scholarly journals Geographical Distribution and Regional Differences in 532 Clinical Isolates of Rapidly Growing Mycobacterial Species in Japan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Kamada ◽  
Atsushi Yoshida ◽  
Shigekazu Iguchi ◽  
Yuko Arai ◽  
Yutaka Uzawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Mycobacterial Species ◽  
Type Region ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Respiratory Specimens ◽  
Northern Japan

Abstract Infectious diseases caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasingly becoming a major global problem. Additionally, Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. abscessus (MAB) infections are refractory to macrolides. This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiology of rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) species isolated from clinical specimens in Japan and assess differences in the regional distribution of lower respiratory specimens (LRS)- and non-lower respiratory specimens (NLRS)-derived species. 532 strains (427 LRS, 92 NLRS and 15 unknown specimens) were isolated in nine areas of Japan. Their epidemiological differences were examined according to the specimen type, region and climate. Fifteen species were identified. The top three RGM species from LRS and NLRS were identical. The proportion of M. abscessus group (MAG) strains was significantly lower in NLRS than in LRS (35.9% vs. 68.4%). The proportion of MAG strains was higher in northern Japan than in other regions (83.7% vs. 60.5%). Variations in strain abundance among RGM species was evident in regions with a mean annual temperature below 15 °C. We conclude that the proportions of MAG strains differed between NLRS and LRS in Japan. In addition, the mean annual temperature likely influenced the distribution of RGM species.

scholarly journals Geographical distribution and regional differences in 532 clinical isolates of rapidly growing mycobacterial species in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Kamada ◽  
Atsushi Yoshida ◽  
Shigekazu Iguchi ◽  
Yuko Arai ◽  
Yutaka Uzawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Mycobacterial Species ◽  
Type Region ◽  
Medical Laboratories ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Respiratory Specimens ◽  
Northern Japan

AbstractInfectious diseases caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasingly becoming a major global problem. Additionally, Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. abscessus (MAB) infections are refractory to macrolides. This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiology of rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) species isolated from clinical specimens in Japan and assess differences in the regional distribution of lower respiratory specimens (LRS)- and non-lower respiratory specimens (NLRS)-derived species. 532 strains (427 LRS, 92 NLRS and 15 unknown specimens) were isolated in nine areas of Japan. We collected 418 specimens from Bio Medical Laboratories (BML), Inc., and 114 specimens from 45 hospitals in Japan. Their epidemiological differences were examined according to the specimen type, region, and climate. Fifteen species were identified. The proportion of M. abscessus group (MAG) strains was significantly lower in NLRS than in LRS (35.9% vs. 68.4%). The proportion of MAG strains was higher in northern Japan than in other regions (83.7% vs. 60.5%). Variations in strain abundance among RGM species was evident in regions with a mean annual temperature below 15 °C. We conclude that the proportions of MAG strains differed between NLRS and LRS in Japan. In addition, the mean annual temperature likely influenced the distribution of RGM species.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the New MB Redox System for Detection of Growth of Mycobacteria

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 2013-2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Cambau ◽  
Claudine Wichlacz ◽  
Chantal Truffot-Pernot ◽  
Vincent Jarlier
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Redox System ◽  
Mycobacterial Culture ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time To Detection ◽  
Respiratory Specimens

We evaluated a new mycobacterial culture system, MB Redox, for recovery rate and time to detection of mycobacteria from 742 consecutive respiratory specimens and compared the results to those found with Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium. Twenty specimens (2.7%) were positive for M. tuberculosis: 17 on LJ medium and 19 in MB Redox, with 16 specimens positive in both media. In addition, 24 specimens (3.2%) were positive for nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), 20 on LJ medium, 18 in MB Redox, and 14 in both media. For M. tuberculosis, the mean times to detection were 28.9 days on LJ medium and 23.6 days in MB Redox, and for NTM, the mean times to detection were 40.6 days on LJ medium and 32.3 days in MB Redox.

scholarly journals Preliminary Data Regarding the Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Isolation from Clinical Specimens, from Human PatienTS, in Iași County

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Ioana Alexandra RĂȚOI (ANTON) ◽  
Luciana Alexandra CRIVEI ◽  
Luanda Elena OȘLOBANU ◽  
Daniela DICULENCU ◽  
Gheorghe SAVUȚA
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Mycobacterial Species ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Immunocompromised Hosts

The nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) represents a large group ofubiquitous environmental mycobacterial species, with more than 160 members that can pose a threat for human health, especially for the immunocompromised hosts. The aim of the current study was the collection of data regarding the frequency of NTM isolation from human clinical specimens, thus providing preliminary data regarding the infection prevalence in Iași County, Romania.Between May 2015 and March 2017 epidemiological data regarding NTM isolatesin the Bacteriology Laboratory at the Clinical Hospital of Pneumology in Iasi were analyzed. A total of 63 mycobacteria strains were isolated and identified as nontuberculous (by smear microscopy, culture on solid and liquid media and immunochromatographic assay). Out of the total number of samples that were submitted in the laboratory for the diagnosis of tuberculosis, during the studied period, 0.25% of them were identified as NTM. The prevalence for 2015 was estimated at 0.18%, and 0.34% for 2016. Given the challenging diagnostic procedures and the absence of notifiable status of NTM in most European Union countries, the epidemiological situation is broadlyunknown. This emphases the need of regular recording and reporting of NTM isolation frequency for awareness of the risk of associated mycobacterial infections.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube with MB Redox, Löwenstein-Jensen, and Middlebrook 7H11 Media for Recovery of Mycobacteria in Clinical Specimens

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1366-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ákos Somoskövi ◽  
Pál Magyar
Keyword(s):  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Redox Systems ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Indicator Tube ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Smear Negative ◽  
Time To Detection ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Growth Indicator

The rate of recovery and the mean time to detection of mycobacteria in clinical specimens were evaluated with two nonradiometric broth-based systems, the Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) and MB Redox systems. The data obtained for each system were compared with each other and with those obtained with the Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) and Middlebrook 7H11 reference media. A total of 117 mycobacterial isolates (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, n = 112; nontuberculous mycobacteria, n = 5) were detected in 486 clinical specimens. The recovery rates for M. tuberculosis were 91 of 112 (81.3%) isolates with MGIT and 81 of 112 (72.3%) isolates with MB Redox. The combination of MGIT plus MB Redox recovered 104 of the 112 (92.9%) M. tuberculosisisolates. MGIT plus LJ plus Middlebrook 7H11 recovered 106 of the 112 (94.6%) isolates, MB Redox plus LJ plus Middlebrook 7H11 recovered 99 of the 112 (88.4%) isolates, and LJ plus Middlebrook 7H11 recovered 84 of the 112 (75.0%) isolates. The mean time to detection of M. tuberculosis in smear-positive specimens was 7.2 days with MGIT, 6.9 days with MB Redox, 20.4 days with LJ, and 17.6 days with Middlebrook 7H11. The mean time to detection of M. tuberculosis in smear-negative specimens was 19.1 days with MGIT, 15.5 days with MB Redox, 25.8 days with LJ, and 21.6 days with Middlebrook 7H11. The contamination rates were 4.4, 3.8, 2.1, and 2.7% for MGIT, MB Redox, LJ, and Middlebrook 7H11, respectively. In conclusion, MGIT and MB Redox can be viable tools in the routine mycobacteriology laboratory.

scholarly journals Towards Understanding Variability in Droughts in Response to Extreme Climate Conditions over the Different Agro-Ecological Zones of Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6910
Author(s):  
Adil Dilawar ◽  
Baozhang Chen ◽  
Arfan Arshad ◽  
Lifeng Guo ◽  
Muhammad Irfan Ehsan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Precipitation Extremes ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Climate Extreme ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

Here, we provided a comprehensive analysis of long-term drought and climate extreme patterns in the agro ecological zones (AEZs) of Pakistan during 1980–2019. Drought trends were investigated using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) at various timescales (SPEI-1, SPEI-3, SPEI-6, and SPEI-12). The results showed that droughts (seasonal and annual) were more persistent and severe in the southern, southwestern, southeastern, and central parts of the region. Drought exacerbated with slopes of −0.02, −0.07, −0.08, −0.01, and −0.02 per year. Drought prevailed in all AEZs in the spring season. The majority of AEZs in Pakistan’s southern, middle, and southwestern regions had experienced substantial warming. The mean annual temperature minimum (Tmin) increased faster than the mean annual temperature maximum (Tmax) in all zones. Precipitation decreased in the southern, northern, central, and southwestern parts of the region. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a robust increase in temperature extremes with a variance of 76% and a decrease in precipitation extremes with a variance of 91% in the region. Temperature and precipitation extremes indices had a strong Pearson correlation with drought events. Higher temperatures resulted in extreme drought (dry conditions), while higher precipitation levels resulted in wetting conditions (no drought) in different AEZs. In most AEZs, drought occurrences were more responsive to precipitation. The current findings are helpful for climate mitigation strategies and specific zonal efforts are needed to alleviate the environmental and societal impacts of drought.

