scholarly journals Crystallite size of the graphitic phase in soot ink based on historic recipe: A potential dating tool for old manuscripts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozan Unsalan ◽  
Aliye Oten ◽  
Bahattin Yaman
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Intensity Ratio ◽  
Carbon Phase ◽  
Manuscript Dating ◽  
First Time

Abstract In this paper, we report the crystallite size of the graphitic phase observed in a soot ink sample prepared based on an original Ottoman recipe in the 18th century for the first time. Intensity ratio of the D and G bands that were observed at 1384 and 1609 cm-1 respectively, revealed that the crystallite size is 24.33 nm. This corresponds to a carbon phase between graphitic and well graphitic stage. We strongly believe that this could be further used particularly for dating purposes by investigating carbon-black pigments which we have not encountered its consideration in the literature for mainly manuscripts. Here, we especially propose using the Tuinstra-Koenig relationship together with the consideration of D and G band profiles to derive the crystallite size of the graphitic phase observed in soot ink and other various carbon-black inks for the purpose of manuscript dating.

scholarly journals Quartz Crystallite Size and Moganite Content as Indicators of the Mineralogical Maturity of the Carboniferous Chert: The Case of Cherts from Eastern Asturias (Spain)

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Celia Marcos ◽  
María de Uribe-Zorita ◽  
Pedro Álvarez-Lloret ◽  
Alaa Adawy ◽  
Patricia Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Infrared And Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
First Time ◽  
Geological Formations

Chert samples from different coastal and inland outcrops in the Eastern Asturias (Spain) were mineralogically investigated for the first time for archaeological purposes. X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, infrared and Raman spectroscopy and total organic carbon techniques were used. The low content of moganite, since its detection by X-ray diffraction is practically imperceptible, and the crystallite size (over 1000 Å) of the quartz in these cherts would be indicative of its maturity and could potentially be used for dating chert-tools recovered from archaeological sites. Also, this information can constitute essential data to differentiate the cherts and compare them with those used in archaeological tools. However, neither composition nor crystallite size would allow distinguishing between coastal and inland chert outcrops belonging to the same geological formations.

Simultaneous Spectral Imaging of C2*/CH* at Low-to-High Pressure Combustion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Reyes ◽  
Kareem Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Intensity Ratio ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Diffusion Flames ◽  
Laminar Flames ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Fuel Distribution ◽  
Premixed Laminar ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Indexing Technique ◽  
First Time

This paper presents the correlation of the intensity ratio of the C2* and CH* radicals to fuel-air measurements over a range of pressures using 93% octane gasoline as the fuel. The measurements are conducted for the first time at high pressures. The study utilizes beam splitting technology to simultaneously view C2* and CH* as a line of sight, global measurement at the cost of resolution. A heavily instrumented constant volume combustor, with optical access, was employed to acquire the data. The ratio of C2* and CH* has been proven to be a good index of the equivalence ratio of premixed laminar flames. This index is attained, quite simply, by filtering each at their respected emissive peaks and taking the ratio of C2* over CH*. This technique shows great promise for use in turbomachinery as it will allow for identification of rich and lean locations in a combustor. By knowing the fuel-air field, combustor inefficiencies can be addressed to allow for greater energy release in combustion. The issue lies with the application of the indexing technique. Presented data to date has been performed on laboratory based diffusion flames exhausting to atmosphere, or premixed, steady, combustor type flames at low pressure (1atm) conditions. These types of flames are not relevant for engine combustor conditions. Understanding the fuel distribution at relevant regimes will reveal where inefficiencies may lie in injector or combustor design. Propagating flame kernels pose a problem in that they do not produce as much light as a steady flame, this makes spectral data difficult to obtain. Steady flames also do not address the effects that pressure may have on the index of C2* and CH*. The authors of this work seek to address three main issues associated with the indexing technique: The feasibility of its application to combustors (hardware design), The ability to operate at low-light ignition events, and the effects pressure may have on the correlation of intensity ratio to the fuel-air measurement.

Dynamic-Mechanical Properties of Tin-Coupled SBRs

1995 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Sierra ◽  
C. Galán ◽  
J. M. Gómez Fatou ◽  
V. Ruíz Santa Quiteria
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Interaction Parameter ◽  
Anionic Polymerization ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tin Compounds ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Tin Content ◽  
First Time

Abstract The interaction between rubber and carbon black in compounds for road tire treads has been analyzed by using mechanical and dynamical measurements in three cured compounds based on SBRs. The rubbers were prepared in solution by anionic polymerization, and coupled with tin compounds in which the carbon-tin bond at the end of the chain may correspond to styryl or butadienyl terminations. The interaction parameter, defined by the ratio of mechanical and dynamic terms, has been used for the first time for the evaluation of the compounds. The SBRs with tin-butadienyl bonds exhibit an improved interaction with the filler, with increasing tin content.

