Anti MRSA and Antiviral Evaluation of Nano Silver Against Avian Influenza virus

Preparation of nano sized silver particles was performed by using flower extract of Aerva javanica (AJ). Conversion of Ag+ ions to nanoscaled Ago was carried out in 90 min reaction by green approach. Antiviral potential of nanosilver (NS) was evaluated against Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) strain H9N2, in 9-11 days old chicken embryonated eggs. Synthesized particles were also screened against four methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains by well diffusion method. Formation of spherical particles was confirmed by SPR band at 428 nm. XRD analysis confirmed face centred cubic crystal structure of particles with average particle size of 15 nm as calculated by Debye–Scherrer’s formula. Remarkable anti AIV activity was observed from NS particles with IC50 value 50 ?g/ml and this value is 200 times greater control drug i.e., Amantadine. Synthesized particles were also screened against four methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains by well diffusion method. Significantly high antiviral and antibacterial activities were observed from nanosilver particles against AIV H9N2 and all four MRSA strains.Keywords:

Physicochemical Analysis of Different Brands of Chocolates and Their Comparative Studies

There is no metaphysics on earth like chocolate.” Chocolate is a blessing which contain almost all nutrients necessary for the growth of human health. In this study, composition of different branded chocolates available in Pakistan including Dairy milk, Chocolate chip, Toblerone (black), Toblerone (sweet), Nutella, Smarties, Now, Sonnet, Novella and Snickers were qualitatively analyzed in triplicate. We successfully study proteins, fats, carbohydrates, sugar, alcohol, caffeine, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron and nickel in different branded chocolates. From the results it is confirmed that pH of all chocolates are 6-9 depend on the concentration of cocoa which is same as reported in literature. All the chocolates contain high amount of fats, sugar and carbohydrates. Protein is present in excess amount in Chocolate chips and Snickers while Smarties, Sonnet and Novella contain small amount of protein but absent in rest of chocolate samples. None of the chocolate sample contain traces of alcohol. All chocolates contain calcium except Nutella, Now and Toblerone (black) while magnesium is only present in Smarties. All chocolates contain nickel except Sonnet and Now, zinc is absent in Sonnet, Now, Smarties and Nutella whileiron is only present in Dairy milk and chocolate chips. Some samples like Dairy milk, Chocolate chip, Toblerone (black), Snickers and Toblerone (sweet) contain traces of caffeine which act as stimulant and reduced liver damage. From the given results it is also confirmed that chocolates contain important ingredients which are helpful for proper body functioning.

Biochemical, Phytochemical and Antioxidant Analysis of Leaves and Seed of Fenugreek Plant

In the present study leaves and seeds of two different varieties of Fenugreek plant viz. Trigonella foenum gracium and Trigonella corniculata, collected from Bahawalpur, Pakistan were subjected to the biochemical, phytochemical and antioxidant analysis. The content of total sugars, non reducing sugars and reducing sugars in selected parts of these varities were found to be 5.007±0.101 to 8.133±0.223, 4.255±0.150 to 7.099±0.316 and 0.751±0.064 to 1.410±0.071 g/100g of dry weight respectively. Water soluble, salt soluble and total salt soluble protein content range from 1.172±0.001 to 6.015±0.132, 1.517±0.038 to 1.174±0.006 and 0.013±0.001 to 0.018±0.001 g/100 g of dry weight respectively and the total free amino acids ranged from 1.198±0.014 to 4.554±0.006 g/100 g of dry weight. The range of tannins and saponin contents in analyzed parts of these varities was found to be 0.057±0.009 to 0.117±0.025 and 0.083±0.012 to 0.0151±0.045 g /100g of dry weight respectively. Similarly, flavonoids and hydrogen cyanide content ranged from 0.021±0.000 to 0.055±0.004 and 0.0234±0.008 to 0.307±0.009 g/100g of dry weight respectively; while ascorbic acid content was found to be in the range of 0.068±0.08 to 0.267±0.031 g/100g of dry weight. Total phenolic acid content of the selected parts of these varities were estimated on the basis of difference in dipole moment and its range was observed from 0.0539±0.024 to 0.856±0.064 g/100g of dry weight. The total antioxidants analysis showed that ascorbic acid and trolox contents (mg Eqv./100g of extract) were found to be lower in Trigonella corniculata seeds (0.066±0.001 and 0.047±0.001 mg Eqv./100g respectively) and higher in Trigonella corniculata leaves (0.069±0.001 and 0.050±0.001 mg Eqv./100g respectively).The DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power were found to be in the range of 31.736±2.430 to 39.590±2.432 and 0.974±0.231 to 2.301±0.068 respectively. The different parts of studied varities of fenugreek plant, having higher values of %DPPH inhibition and reducing power showed least count of IC50 and vice versa.

