry of the plant was 71.8% (CI 95%: 70.8–72.8) versus 70.5% (CI 95%: 69.5–71.5) on exit (p=0.375). Associated factors found to increase the possibility of contamination included: the type of slaughterhouse either national (OR 15.9, CI 95%: 4.9–51.85) or national–exportation (OR 9.0, CI 95%: 2.20–36.91), the zone of highest slaughter (OR 9.05, CI 95%: 2.9–27.63), the non-exclusive use of vehicles for the transport of pigs (OR 3.75, CI 95%: 1.55–9.08) and visiting animal feed plants (OR 13.5, CI 95%: 4.1–44.12). Factors identified to reduce the possibility of contamination included: the cleaning of vehicles, the use of disinfectants on the vehicle and the exclusive of the vehicle for pig transportation. Conclusions: The results showed that the high degree of truck mobilization, with poor biosafety compliance and dissemination characteristics of the virus, facilitated the spread of PEDV throughout the national territory. These factors contributed to establishing the disease as an endemic problem in Colombia. Keywords: coronavirus, epidemiology, PEDV, prevalence, swine.

scholarly journals Prevalence and factors associated to contamination from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus during the transportation of pigs to slaughterhouses in Colombia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria del Pilar Pineda Ortiz ◽  
Johanna Paola Corrales Morales ◽  
Gilma Hernández Herrera ◽  
Carlos Enrique Trillos Pena ◽  
Diana Corina Zambrano Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Pressurized Water ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes acute diarrhea, dehydration, and high mortality in newborn piglets and has caused high economic impact in the swine industry in the United States and Asia. Until March 2014, PED was an exotic disease in Colombia. This study was carried out at the beginning of the spread of PEDV in the country, and its main objective was to determine the prevalence and factors associated to the contamination of PEDV in the transportation of pigs to the slaughterhouses in Colombia through environmental samples analyzed by RT-PCR. 518 pig trucks in the 32 main slaughterhouses, were sampled and the drivers of the trucks fulfilled a questionnaire. The prevalence of PEDV at the entrance of the slaughterhouses was 71.8% (CI 95%: 70.8-72.8) versus 70.5% (CI 95%: 69.5-71.5) at the slaughterhouse exit, and there was no evidence of significant differences between both rates. (McNemar value p: 0.375). The factors that increased the possibility of truck contamination were: vehicles that visit national slaughterhouses (OR 15.9 95% CI: 4.9–51.85) and that visit national –export type (OR 9.0 95% CI: 2.20–36.91), trucks with mobility in area of ​​greatest slaughter (OR 9.05 95% CI: 2.9-27.63), the non-exclusive use of vehicles to transport pigs (OR 3.75 95% CI: 1.55-9.08) and visit animal feed mills (OR 13.5 95% CI: 4.1– 44.12). The factors identified that reduce the possibility of contamination were cleanliness of the body truck (OR 0.089 95% CI: 0.03-0.23) and the cabin (OR 0.16 95%CI: 0.08-0.31), use of disinfectant (OR 0.32 95% CI:0.16-0.62), pressurized water (OR 0.38 95% CI:0.15-0.95), and back pump (OR 0.17 95% CI:0.08-0.35) and the exclusive use of the vehicle for pig transportation (OR 0.36 95% CI: 0.19-0.70). The results showed that the high grade of mobilization of the trucks to points of concentration, failures in biosecurity and virus survival characteristics, enabled the spread of PEDV, turning it into an endemic disease in Colombia; however, the measures implemented by the farmers mitigated the impact of the disease. We evidenced the need of standardizing and regulating biosecurity protocols for slaughterhouses, pig transportation and farms.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and factors associated with diarrhoea among children under five years of age in the Engela District in the Ohangwena Region, Namibia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria F. Bauleth ◽  
Honore K. Mitonga ◽  
Lusia N. Pinehas
Keyword(s):  
Informal Settlement ◽  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Middle Income Countries

Background: Diarrhoea remains a public health problem and an important cause of morbidity and mortality amongst children, mainly in low- and middle-income countries. In Namibia, the national prevalence of diarrhoea was 17%; it was responsible for 5% of all deaths in children under 5 years old and is the second leading cause of death.Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the epidemiology and factors associated with acute diarrhoea amongst children less than 5 years of age in Engela district in the Ohangwena region, Namibia.Setting: The study was conducted in Ohangwena Region in Namibia which extends east to west along the borders of the southern part of Angola.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. A structured questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the socio-demographic and epidemiological data of diarrhoea and logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with the prevalence of diarrhoea.Results: The study found a prevalence of 23.8% for diarrhoea in the 2 weeks period preceding the survey amongst children aged under 5 years. The prevalence of diarrhoea was statistically significantly associated with children (p 0.05). The strongest predictor of the prevalence of diarrhoea was the residential area ‘informal settlement’, with an odds ratio of 36.42. This implies that children living in the informal settlement are 36.42 times at risk of contracting diarrhoea as compared to those living in other residential areas.Conclusion: epidemiology; factors; diarrhoea; under-5 years children; Engela district; Ohangwena region; Namibia.

