scholarly journals An alternative model of gravitational forces in nature using the combined effects of repulsion and attraction forces on gaseous molecules

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chithra Kirthi Gamini Piyadasa
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Gravitational Interaction ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Critical Gap ◽  
Repulsion Force ◽  
Gravitational Repulsion ◽  
Gas Molecules ◽  
Fundamental Forces ◽  
Repulsion And Attraction

Abstract Laboratory experiments and natural phenomena investigations in this research series experimentally revealed the existence of gravitational repulsion force dependent on thermal energy content, pervading our surroundings both microscopically and macroscopically. This paper presents an alternative mathematical model of both gravitational repulsion and attraction forces between two gaseous molecules, validated by experimental data. The model is self-standing and independent of existing models built on idealistic assumptions. While existing models considered gravitational interaction as a single force, the presented experimental model considers it the resultant of two distinct forces: gravitational repulsion and attraction. When established experimental data on nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, water vapor, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were applied, the model performed, both analytically and experimentally: (1) confirming the existence of both gravitational repulsion and attraction forces among gas molecules, (2) demonstrating that the two forces follow Inverse-Cube relationship with the distance between molecules, (3) revealing that repulsion force is linearly proportional to the absolute temperature, thus filling the critical gap between energy and fundamental forces. Orders of magnitude of gravitational repulsion and attraction forces are very large compared to the gravitational force between gas molecules calculated according to the classical theory, enabling manipulation to achieve hitherto unknown outcomes and developments.

scholarly journals Gravity cells as a necessary link in string theory. The formula for the gravitational constant, the formula for the mass of the electron, the formula for the minimum distance of the gravitational interaction. The coincidence of the results obtained by the formulas and the experimental data.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Chernov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Black Holes ◽  
String Theory ◽  
Minimum Distance ◽  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Casimir Effect ◽  
Gravitational Interaction ◽  
Fundamental Constants ◽  
Vibrational Velocity ◽  
Schwarzschild Radius

Abstract In this study, a new concept is introduced into physics - gravitational cells. The gravitational cell hypothesis was organically integrated into string theory. As a result, using the Schwarzschild radius formula and the Coulomb formula, a gravitational formula in the region of black holes was obtained on the basis of two fundamental constants, and its exact value was determined. The value of the "usual" gravitational constant was also confirmed and the mass of the gravitational cell was obtained. The introduction of the hypothesis of gravitational cells into string theory made it possible to apply Planck's formula to gravitational interaction. As a result, a formula for the energy of a gravitational quantum and a formula for the vibrational velocity of a gravitational string were obtained. On this basis, the formula for the mass of the electron was obtained and its value was calculated, which coincided with the experimental mass of the electron. The exact minimum distance of the gravitational interaction was determined by the formula for the vibrational velocity of the gravitational string. This calculated minimum distance completely coincided with the known experimental data obtained when determining the Casimir effect (force).

scholarly journals Gravity cells as a necessary link in string theory. The formula for the gravitational constant, the formula for the mass of the electron, the formula for the minimum distance of the gravitational interaction, the formula for the minimum distance of the Coulomb interaction. The coincidence of the results obtained by the formulas and the experimental data.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Chernov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
String Theory ◽  
Minimum Distance ◽  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Casimir Effect ◽  
Gravitational Interaction ◽  
Minimum Length ◽  
Vibrational Velocity ◽  
New Formula ◽  
Schwarzschild Radius

Abstract In this study, a new concept is introduced into physics - gravitational cells. The gravitational cell hypothesis was organically integrated into string theory. As a result, using the Schwarzschild radius formula and the Coulomb formula, a gravitational formula in the region of black holes was obtained on the basis of two fundamental constants, and its exact value was determined. The value of the "usual" gravitational constant was also confirmed and the mass of the gravitational cell was obtained. The introduction of the gravitational cell hypothesis into string theory made it possible to apply Planck's constant to gravitational interaction. As a result, a formula for the energy of a gravitational quantum and a formula for the vibrational velocity of a gravitational string were obtained. On this basis, the formula for the mass of the electron was obtained and its value was calculated, which coincided with the experimental mass of the electron. According to the formula for the vibrational velocity of the gravitational string, the formula for the minimum distance of the gravitational interaction was obtained and this distance was calculated. This minimum distance of the gravitational interaction with absolute accuracy coincided with the known experimental data obtained when determining the Casimir effect (force). Another great scientific result is the determination by a new formula of the minimum distance of the onset of the action of Coulomb forces between electric 3 charges and obtaining the minimum length of a standing electric wave between charges.

scholarly journals Antigravity, an Answer to Nature’s Phenomena including the Expansion of the Universe