Probiotic as Immune Modulator; A New Trend in Medication

Probiotics are live microbes that confer beneficial health effects to the host when administered in sufficient amount. The dead bacteria may express the properties of probiotic components. The most common strains of probiotics are lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, these are also present in functional food stuffs mostly in dairy and fermented foods. The use of probiotics based on the goal of producing food microbes that are healthy for intestine and food ingestion. Basically, the purpose of probiotics is to prevent from pathogens and maintain the proper gastrointestinal functions. The probiotics ameliorate many digestive disorders included, lactose intolerance, irritable bowel syndrome and antibiotic associated diarrhea. Probiotics also treat other diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, liver diseases, cancer and in the treatment of HIV. The patients of HIV who are on antiretroviral therapy, they, may have dysbiosis of gut microbiom. The probiotics are useful for the prevention of immunological activity of gut. Probiotics have different mechanism of action such as colonization of perturbed microbes in intestine, pathogens exclusion competitively, mucin production cell adhesion, production of short chain fatty acids and immune system modulation mainly differentiate the T regs and increase the regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) and growth factors.

A Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Evaluation of Pyrimidine Derivatives and Their Docking Studies

A series of halogenated pyrimidine derivatives tetrahydropyrimidine; Ethyl-6-methyl2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (10a), Ethyl-4-(3-Chlorophenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5- carboxylate (10b) andEthyl-4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (10c) were synthesized by using new strategy in “Grindstone protocol “toget high yield in short time. The synthesized compounds werecharacterized by 1HNMR, 13C-NMR and Mass spectral data and evaluated for their anticanceractivityagainsthuman HepG2 Liver cell lines, for antifungal and insecticidal activities.All the synthesized compounds (10a-c) were studied to measure the interactions bydocking study.

Facile Synthesis of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrimido[4,5-d] pyrimidine-2,4 (1H,3H) -dione Analogs via One Pot Multicomponent Reaction

Indeed, MCR technology is widely acknowledged now for its impact on drug discovery projects and is strongly supported by industry as well as academia. Uracil is an important one of the five nucleobases and significantly important because of their biological properties; of which 6-amino uracil is most important and can act as nucleophile and electrophile. 6-Aminouracils being rich are used as starting materials for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds of biological significance such as pyrido-, pyrazolo, pyrimido and pyrimidines derivatives. 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione have been synthesized by various conventional methods. However, these methods have drawbacks such as unsatisfactory yields and tedious work-up etc. In the present work, we would like to report a new route for the synthesis of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4 (1H,3H)-dione in MCRs.

Anticancer agents from Solanum Surattense

Two steroids glycosides solamargine (1) and dioscine (2) were isolated from methanolic extract of Solanum surattense and evaluated for their anticancer activity. The structure of the isolated compounds was identified through 1D and 2D NMR techniques, mass spectrometry and in comparison, with the literature values of their spectroscopic data. Both compounds showed the excellent anticancer activity against NIH-3T3 fibroblast cancer cell line with IC50 value of 7.55±1.5 and 3.3±1.9µg/ml respectively which were comparable with control Cyclohexamide which showed the IC50 value of 0.8± 0.2 µg/ml.

Ecofriendly Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using citrus sinensis

Green protocols being eco-friendly and cost effective approach are most widely used for the production of iron oxide nanoparticles using plant-mediated extract of Citrus Sinensis, moreoverbiosynthesized iron oxide (FeO) nanoparticles shows better antibacterial activity.Green synthesis of nanoparticles has been broadly studied from the past few years because of their different features and potential applications in various fields. The successful biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles was confirmed and characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis and Zeta sizer. Antibacterial effect of biologically produced iron oxide nanoparticles was tested against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (Macrococus). These results exhibited that iron oxide nanoparticles have high antibacterial potential as these nanoparticles showed significant zone of inhibition against bacteria strains. The proposed green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) from Citrus Sinensis can be strongly recommended as a potential method for industrial application.

Dendrimers Chemistry and Applications: A Short Review

Dendrimers, also known as cascade molecules, arborols, cauliflower or starburst polymers. They are monodisperse, symmetrical, macromolecules with tree like 3D-architecture consists of end-groups, central core and branching units associated to periphery and possess extremely constraint size, topography and surface characteristics like density, backfolding, intrinsic viscosity, light harvesting property, photophysical properties that are fairly distinct from linear polymers. Different types of dendrimers, on the basis of their different properties and associated functional groups, has been studied yet in which one of the unique group of dendrimers is dendrtic co-polymer possess two types, first are layer block dendrimers and second are segment block dendrimers. Some new types of dendrimers like IrC3, IrCl and IrF2 have been also synthesized by divergent or convergent methods of synthesis. Dendrimers have a lot of applications in different fields like nanotechnology, medical chemistry, light harvesting materials, as sensors, antibacterial and anti-microbial activity.

Thiazolidines; The Potential Antimicrobial Agents Against Methicillin-Resistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus

2-Substituted 1,3-Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acids (1-11) were synthesized and screened for their anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) potential. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against four MRSA strains MRSA I, VI, VII and VIII with accession numbers KU662352, KR862285, KR862291 and KU662354 respectively by well diffusion method. In addition, antibacterial evaluations were also performed for gram positive strain Bacillus subtilis and gram-negative strains klebsiella pneumoniae and pseudomonas aeruginosa using same method. Most of the synthesized thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid derivatives exhibited better antibacterial activities against studied bacterial strains. Amongst the synthesized compounds, 8-10 were found to possess significant activity (Zone in mm) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in addition to the other studied bacterial strains.