Molecular analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from four teaching hospitals in Iran: The emergence of novel MRSA clones

Abstract Background: The global spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections necessitates the use of validated methods for the identification and typing of this bacterium. This study aimed to determine the distribution of main molecular types of MRSA strain circulating among hospitalized patients in teaching hospitals in Isfahan and Kashan. Methods: A total of 146 Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from patients in four teaching hospitals in Isfahan and Kashan during June 2017 to September 2018. The antimicrobial resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus strains were performed by disc diffusion method. The MRSA strains were identified phenotypically and confirmed by PCR assay. The prevalence of microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) genes among MRSA strains was evaluated by multiplex PCR. The genotypes of MRSA strains were determined by multilocus sequence typing and SCCmec typing. Results: Of 146 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 24 (16.4%) isolates were identified as MRSA strains. According to antimicrobial susceptibility testing the highest resistance rates were seen for tetracycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. All of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were susceptible to vancomycin whereas 3 (2.1%) isolates were resistant to linezolid. Three different SCCmec types were obtained among MRSA strains including 16 (66.7%) SCCmec type V, 3 (12.5%) SCCmec type III and 5 (20.8%) SCCmec type II. Of 24 MRSA isolates 20 (83.3%) carried MSCRAMMs genes including eno (70.8%), fib (54.1%), cna (25.0%), fnbB (16.6%), ebps 5 (20.8%), and the fnbA, bbp and clfA genes were not detected in any MRSA isolate. MLST analysis revealed 11 sequence types among MRSA isolates as follows: ST239, ST291, ST22, ST861, ST889, ST8, ST59, ST343, ST772, ST6 and ST1465. Also seven MLST-based clonal complexes (CCs) were identified among MRSA strains including: CC8, CC7, CC398, CC59, CC22, CC1 and CC5. Conclusions: A relatively high diversity was found in MRSA genotypes in Kashan and Isfahan hospitals, and seven clonal complexes were identified. Pandemic MRSA clones including CC8 and CC22 were the most prevalent clones and the novel ST types including ST1465, ST861, ST 889 and ST772 are reported for the first time in Iran in the present study. In addition the high prevalence of MSCRAMMs genes in MRSA isolates demonstrates the high potential of these strains for pathogenicity.

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Molecular analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from four teaching hospitals in Iran: The emergence of Novel MRSA ST- SCCmec clones

10.21203/rs.2.24014/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Farzaneh Firoozeh ◽

Mitra Omidi ◽

Mahmood Saffari ◽

Hossein Sedaghat ◽

Mohammad Zibaei

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Teaching Hospitals ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Mrsa Strains ◽

Type V ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

Abstract Background: The global spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections necessitates the use of validated methods for the identification and typing of this bacterium. This study aimed to determine the distribution of main molecular types of MRSA strain circulating among hospitalized patients in teaching hospitals in Isfahan and Kashan. Methods: A total of 146 Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from patients in four teaching hospitals in Isfahan and Kashan during June 2017 to September 2018. The antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus strains were performed by disc diffusion method. The MRSA strains were identified phenotypically and confirmed by PCR assay. The prevalence of microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) genes among MRSA strains was evaluated by multiplex PCR. The genotypes of MRSA strains were determined by multi-locus sequence type and SCC mec typing. Results: Of 146 Staphylococcus aureus isolates 24 (16.4%) isolates identified as MRSA strains. According to antibiotic susceptibility testing the highest resistance rates were seen to erythromycin, cefoxitin and clindamycin. All of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were sensitive to vancomycin whereas 3 (2.1%) isolates were resistant to linezolid. Three different SCC mec types were obtained among MRSA strains including 16 (66.7%) SCC mec type V, 3 (12.5%) SCC mec type III and 5 (20.8%) SCC mec type II. Of 24 MRSA isolates 20 (83.3%) carried MSCRAMMs genes including eno (70.8%), fib (54.1%) , cna (25.0%), fnbB (16.6%) , ebps 5 (20.8%), and fnbA , bbp and clfA genes were not detected. MLST analysis revealed 11 sequence types among MRSA isolates as follows: ST239, ST239, ST291, ST22, ST861, ST 889, ST8, ST59, ST343, ST772, ST6 and ST1465. Also seven MLST-based clonal complexes (CCs) were identified among MRSA strains including: CC8, CC7, CC398, CC59, CC22, CC1 and CC5. Conclusions: A relatively high diversity was found in MRSA genotypes in Kashan and Isfahan hospitals, and seven clonal complexes were identified. Pandemic MRSA clones including CC8 and CC22 were the most prevalent clones and the novel ST types including ST1465, ST861, ST 889 and ST772 are reported for the first time in Iran in the present study. In addition the high prevalence of MSCRAMMs genes in MRSA isolates demonstrates the high potential of these strains for pathogenicity.