PYROMILLING SYNTHESIS OF NANOCRYSTALLINE TITANIUM CARBIDE

NANO ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 08 (02) ◽  
pp. 1350023 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. RAZAVI ◽  
S. ZAMANI ◽  
M. R. RAHIMIPOUR ◽  
P. KHATIBZADEH
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Carbide ◽  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
Stoichiometric Ratio ◽  
Nanocrystalline Titanium ◽  
Standard Value ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
First Time

For the first time, pyromilling synthesis for production of nanocrystalline titanium carbide was presented in this research. Raw materials containing stoichiometric ratio of titanium and carbon were milled and heated simultaneously. Samplings were done at different times. Then, phase transformation, crystallite size and strain of samples were estimated by XRD technique. Microstructures of milled samples were studied by SEM and TEM. Results showed that by increasing temperature, milling time for synthesizing of titanium carbide was reduced. Crystallite size of milled samples were in nanometer scale which were reduced by increasing of milling time and decreasing of temperature while strain was intensified. Existence of created strain changed lattice parameter of synthesized titanium carbide from standard value.

scholarly journals Ga-Substituted Cobalt-Chromium Spinels as Ceramic Pigments Produced by Sol–Gel Synthesis

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1078
Author(s):  
Egle Grazenaite ◽  
Edita Garskaite ◽  
Zivile Stankeviciute ◽  
Eva Raudonyte-Svirbutaviciene ◽  
Aleksej Zarkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Composition ◽  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Ceramic Pigments ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Cobalt Chromium ◽  
Light Blue ◽  
Sol Gel Synthesis ◽  
First Time

For the first time to the best of our knowledge, cobalt-chromium spinels CoCr2−xGaxO4 with different amounts of gallium (x = 0–2 with a step of 0.5) were synthesized via the aqueous sol–gel route as ceramic pigments. The phase composition, crystallite size, morphological features, and color parameters of new compositions and their corresponding ceramic glazes were investigated using XRD, CIELab, SEM, and optical microscopy. It was demonstrated that the formation of single-phase CoCr2−xGaxO4 samples was problematic. Full substitution of Cr3+ by Ga3+ ion in the spinel resulted in the formation of light blue powders, which yielded violetish blue color for the corresponding ceramic glaze.

Reactivity of carbon black diamond electrode during the electro-oxidation of Remazol Brilliant Blue R

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 3690-3699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed A. Ajeel ◽  
Mohamed Kheireddine Taeib Aroua ◽  
Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Brilliant Blue ◽  
Remazol Brilliant Blue R ◽  
Diamond Electrode ◽  
Electro Oxidation ◽  
First Time

This article reports for the first time, the reactivity of Carbon Black Diamond (CBD) electrode using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance techniques in 0.25 M H2SO4 solution containing 0.5 mM K4Fe(CN)6.

Exposure to carbon black nanoparticles during pregnancy aggravates lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in offspring: an intergenerational effect

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianghu Tang ◽  
Baijie Tu ◽  
Xuejun Jiang ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Lulu Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Injury ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Intratracheal Instillation ◽  
Dna Methyltransferases ◽  
Dna Hypermethylation ◽  
Carbon Black Nanoparticles ◽  
Pregnant Mice ◽  
Mock Treatment ◽  
Intergenerational Effect ◽  
First Time

Carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) are one of the most frequently used nanoparticles. Exposure to CBNPs during pregnancy (PrE to CBNPs) can directly induce inflammation, lung injury and genotoxicity in dams, and results in abnormalities in offspring. However, whether exposure to CBNPs during pregnancy enhances the susceptibility of offspring to environmental stimuli remains unknown. To address this issue, in this study, we intranasally treated pregnant mice with mock or CBNPs from gestational day (GD) 9 to GD18, and F1 and F2 offspring were normally obtained. By intratracheal instillation of mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to trigger a classic animal model for acute lung injury, we intriguingly found that after LPS treatment, F1 and F2 offspring after exposure during pregnancy to CBNPs both exhibited more pronounced lung injury symptoms, including more degenerative histopathological changes, vascular leakage, elevated MPO activity and activation of inflammation-related signaling transduction, compared to F1 and F2 offspring in the mock treatment group, suggesting PrE to CBNPs would aggravate LPS-induced lung injury in offspring, and this effect is intergenerational. We also observed that PrE to CBNPs upregulated the mRNA expression of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt) 1/3a/3b and DNA hypermethylation in both F1 and F2 offspring, which might partially account for the intergenerational effect. Together, our study demonstrates for the first time that PrE to CBNPs can enhance sensitivity to LPS in both F1 and F2 offspring, and this intergenerational effect may be related to DNA hypermethylation caused by CBNPs.

