scholarly journals Infection with the sheep gastrointestinal nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta increases luminal pathobionts

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alba Cortes ◽  
John Wills ◽  
Xiaopei Su ◽  
Rachel Hewitt ◽  
Jack Robertson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Gastrointestinal Helminths ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The multifaceted interactions between gastrointestinal (GI) helminth parasites, vertebrate host gut microbiota and the immune system are emerging as a key area of research within the field of host-parasite relationships. In spite of the plethora of data available on the impact that GI helminths exert on the composition of the gut microflora, whether alterations of microbial profiles are caused by direct parasite-bacteria interactions or, indirectly, by alterations of the GI environment (e.g. mucosal immunity), remains to be determined. Furthermore, no data is thus far available on the downstream roles that qualitative and quantitative changes in gut microbial composition play in the overall pathophysiology of parasite infection and disease. Results In this study, we investigated the fluctuations in microbiota composition and local immune microenvironment of sheep vaccinated against, and experimentally infected with, the ‘brown stomach worm’ Teladorsagia circumcincta, a parasite of worldwide socio-economic significance. We compared gut microbial profiles with those obtained from groups of unvaccinated/infected and unvaccinated/uninfected animals. We show that alterations to the gut microbial composition are associated mainly with parasite infection, and that this involves the expansion of populations of bacteria with known pro-inflammatory roles that may contribute to the immunopathology of helminth disease. Using novel quantitative approaches for the analysis of confocal microscopy-derived images we also show that gastric tissue infiltration of T cells is driven by parasitic infection rather than anti-helminth vaccination. Conclusions Teladorsagia circumcincta infection leads to an expansion of potentially pro-inflammatory gut microbial species and abomasal T cells. This data paves the way for future experiments aimed at determining the contribution of the gut flora to the pathophysiology of parasitic disease, with the ultimate aim to design and develop novel treatment/control strategies focused on preventing and/or restricting bacterial-mediated inflammation upon infection by gastrointestinal helminths.

scholarly journals Intestinal Parasites and Fecal Cortisol Metabolites in Multi-Unowned-Cat Environments: The Impact of Housing Conditions

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1300
Author(s):  
Xavier Blasco ◽  
Xavier Manteca ◽  
Manel López-Béjar ◽  
Anaïs Carbajal ◽  
Joaquim Castellà ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Parasite ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Cortisol ◽  
Enclosure Size ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cortisol Metabolites

Housing conditions were assessed in different unowned multi-cat management models in order to evaluate their impact on the occurrence of intestinal parasites and fecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) levels. Fresh stool fecal samples were collected from rescue shelters, catteries and feline colonies for coprological analyses in order to detect intestinal parasite patency and fecal cortisol metabolites. A questionnaire provided information about the facilities, management and housing conditions of cats, including information about dog exposure, enclosure size, environment enrichment and changes to group composition. Overall, intestinal parasite infection was detected in 58.2% of fecal samples collected. The occurrence of intestinal parasites detected in free-roaming cats was 82.2%, mainly due to helminth infection. The parasite infection rate was 57.3% in rescue shelters and 34.6% in catteries. In confined cats, protozoa infection was more likely detected in rescue shelters than in catteries (RR = 2.02 (1.30–3.14), p = 0.0012). Although the FCM values were very variable between cats, the enclosure size and parasite infection were correlated with the average FCM. A small enclosure size was correlated with high fecal cortisol metabolites (p = 0.016). Protozoa-positive samples showed higher FCM levels than negative samples (p = 0.0150). High dog exposure was statistically associated with protozoa infection (p = 0.0006). The results indicated that improving housing, especially in terms of floor space and avoiding dog exposure, reduces stress and can thus be applied to make control strategies in multi-unowned-cat environments more efficient, especially when cats are confined.

scholarly journals GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITE INFECTION ON BALI CATTLE RAISED IN SEMI-INTENSIVE FARMING SYSTEM IN DOMPU, SUMBAWA ISLAND: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Made Sriasih ◽  
Oscar Yanuarianto ◽  
Dahlanuddin Dahlanuddin ◽  
William Ernest Pomroy
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Farmer Groups ◽  
Bali Cattle