scholarly journals Elimination of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in an Animal Feed Manufacturing Facility

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. e0169612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne R. Huss ◽  
Loni L. Schumacher ◽  
Roger A. Cochrane ◽  
Elizabeth Poulsen ◽  
Jianfa Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Manufacturing Facility ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Feed Manufacturing ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea

scholarly journals Prevalence and correlates of sexual violence among adolescent girls and young women: findings from a cross-sectional study in a South African university

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Idowu Ajayi ◽  
Elmon Mudefi ◽  
Eyitayo Omolara Owolabi
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Family Support ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated

Abstract Background: There is a window of opportunity to address the menace of sexual violence in South Africa, given the formation of the ministerial task team commissioned by the president in 2019 following the brutal rape and murder of a female university student in Cape Town. Epidemiological data on the prevalence and factors associated with sexual violence is critical to understanding the magnitude of the problem and designing interventions towards reversing the trend of sexual violence in the country. Drawing from cross-sectional data from a South Africa university, we examined the prevalence and correlates of sexual violence among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW). Methods: We analysed data of 451 AGYW selected using stratified sampling. Sexual violence was defined as any sexual acts, and attempt to obtain a sexual act without consent. We used adjusted and unadjusted logistic regression models to examine the factors associated with exposure to sexual violence while controlling for relevant covariates. Results: The lifetime and past year prevalence of sexual violence was 37.9% and 25.3%, respectively. A higher prevalence of sexual violence was reported by heavy episodic drinkers of alcohol (lifetime 48.4% and past year 34.0%), those who received insufficient financial support (lifetime 58.0% and past year 35.8%) compared to non-users of alcohol and those who received adequate financial support. AGYW who reported heavy episodic use of alcohol were twice more likely to report experiencing sexual violence compared to non-users. However, individuals who received adequate family support were 76% and 65% less likely to report lifetime and past year experience of sexual violence compared to those who received inadequate family support. Also, AGYW who rated themselves as very religious were 80% and 75% less likely to report lifetime and past year experience of sexual violence compared to those who were not religious.Conclusion: Our study shows that sexual violence affects a large proportion of girls, requiring intervention that not only focuses on increasing social support for survivors, facilitating reporting, and ensuring justice is served, but also target alcohol use reduction and poverty alleviation.

scholarly journals Prevalence and correlates of sexual violence among adolescent girls and young women: findings from a cross-sectional study in a South African university

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Idowu Ajayi ◽  
Elmon Mudefi ◽  
Eyitayo Omolara Owolabi
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
South African ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Factors Associated

Abstract Background Epidemiological data on the prevalence and factors associated with sexual violence is critical to understanding the magnitude of the problem and designing effective interventions. Drawing from cross-sectional data from a South African university, we examined the prevalence and correlates of sexual violence among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW). Methods We analysed data of 451 AGYW selected using stratified sampling. Sexual violence was defined as any sexual acts, and attempt to obtain sexual acts without consent. We used adjusted and unadjusted logistic regression models to examine the factors associated with exposure to sexual violence while controlling for relevant covariates. Results The lifetime and past-year prevalence of sexual violence was 37.9% and 25.3%, respectively. A higher prevalence of sexual violence was reported by heavy episodic drinkers of alcohol (lifetime 48.4% and past year 34.0%), those who received insufficient financial support (lifetime 58.0% and past year 35.8%) compared to non-users of alcohol (lifetime 27.2% and past year 17.2%),) and those who received adequate financial support (lifetime 20.8% and past year 13.1%). AGYW who reported heavy episodic use of alcohol had higher odds of reporting lifetime (AOR: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.07–3.25) and past year (AOR: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.10–3.75) experience of sexual violence compared to non-users. However, individuals who received adequate family financial support were 76% and 65% less likely to report lifetime and past year experience of sexual violence than those who received inadequate family financial support. Also, AGYW who rated themselves as very religious were 80% and 75% less likely to report lifetime and past year experience of sexual violence compared to those who were not religious. Conclusion Our study shows that sexual violence affects a large proportion of girls, requiring intervention that not only focuses on increasing social support for survivors, facilitating reporting, and ensuring perpetrators are convicted, but also target alcohol use reduction and poverty alleviation.

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