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Detection of multi-drug resistance and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from retail meat in Tamaulipas, Mexico

Annals of Microbiology ◽

10.1186/s13213-021-01627-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ana Verónica Martínez-Vázquez ◽

Iliana Berenice Guardiola-Avila ◽

Rebeca Flores-Magallón ◽

Gildardo Rivera ◽

Virgilio Bocanegra-García

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Retail Meat ◽

Mrsa Strains ◽

Low Prevalence

Abstract Purpose Among the principal microorganisms transmitted to humans by foods of animal origin, Staphylococcus aureus stands out, causing a variety of diseases and with a wide potential for acquiring antimicrobial resistance. This work aimed to determine the prevalence of S. aureus, its multi-drug resistance (MDRSA), and the identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in retail beef and pork in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Methods S. aureus strains isolated from retail meat were characterized by microbiological and molecular methods to determine phenotypic drug-resistance and detect MRSA strains. Results Of the 106 samples (54 from beef and 52 from pork) from 11 different cities, we detected a prevalence of S. aureus of 44.3% (47/106). A total of 87 S. aureus strains were identified; these presented 54 resistance patterns to different antimicrobials with a high prevalence of MDRSA (85%) and a low prevalence of MRSA strains (3%). Conclusion These results indicate the presence of MDRSA and MRSA in retail beef and pork in Tamaulipas, representing a high risk for consumer health.

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Molecular Characterization, Virulence Determinants, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the North of Iran; a High Prevalence of ST239-SCCmec III/t037 Clone

Chemotherapy ◽

10.1159/000520482 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Hao Ying ◽

Trias Mahmudiono ◽

Tawfeeq Alghazali ◽

Walid Kamal Abdelbasset ◽

Parand Khadivar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Health Concern ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Virulence Determinants ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

The North ◽

Effective Manner ◽

High Prevalence ◽

North Of Iran

Objectives: Emergence and prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have become a major universal health concern, limiting therapeutic options. Methods: A total number of 37 MRSA isolates, including 19 clinical isolates from hospitalized patients and 18 colonizing isolates from health care workers were identified from 3 hospitals, in Gorgan, North of Iran. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the disk diffusion method and E-test. The presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance determinants were evaluated by PCR. The genotypical characterization was further analyzed using multi-locus sequence, spa, staphylococcal cassette chromosome, mec (SCCmec), and agr typing. Results: The frequency of MRSA among S. aureus isolates was 38.14% (37/97). The most frequent S. aureus resistant isolates were found to be obstinate against penicillin (98%) and gentamicin (82.5%). Additionally, the lowest resistance rates were found against daptomycin (0%), vancomycin (2.7%), and quinupristin-dalfopristin (5.4%). All MRSA isolates were susceptible to daptomycin with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)50/MIC90 of 0.25/0.5 μg/mL. One isolate belonging to sequence type 239 (ST239)-SCCmecIII/t037 clone (MIC ≥16 μg/mL) was resistant to vancomycin. All but 1 isolate that shares ST22-SCCmec IV/t790 strain were positive for both tsst and pvl genes. The most predominant MRSA isolates (27%) were associated with ST239-SCCmec III/t037, and ST239-SCCmec III/t924 (16.2%) clones, subsequently. In our study, circulating MRSA strains were genetically diverse with a high prevalence of ST239-SCCmec III/t037 clone. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the need for future and continuous surveillance studies on MRSA to prevent the dissemination of existing multidrug resistance MRSA clones in an effective manner.