To date, there are very few studies have been carried out on the effect of parasite infection on Bali cattle, and more importantly, there is no published data on the epidemiology of worm infections on Bali cattle in the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia. This research aimed to undertake a preliminary study on gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infection on Bali cattle raised under semi-intensive farming system in five different sites in district of Dompu, Sumbawa island. Fecal samples of 76 Bali cattle, from three farmer groups namely site number 1, 4 and 5, were collected, processed and examined under a microscope, with 100x magnification, for egg fecal counting or oocyst fecal counting using the modified McMaster technique. The number of eggs/oocysts observed was then determined and identified. The results show that the eggs/oocysts ranged from 50-14800. The types of GI parasites identified were Strongyloides sp, Strongyle sp, Toxocara sp, Trichuris sp, and Coccidia. Coccidia oocyst is a type of parasite which was found with the highest percentage of 23.68% followed by Strongyle sp. (18.42%) and Toxocara sp. (10.52%). The overall prevalence of GI parasitic infection in cattle accounted for 43.42%. Young calves (0-3 months old) was more susceptible to GI parasitic infection among other age groups. This preliminary data could be used as a basic data on gastrointestinal parasitic infection in Dompu district. These results may also indicate the need to develop control strategies aiming at lowering the gastrointestinal parasitism.

scholarly journals Modelling gastrointestinal parasitism infection in a sheep flock over two reproductive seasons:in silicoexploration and sensitivity analysis

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (12) ◽  
pp. 1509-1531 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SACCAREAU ◽  
C. R. MORENO ◽  
I. KYRIAZAKIS ◽  
R. FAIVRE ◽  
S. C. BISHOP
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Sheep Flock ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
Host Nutrition ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYIn reproducing ewes, a periparturient breakdown of immunity is often observed to result in increased fecal egg excretion, making them the main source of infection for their immunologically naive lambs. In this study, we expanded a simulation model previously developed for growing lambs to explore the impact of the genotype (performance and resistance traits) and host nutrition on the performance and parasitism of both growing lambs and reproducing ewes naturally infected withTeladorsagia circumcincta. Our model accounted for nutrient-demanding phases, such as gestation and lactation, and included a supplementary module to manage the age structure of the ewe flock. The model was validated by comparison with published data. Because model parameters were unknown or poorly estimated, detailed sensitivity analysis of the model was performed for the sheep mortality and the level of infection, following a preliminary screening step. The parameters with the greatest effect on parasite-related outputs were those driving animal growth and milk yield. Our model enables different parasite-control strategies (host nutrition, breeding for resistance and anthelmintic treatments) to be assessed on the long term in a sheep flock. To optimizein silicoexploration, the parameters highlighted by the sensitivity analysis should be refined with real data.

scholarly journals Suppression of allergic airway inflammation by helminth-induced regulatory T cells

2005 ◽  
Vol 202 (9) ◽  
pp. 1199-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Wilson ◽  
Matthew D. Taylor ◽  
Adam Balic ◽  
Constance A.M. Finney ◽  
Jonathan R. Lamb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Lung Pathology ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Th1 Cell ◽  
Cell Reactivity ◽  
Th2 Cell

Allergic diseases mediated by T helper type (Th) 2 cell immune responses are rising dramatically in most developed countries. Exaggerated Th2 cell reactivity could result, for example, from diminished exposure to Th1 cell–inducing microbial infections. Epidemiological studies, however, indicate that Th2 cell–stimulating helminth parasites may also counteract allergies, possibly by generating regulatory T cells which suppress both Th1 and Th2 arms of immunity. We therefore tested the ability of the Th2 cell–inducing gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus to influence experimentally induced airway allergy to ovalbumin and the house dust mite allergen Der p 1. Inflammatory cell infiltrates in the lung were suppressed in infected mice compared with uninfected controls. Suppression was reversed in mice treated with antibodies to CD25. Most notably, suppression was transferable with mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC) from infected animals to uninfected sensitized mice, demonstrating that the effector phase was targeted. MLNC from infected animals contained elevated numbers of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells, higher TGF-β expression, and produced strong interleukin (IL)-10 responses to parasite antigen. However, MLNC from IL-10–deficient animals transferred suppression to sensitized hosts, indicating that IL-10 is not the primary modulator of the allergic response. Suppression was associated with CD4+ T cells from MLNC, with the CD4+CD25+ marker defining the most active population. These data support the contention that helminth infections elicit a regulatory T cell population able to down-regulate allergen induced lung pathology in vivo.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal helminths in pigeon Columba livia (Gmelin, 1789)