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
C. K. Gamini Piyadasa
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Reasoning ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Gravitational Attraction ◽  
Attraction Force ◽  
Heavy Particles ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Repulsion Force ◽  
Gravitational Repulsion ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
The Universe

The gravitational attraction force being proportional to the mass has been experimentally shown for several hundred years now, but no gravitational repulsion has been identified within the accepted scientific reasoning. Here, we show that the gravitational repulsion force, similar to the gravitational attraction among particles has also been in existence in nature but, yet to be recognized. The results of experiments are shown in detail and are discussed in the recent series of-publications. It is also shown here that this gravitational repulsion force is proportional to the temperature which is an indicator of thermal energy of the particle, similar to the gravitational attraction that is proportional to the mass of the particle. The situations where heavy particles such as iodine, tungsten, and thorium in vacuum move against gravitational force have already been shown qualitatively. The increase in time-of-fall of water droplets (slowing down of fall) with rise in temperature is also quantitatively discussed. This article discusses two major phenomena observable in nature, clouds and the expansion of universe, which could be more preciously explained by the concept of antigravity.

Influence of Base Slant on the Wake Structure and Drag of Road Vehicles

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Aerodynamic Drag ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Vortex Motion ◽  
Pressure Measurements ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
Wake Structure ◽  
Slant Angle

The time averaged wake structure of a realistically dimensioned quarter scale automobile model was studied in a wind tunnel on the basis of flow visualization, wake surveys, force and pressure measurements. Through a systematic variation of base slant angle in the range of 0 to 40 deg, the ensuing changes in the wake structure were observed and the wake structure present at lowest value of aerodynamic drag is shown. Experimental data were obtained at a model length based Reynolds number of 4.29 million. Correlation of wake structure with drag, pressure distribution, and kinetic energy content of vortex motion in wake is addressed.

THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MOLTEN OXIDES

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1009-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Van Arkel ◽  
E. A. Flood ◽  
Norman F. H. Bright
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Molten State ◽  
Melting Points ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Pattern Of Variation ◽  
Molten Oxides

Electrical conductivities of some molten oxides have been determined. In order of decreasing equivalent conductances at their melting points the oxides investigated were: Li2O, PbO, TeO2, MoO3, Bi2O3, V2O5, Sb2O3, and CrO3. The variation of the observed values of the specific conductivities, K, with the absolute temperature, T, can be described by an equation of the form,[Formula: see text]where A, B, C, etc. are constants. While the experimental data are adequately described by an equation of this form containing only the constants A and B, a slightly better fit is obtained using three constants. The conductivities of the molten oxides follow a pattern of variation from element to element which is substantially the same as that of the molten halides. For elements giving more than one oxide stable in the molten state, the oxide corresponding to the highest state of valency has the lowest conductivity.

scholarly journals In silicoexploration of the mechanisms that underlie parasite-induced anorexia in sheep

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (7) ◽  
pp. 1023-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan C. S. M. Laurenson ◽  
Stephen C. Bishop ◽  
Ilias Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
Consequent Reduction

A model was used to investigate two mechanisms describing reductions in food intake (anorexia) observed during gastrointestinal parasitism in lambs, and to explore relationships between anorexia and food composition. The mechanisms were either a reduction in intrinsic growth rate, leading to a consequent reduction in food intake (mechanism 1; M1), or a direct reduction in food intake (mechanism 2; M2). For both mechanisms, lambs growing from 2 to 6 months of age were modelled, with one of three levels of trickle challenge withTeladorsagia circumcincta. Scenarios were simulated for feeds varying in either protein or energy content, or both. Major differences were found between the predictions resulting from M1 and M2 on low-energy foods that constrained the intake of uninfected lambs through bulk. With M1, food intake was governed by the first operating constraint, whereas with M2 an additivity of constraints was observed. On the other foods, the duration of anorexia increased with increasing energy content of feed for M1, whilst the duration of anorexia decreased with increasing protein content of feed for M2.For foods that did not have an impact upon lambs' gastrointestinal tract capacity, published data were consistent with predictions of M2. Due to an absence of experimental data, no conclusions could be drawn for relationships between anorexia and food composition in the presence of other limiting constraints, such as bulk for low-energy foods. In conclusion, available experimental data and model predictions were consistent with anorexia having an impact directly on food intake, and with impacts of anorexia increasing with decreasing protein content.