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Comparison of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Cellulitis and from Osteomyelitis in a Taiwan Hospital, 2016–2018

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm8060816 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 816 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kuo-Ti Peng ◽

Tsung-Yu Huang ◽

Yao-Chang Chiang ◽

Yu-Yi Hsu ◽

Fang-Yi Chuang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Joint Infection ◽

Sccmec Type ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Chang Gung Memorial Hospital ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Mrsa Strains ◽

Resistance Rates

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes superficial infections such as cellulitis or invasive infections such as osteomyelitis; however, differences in MRSA isolates from cellulitis (CL-MRSA) and from osteomyelitis (OM-MRSA) at the same local area remain largely unknown. A total of 221 MRSA isolates including 106 CL-MRSA strains and 115 OM-MRSA strains were collected at Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan between 2016 and 2018, and their genotypic and phenotypic characteristics were compared. We found that OM-MRSA isolates significantly exhibited higher rates of resistance to multiple antibiotics than CL-MRSA isolates. Genotypically, OM-MRSA isolates had higher proportions of the SCCmec type III, the sequence type ST239, and the spa type t037 than CL-MRSA isolates. Besides the multidrug-resistant lineage ST239-t037-SCCmecIII more prevalent in OM-MRSA, higher antibiotic resistance rates were also observed in several other prevalent lineages in OM-MRSA as compared to the same lineages in CL-MRSA. Furthermore, when prosthetic joint infection (PJI) associated and non-PJI-associated MRSA strains in osteomyelitis were compared, no significant differences were observed in antibiotic resistance rates between the two groups, albeit more diverse genotypes were found in non-PJI-associated MRSA. Our findings therefore suggest that deep infections may allow MRSA to evade antibiotic attack and facilitate the convergent evolution and selection of multidrug-resistant lineages.

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Clinical Relevance and Antimicrobial Profiling of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on Routine Antibiotics and Ethanol Extract of Mango Kernel (Mangifera indica L.)

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/4150678 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Ali Al Bshabshe ◽

Martin R. P. Joseph ◽

Amgad A. Awad El-Gied ◽

Abdalla N. Fadul ◽

Harish C. Chandramoorthy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Clinical Relevance ◽

Mangifera Indica ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Drug Candidate ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Mango Kernel ◽

Ethanolic Extracts ◽

Mrsa Strains

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is known for serious health problems. Testing new inexpensive natural products such as mango kernel (Mangifera indica L., Anacardiaceae) may provide alternative and economically viable anti-MRSA drugs. In the current study, we screened clinical isolates from Aseer Central Hospital, Saudi Arabia, during 2012–2017 for MRSA and tested an ethanolic extract of mango kernel for anti-MRSA activity. Brief confirmation of MRSA was performed by the Vitek 2 system, while antibiotic sensitivity of strains was tested for their clinical relevance. The In vitro disc diffusion method was used to test the anti-MRSA activity of the ethanolic mango kernel extract. The antimicrobial activity of mango kernel was compared to that of standard drugs (oxacillin and vancomycin). Of the identified 132 S. aureus strains, 42 (31.8%) were found to be MRSA and their prevalence showed a clear increase during the last two years (2016-2017; p<0.001). MRSA strains showed 100% sensitivity to vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, tetracycline, daptomycin, tigecycline, and tobramycin and 100% resistance to ampicillin and 98% to penicillin. The ethanolic extracts of mango kernel were found active against both S. aureus and the MRSA strains. Inhibitory activities (mean ± SE) were achieved at concentrations of 50 mg/mL (20.77 ± 0.61), 5 mg/mL (16.18 ± 0.34), and 0.5 mg/mL (8.39 ± 0.33) exceeding that of vancomycin (p=0.0162). MRSA strains were sensitive to mango kernel extracts when compared to vancomycin. Therefore, ethanolic extracts of mango kernel can be escalated to animal model studies as a promising leading anti-MRSA drug candidate and can be an economic alternative to high-priced synthetic antibiotics.