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Begum ◽  
S Sehrin
Keyword(s):  
Columba Livia ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Helminth Parasite ◽  
Nematode Parasite ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Gastrointestinal Helminths ◽  
Raillietina Echinobothrida ◽  
Trematode Parasites ◽  
Eleven Species

A total of 60 pigeon, Columba livia (25 males and 35 females) were examined to observe helminth parasite infection. All the birds were found to be infected by eleven species of helminth parasites: four species of trematoda: Echinostoma revolutum (15%) E. trivolvus (5%), Patagifer bilobus (5%), Ehinoparyphium recurvatum (8.33%); six species of cestoda: Hymenolepis columbae (63.33%), Raillietina echinobothrida (100%), R. bonini (43.33%), R. cesticillus (100%), Cotugnia celebesensis (68.33%), C. cuneata (100%); and one species of nematoda: Ascaridia columbae (28.33%). Females showed slightly higher intensity of infestation than the males. Trematode parasites were found in intestine and rectum, cestode parasites were found in duodenum and intestine, nematode parasite Ascaridia columbae was found in caeca. Oesophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, gallbladder, liver, kidney and muscles were free of parasites. Considering among seasons highest intensity of infection was found in autumn. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v38i1.15324 J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 38(1): 93-98, June 2012

scholarly journals The right time and place: time- and age-dependent vaccine-enhanced mucosal immunity to parasite infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Liu ◽  
Tom N. McNeilly ◽  
Mairi Mitchell ◽  
Stewart T.G. Burgess ◽  
Alasdair J. Nisbet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Parasitic Helminths ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
Mucosal Site ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Subsequent Exposure ◽  
Immune Pathways ◽  
The Right

AbstractIndividuals vary broadly in their response to vaccination and subsequent exposure to infection, causing persistence of both infection and transmission. The prevalence of poor vaccine responders hampers the development of vaccines, especially against parasitic helminths. Yet despite having substantial economic and societal impact, the immune mechanisms that underlie such variability, especially at the site of parasite infection, remain poorly understood. Previous trials using a prototype vaccine for the control of the gastric parasitic Teladorsagia circumcincta, one of the highest impact parasites affecting sheep, revealed substantial variation in protection between individuals, which we hypothesised may in part be driven by age at vaccination. Here, to characterise how immunity at the mucosal site of infection developed in vaccinated lambs, we inserted gastric cannulae into the abomasa (true stomachs) of three-month- and six-month-old lambs before vaccination, and performed a longitudinal analysis of their local immune response during subsequent challenge infection. We found that the vaccine caused systemic changes in the baseline immune profile within the abomasum before any parasite exposure had occurred and reduced parasite burden and egg output once lambs were infected, regardless of age. However, age affected how vaccinated lambs responded to subsequent infection across multiple immune pathways, with only a minority of protective immune pathways being independent of age. This resulted in younger lambs being more susceptible to infection regardless of vaccine status. The identification of age-dependent (mostly adaptive) and age-independent (mostly innate) protective immune pathways should help refine the formulation of vaccines against these and potentially other helminth parasites of ruminants, and could indicate specificities of anti-helminth immunity more generally.

In vitro anthelmintic activity of Chicory extracts from plants of different vegetative stages on Teladorsagia circumcincta L3

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 35-35
Author(s):  
Z Parrisi ◽  
S Athanasiadou ◽  
J G M Houdijk ◽  
I Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Sheep Production

The consumption of plants rich in plant secondary metabolites has been associated with improved resilience of parasitised hosts, i.e. their ability to perform under parasitic infection, compared to animals fed conventional feeds (Athanasiadou et al., 2007). Furthermore, such bio-active plants can improve host resistance, which refers to the host ability to regulate gastrointestinal nematode establishment, development, fecundity and survival (Athanasiadou et. al. 2008). Chichorium intybus L. (chicory) is such a bio-active forage and its potential anthelmintic activity is currently investigated as an alternative means to control parasitism in sheep production systems. In the present study we employed an in vitro assay to study a possible mechanism of anti-parasitic action arising from chicory, and to test whether this anthelmintic activity is affected by the vegetative stage of the plant.