scholarly journals Combustion of Titanium–Carbon Black High-Energy Ball-Milled Mixtures in Nitrogen: Formation of Titanium Carbonitrides at Atmospheric Pressure

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1810
Author(s):  
Michail A. Korchagin ◽  
Dina V. Dudina ◽  
Alexander I. Gavrilov ◽  
Boris B. Bokhonov ◽  
Natalia V. Bulina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Titanium Carbonitrides ◽  
Carbon Black Powder ◽  
High Temperature Synthesis ◽  
Energy Ball ◽  
First Time

In this work, titanium carbonitrides were synthesized by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) in nitrogen. For the first time, the synthesis of titanium carbonitrides by combustion was realized in nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. The synthesis was carried out by subjecting high-energy ball-milled titanium–carbon black powder mixtures to combustion in a nitrogen atmosphere. The influence of the ball milling time on the phase composition of the products of SHS conducted in the Ti+0.3C reaction mixture was studied. It was found that the titanium–carbon black mixtures need to be milled for a certain period of time for the combustion synthesis to yield a single-phase carbonitride product.

scholarly journals Effects of Graphene Layer Size on the Adsorption of Fluids on Graphitized Thermal Carbon Black. A Computer Simulation Study

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Luangkiattikhun ◽  
A. Wongkoblap ◽  
D.D. Do
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Isotherm ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Graphene Layer ◽  
Graphite Surface ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Damping Factor ◽  
Graphitized Thermal Carbon Black ◽  
Gcmc Simulation

The adsorption of Lennard-Jones fluids (argon and nitrogen) onto a graphitized thermal carbon black surface was studied with a Grand Canonical Monte Carlo Simulation (GCMC). The surface was assumed to be finite in length and composed of three graphene layers. When the GCMC simulation was used to describe adsorption on a graphite surface, an over-prediction of the isotherm was consistently observed in the pressure regions where the first and second layers are formed. To remove this over-prediction, surface mediation was accounted for to reduce the fluid–fluid interaction. Do and co-workers have introduced the so-called surface-mediation damping factor to correct the over-prediction for the case of a graphite surface of infinite extent, and this approach has yielded a good description of the adsorption isotherm. In this paper, the effects of the finite size of the graphene layer on the adsorption isotherm and how these would affect the extent of the surface mediation were studied. It was found that this finite-surface model provides a better description of the experimental data for graphitized thermal carbon black of high surface area (i.e. small crystallite size) while the infinite-surface model describes data for carbon black of very low surface area (i.e. large crystallite size).

The Effect of Structure Breakdown of Carbon Black on Rubber Properties

1974 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1082-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Boonstra ◽  
E. M. Dannenberg ◽  
F. A. Heckman
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Void Volume ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Sphere Diameter ◽  
Projected Image ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Normal Carbon ◽  
First Time

Abstract Mechanical processing of carbon blacks by a novel pressure-milling technique provides a controlled breakdown of primary carbon-black aggregates. In contrast, direct compression has a much smaller effect on aggregate size. In rubber vulcanizates, the pressure-milled carbon blacks give about the same vulcanizate properties as normal carbon blacks with the same void volume or DBP absorption value. Breakdown of aggregates occurs during the process of incorporating and dispersing carbon black in rubber. The retention of average aggregate size after mixing in rubber is in the range of 60–70 per cent for Vulcan M (N339), a new technology tread black. We have shown that the DBP absorption method cannot distinguish between loss in void volume by compaction of aggregates versus the actual breakdown of aggregates. The sedimentation method by centrifuging provides a means for measuring aggregate size independent of the original packing of the dry black. In order to carry out these studies, a number of new experimental techniques were used. These include: a) controlled aggregate size breakdown by pressure-milling. b) Stokes diameter distribution measurements by centrifuging aqueous dispersions in a Joyce Loebl apparatus. c) Quantimet analysis of projected aggregate areas from electron micrographs from specially prepared solvent dispersions of rubber-carbon black samples where the aggregates are clear of interference from adhering rubber. It has been shown for the first time that for both Vulcan M (N339) and Vulcan 6 (N220) the median Stokes diameters, DSt, obtained by the centrifuge method and the equivalent sphere diameter, De, from Quantimet projected image analysis are in the range of 123–153.

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