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Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST80 Clone: A Systematic Review

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins12020119 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 119 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Assia Mairi ◽

Abdelaziz Touati ◽

Jean-Philippe Lavigne

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Sampling Period ◽

Spa Typing ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Mrsa Strains ◽

Spa Type

This review assessed the molecular characterization of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-ST80 clone with an emphasis on its proportion of total MRSA strains isolated, PVL production, spa-typing, antibiotic resistance, and virulence. A systematic review of the literature was conducted on MRSA-ST80 clone published between 1 January 2000 and 31 August 2019. Citations were chosen for a review of the full text if we found evidence that MRSA-ST80 clone was reported in the study. For each isolate, the country of isolation, the sampling period, the source of isolation (the type of infection, nasal swabs, or extra-human), the total number of MRSA strains isolated, number of MRSA-ST80 strains, antibiotic resistance patterns, PVL production, virulence genes, and spa type were recorded. The data from 103 articles were abstracted into an Excel database. Analysis of the data showed that the overall proportion of MRSA-ST80 has been decreasing in many countries in recent years. The majority of MRSA-ST80 were PVL positive with spa-type t044. Only six reports of MRSA-ST80 in extra-human niches were found. This review summarizes the rise of MRSA-ST80 and the evidence that suggests that it could be in decline in many countries.

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Whole-Genome Analysis of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 398 Strains Isolated From Patients With Bacteremia in China

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiz575 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 221 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. S220-S228 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hongbin Chen ◽

Yuyao Yin ◽

Xiaohua Li ◽

Shuguang Li ◽

Hua Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Sequence Type ◽

Teaching Hospitals ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Whole Genome Analysis ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Severe Infections ◽

Type V ◽

Mrsa St398

Abstract Sequence type (ST) 398 is the most prevalent clone of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). To evaluate the molecular characteristics and phylogeny of Chinese ST398 isolates, 4 MRSA ST398 strains and 4 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) ST398 strains were collected from patients with bacteremia at 6 teaching hospitals in China between 1999 and 2016. Moreover, 689 ST398 genome sequences were downloaded from the GenBank database for comparison. The 4 MRSA ST398 strains were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics, and 2 strains were also resistant to erythromycin. Among the 4 MSSA ST398 strains, 2 strains displayed multidrug resistance (MDR) and were resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and gentamicin. The accessory genome of MSSA ST398 was more diverse than that of MRSA ST398. All 4 MRSA ST398 strains carried type V staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec elements; however, MSSA ST398 carried more resistance genes than MRSA ST398. These 4 MRSA ST398 strains carried hemolysin, along with virulence genes associated with immune invasion and protease. Phylogenic analysis showed that the 4 MRSA ST398 strains clustered in 1 clade. The global ST398 phylogeny showed that ST398 was divided into an animal clade and a human clade, and the ST398 strains of this study clustered in the human clade. A small number of human strains were also present in the animal clade and vice versa, suggesting transmission of ST398 between animals and humans. In conclusion, livestock-associated MRSA ST398 has caused severe infections in Chinese hospitals, and it should therefore be paid more attention to and monitored.