Partial Carbonization of Aromatic Polyimide Films

1999 ◽  
Vol 593 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Doyama ◽  
A. Ichida ◽  
Y. Inoue ◽  
Y. Kogure ◽  
T. Nozaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Hall Coefficient ◽  
Carrier Density ◽  
Carrier Mobility ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Polyimide Films ◽  
Aromatic Polyimide ◽  
The Absolute

ABSTRACTAromatic polyimide films are partially carbonized between 700°C and 1000°C. Electrical conductivity and Hall coeficient have been measured. Electrical conductivity is higher at higher measuring temperatures. The electrical conductivity σ can be expressed as σ= σ0exp (–E /kT), where k is the Boltzman constant. T is the absolute temperature. E depends upon the carborized temperature. The experimental data show the Hall coefficient RH is negative, and this implies the carriers are negatively charged, i.e. electrons. The specimens are n-type semiconductors. The carrier density η can be expressed by η= A1 exp (–E1/κT) and carrier mobility μ can be expressed by μ = A1exp ( E2/κT). E, E1andE2 depend upon the carbonized temperature

scholarly journals Gravity cells as a necessary link in string theory. The formula for the gravitational constant, the formula for the mass of the electron, the formula for the minimum distance of the gravitational interaction. The coincidence of the results obtained by the formulas and the experimental data.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Chernov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
String Theory ◽  
Minimum Distance ◽  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Casimir Effect ◽  
Gravitational Interaction ◽  
Fundamental Constants ◽  
Absolute Accuracy ◽  
Vibrational Velocity ◽  
Schwarzschild Radius

Abstract In this study, a new concept is introduced into physics - gravitational cells. The gravitational cell hypothesis was organically integrated into string theory. As a result, using the Schwarzschild radius formula and the Coulomb formula, a gravitational formula in the region of black holes was obtained on the basis of two fundamental constants, and its exact value was determined. The value of the "usual" gravitational constant was also confirmed and the mass of the gravitational cell was obtained. The introduction of the gravitational cell hypothesis into string theory made it possible to apply Planck's constant to gravitational interaction. As a result, a formula for the energy of a gravitational quantum and a formula for the vibrational velocity of a gravitational string were obtained. On this basis, the formula for the mass of the electron was obtained and its value was calculated, which coincided with the experimental mass of the electron. According to the formula for the vibrational velocity of the gravitational string, the formula for the minimum distance of the gravitational interaction was obtained and this distance was calculated. This minimum distance of the gravitational interaction with absolute accuracy coincided with the known experimental data obtained when determining the Casimir effect (force).

scholarly journals Gravity cells as a necessary link in string theory. The formula for the gravitational constant, the formula for the mass of the electron, the formula for the minimum distance of the gravitational interaction, the formula for the minimum distance of the Coulomb interaction. The coincidence of the results obtained by the formulas and the experimental data.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Chernov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
String Theory ◽  
Minimum Distance ◽  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Casimir Effect ◽  
Gravitational Interaction ◽  
Minimum Length ◽  
Vibrational Velocity ◽  
New Formula ◽  
Schwarzschild Radius

Abstract In this study, a new concept is introduced into physics - gravitational cells. The gravitational cell hypothesis was organically integrated into string theory. As a result, using the Schwarzschild radius formula and the Coulomb formula, a gravitational formula in the region of black holes was obtained on the basis of two fundamental constants, and its exact value was determined. The value of the "usual" gravitational constant was also confirmed and the mass of the gravitational cell was obtained. The introduction of the gravitational cell hypothesis into string theory made it possible to apply Planck's constant to gravitational interaction. As a result, a formula for the energy of a gravitational quantum and a formula for the vibrational velocity of a gravitational string were obtained. On this basis, the formula for the mass of the electron was obtained and its value was calculated, which coincided with the experimental mass of the electron. According to the formula for the vibrational velocity of the gravitational string, the formula for the minimum distance of the gravitational interaction was obtained and this distance was calculated. This minimum distance of the gravitational interaction with absolute accuracy coincided with the known experimental data obtained when determining the Casimir effect (force). Another great scientific result is the determination by a new formula of the minimum distance of the onset of the action of Coulomb forces between electric 3 charges and obtaining the minimum length of a standing electric wave between charges.

scholarly journals The Stokes-Einstein law for diffusion in solution

1924 ◽  
Vol 106 (740) ◽  
pp. 724-749 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Constant ◽  
Frictional Resistance ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Avogadro’S Number ◽  
Molecular Movement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gas Molecules ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Mean Kinetic Energy

Einstein has shown that the relation between molecular movement and diffusion in a liquid may be expressed by the following equation, when the particles move independently of each other:— D=͞Δ 2 /2 t , (1) D being the diffusion constant and ͞Δ 2 the mean square of the deviation in a given direction in time t . Further, if it be assumed that the particles possess the same mean kinetic energy as gas molecules at the same temperature, the following equation holds ͞Δ = 2RT/N . t /C (2) where R is the gas constant, N Avogadro’s number, T the absolute temperature, and C a constant, which we might call the frictional resistance of the molecule. Hence, D = RT/N .1/C. (3) Under the foregoing assumptions equations (2) and (3) hold equally well for dissolved molecules and particles of greater dimensions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document