scholarly journals Indirect effects of parasitism: costs of infection to other individuals can be greater than direct costs borne by the host

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1811) ◽  
pp. 20150602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna M. V. Granroth-Wilding ◽  
Sarah J. Burthe ◽  
Sue Lewis ◽  
Katherine A. Herborn ◽  
Emi A. Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Relative Impact ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Physiological Cost ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Impact

Parasitic infection has a direct physiological cost to hosts but may also alter how hosts interact with other individuals in their environment. Such indirect effects may alter both host fitness and the fitness of other individuals in the host's social network, yet the relative impact of direct and indirect effects of infection are rarely quantified. During reproduction, a host's social environment includes family members who may be in conflict over resource allocation. In such situations, infection may alter how resources are allocated, thereby redistributing the costs of parasitism between individuals. Here, we experimentally reduce parasite burdens of parent and/or nestling European shags ( Phalacrocorax aristotelis ) infected with Contracaecum nematodes in a factorial design, then simultaneously measure the impact of an individual's infection on all family members. We found no direct effect of infection on parent or offspring traits but indirect effects were detected in all group members, with both immediate effects (mass change and survival) and longer-term effects (timing of parents’ subsequent breeding). Our results show that parasite infection can have a major impact on individuals other than the host, suggesting that the effect of parasites on population processes may be greater than previously thought.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal Helminths Infection in Different Types of Poultry

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
AKMA Rabbi ◽  
A Islam ◽  
S Majumder ◽  
A Anisuzzaman ◽  
MH Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Ascaridia Galli ◽  
Gastrointestinal Helminths ◽  
Backyard Poultry ◽  
Pathological Lesions ◽  
Gastrointestinal Helminth ◽  
Different Types

The prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites and the gross pathological lesions produced by them in different types of poultry were studied from March 2005 to March 2006, in the Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. In this study, 240 viscera of three types of poultry such as broiler, layer and backyard indigenous chickens were collected from local markets of Mymensingh district. During routine examination, total six species of helminth parasites were recorded, of which three species were nematodes such as Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum and Capillaria annulata; two species were cestodes such as Raillietina tetragona and Amoebotaenia sphenoides and only one species was belonged to trematode such as Catatropis verrucosa. Prevalence of different species of gastrointestinal helminths was highest in backyard poultry (100%) followed by layer (48.75%) and broiler (3.75%) which was statistically significant (p < 0.01). Backyard poultry was significantly (p < 0.05) 168.21 and 4106.67 times more susceptible to helminth infection than layer and broiler respectively. But layer was 24.41 times more susceptible to helminth infection than broiler. In backyard poultry, all six species of helminth parasites were found. A statistically significant (p < 0.05) variation in the prevalence of the recovered parasites from backyard poultry were observed such as the prevalence of R. tetragona (100%) was the highest followed by that of A. galli (87.50%) and H. gallinarum (80%). From the odds ratio of the recovered parasites, it was observed that chance of developing R. tetragona (odds ratio 189.73) in backyard poultry was the highest followed by A. galli (odds ratio 7.51) and H. gallinarum (odds ratio 4.04). In case of layer, only A. galli and R. tetragona were recorded, of which, prevalence of A. galli was the highest (43.75%). In broiler, only A. galli (3.75%) was found. Gross pathological lesions were found only in backyard poultry. Pathological changes were detected in case of A. sphenoides and H. gallinarum infection. In A. sphenoides infection petechial hemorrhages were observed in the mucosa of the duodenum. On the other hand, tiny, white, circumscribed nodules of about 2-3 mm of diameter were found in the caecal mucosa in case of H. gallinarum infection. Results of the present study suggest that the backyard poultry is at the high risk of helminth infection. However, layers are also vulnerable to parasitic infection. So regular deworming is essential both in backyard poultry and layer birds to obtain better production from them. Key words: Gastrointestinal helminths, prevalence, pathology, broiler, layer, backyard poultry doi:10.3329/bjvm.v4i1.1519 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2006). 4 (1): 13-18

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