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Novel Types of Staphylococcal Cassette ChromosomemecElements Identified in Clonal Complex 398 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01475-10 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 55 (6) ◽

pp. 3046-3050 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

Shanshuang Li ◽

Robert Leo Skov ◽

Xiao Han ◽

Anders Rhod Larsen ◽

Jesper Larsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Clonal Complex ◽

Subtype C ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Content Type ◽

Original Host ◽

Mrsa Strains ◽

Type V ◽

Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome

ABSTRACTThe structures of staphylococcal cassette chromosomemec(SCCmec) elements carried by 31 clonal complex 398 (CC398) methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) strains isolated from the participants at a conference were analyzed. The SCCmecs were classified into novel types, namely, IX, X, V(5C2&5) subtype c, and IVa. Type V(5C2&5) subtype c, IX, and X SCCmecs carried genes conferring resistance to metals. The structures of SCCmecs from CC398 strains were distinct from those normally found in humans, adding to the evidence that humans are not the original host for CC398.

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Novel Characteristics of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Belonging to Multilocus Sequence Type 59 in Taiwan

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01001-07 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

pp. 837-845 ◽

Cited By ~ 109

Author(s):

Tomomi Takano ◽

Wataru Higuchi ◽

Taketo Otsuka ◽

Tatiana Baranovich ◽

Shymaa Enany ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Gene Sequence ◽

Tetracycline Resistance ◽

Sequence Type ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Genetic Characteristics ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Mrsa Strains ◽

Type V

ABSTRACTCommunity-acquired methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(CA-MRSA) strains, which often produce Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL), are increasingly noted worldwide. In this study, we examined 42 MRSA strains (25 PVL-positive [PVL+] strains and 17 PVL-negative [PVL−] strains) isolated in Taiwan for their molecular characteristics. The PVL+MRSA strains included CA-MRSA strains with multilocus sequence type (ST) 59 (major PVL+MRSA in Taiwan), its variants, and worldwide CA-MRSA ST30 strains. The PVL−MRSA strains included the pandemic Hungarian MRSA ST239 strain, the Hungarian MRSA ST239 variant, MRSA ST59 (largely hospital-acquired MRSA strains) and its variants, the pandemic New York/Japan MRSA ST5 strain (Japanese type), and the MRSA ST8 strain. The major PVL+CA-MRSA ST59 strain possessed a tetracycline resistance-conferring (tetKpositive) penicillinase plasmid and a drug resistance gene cluster (a possible composite transposon) for multidrug resistance. Moreover, it carried a novel staphylococcal cassette chromosomemec(SCCmec) with two distinctccrCgenes (ccrC2-C8). This SCCmec(previously named SCCmectype VT) was tentatively designated SCCmectype VII. Sequencing of the PVL genes revealed the polymorphisms, and the PVL+CA-MRSA ST59 strain possessed the ST59-specific PVL gene sequence. The data suggest that a significant amount of clonal spread is occurring in Taiwan and that the major PVL+CA-MRSA ST59Taiwanstrain exhibits unique genetic characteristics, such as a novel SCCmectype and an ST59-specific PVL gene sequence.

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Anti MRSA and Antiviral Evaluation of Nano Silver Against Avian Influenza virus

FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL SCIENCES ◽

10.52700/fcs.v1i2.11 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 59-66

Author(s):

Muhammad Sannan Ahmad ◽

Hira Musaddiq ◽

Mirza Imran Shahzad

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Spherical Particles ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Average Particle ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Mrsa Strains

Preparation of nano sized silver particles was performed by using flower extract of Aerva javanica (AJ). Conversion of Ag+ ions to nanoscaled Ago was carried out in 90 min reaction by green approach. Antiviral potential of nanosilver (NS) was evaluated against Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) strain H9N2, in 9-11 days old chicken embryonated eggs. Synthesized particles were also screened against four methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains by well diffusion method. Formation of spherical particles was confirmed by SPR band at 428 nm. XRD analysis confirmed face centred cubic crystal structure of particles with average particle size of 15 nm as calculated by Debye–Scherrer’s formula. Remarkable anti AIV activity was observed from NS particles with IC50 value 50 ?g/ml and this value is 200 times greater control drug i.e., Amantadine. Synthesized particles were also screened against four methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains by well diffusion method. Significantly high antiviral and antibacterial activities were observed from nanosilver particles against AIV H9N2 and all four MRSA strains.Keywords:

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