scholarly journals Lower Recovery of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria from Outdoor Hawai’i Environmental Water Biofilms Compared to Indoor Samples

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Ravleen Virdi ◽  
Melissa E. Lowe ◽  
Grant J. Norton ◽  
Stephanie N. Dawrs ◽  
Nabeeh A. Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Rpob Gene ◽  
The United States ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Respiratory Specimens ◽  
Rpob Sequence

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmental organisms that can cause opportunistic pulmonary disease with species diversity showing significant regional variation. In the United States, Hawai’i shows the highest rate of NTM pulmonary disease. The need for improved understanding of NTM reservoirs led us to identify NTM from patient respiratory specimens and compare NTM diversity between outdoor and indoor locations in Hawai’i. A total of 545 water biofilm samples were collected from 357 unique locations across Kaua’i (n = 51), O’ahu (n = 202), Maui (n = 159), and Hawai’i Island (n = 133) and divided into outdoor (n = 179) or indoor (n = 366) categories. rpoB sequence analysis was used to determine NTM species and predictive modeling applied to develop NTM risk maps based on geographic characteristics between environments. M. chimaera was frequently identified from respiratory and environmental samples followed by M. chelonae and M. abscessus; yet significantly less NTM were consistently recovered from outdoor compared to indoor biofilms, as exemplified by showerhead biofilm samples. While the frequency of M. chimaera recovery was comparable between outdoor and indoor showerhead biofilms, phylogenetic analyses demonstrate similar rpoB gene sequences between all showerhead and respiratory M. chimaera isolates, supporting outdoor and indoor environments as possible sources for pulmonary M. chimaera infections.

Cadmium concentrations in kidneys of sheep and cattle in Western Australia. 1. Regional distribution

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 851 ◽  
Author(s):  
PW Morcombe ◽  
DS Petterson ◽  
HG Masters ◽  
PJ Ross ◽  
JR Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Agricultural Region ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Rate Of Accumulation ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

A sample of 4973 kidneys from sheep stratified by age and shire of origin within the Agricultural Region of Western Australia, was analysed for cadmium (Cd) content during the period August 1989 to April 1991. The geometric mean Cd concentration in the kidney of hogget ewes was 0.9 mg/kg, in 4-tooth ewes 1.47 mg/kg and in adult ewes 3.34 mg/kg on a wet weight basis. The mean Cd concentrations of either ewe or hogget flocks from different Divisions of the Agricultural Region did not differ from each other. The annual increase in Cd concentration of kidney from hogget sheep was estimated to be 0-65 mg/kg. The rate of accumulation of Cd in kidney from cattle and sheep grazing the same properties was similar. Kidneys from a sample of 354 adult cattle from the Kimberley Region and 483 aged sheep from the Pastoral Region, both areas of unimproved rangelands, had geometric mean Cd concentrations of 0.15 mg/kg and 0-31 mg/kg respectively. A higher Cd concentration in flocks from the divisions adjacent to the Agricultural Region may have resulted from the establishment of some volunteer species of winter annual pastures in the rangeland.

scholarly journals Latitudinal distribution of microbial communities in anaerobic biological stabilization ponds: effect of the mean annual temperature

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 834-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengdong Yuan ◽  
Jing Zhu ◽  
Cheng Wang ◽  
Mengxiong Wu ◽  
Faqian Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Latitudinal Distribution ◽  
Stabilization Ponds ◽  
The Mean

Cross-sectoral Analysis of 1.4 Million AOK-insured Patients with Back Pain in Baden-Württemberg – What Influence does Outpatient Specialist Care Have?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom R. Jansen ◽  
Heinz Endres ◽  
Lina Barnewold ◽  
Petra Kaufmann-Kolle ◽  
Sabine Knapstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Pain Medication ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Specialist Care ◽  
Billing Data ◽  
Primary Care Clinics ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Back pain is one of the leading causes of disability globally and the most common musculoskeletal pain in Germany. The lifetime prevalence of back pain ranges from 74% to 85%, and the point prevalence ranges from 32% to 49%. One in five individuals with statutory health insurance visits a doctor at least once a year for back pain, and 1 in 20 individuals is on sick leave at least once a year. The question as to what extent can different outpatient care concepts substantially contribute to improving care and avoiding inpatient hospital treatment has repeatedly been the subject of controversial political discussions. This study aimed to present a description of the reality of care in Baden-Württemberg (BW), Germany, based on claims data. Material and Methods Anonymised routine billing data of AOK Baden-Württemberg were analysed in compliance with data protection regulations. The billing data cover the outpatient and inpatient care sectors. All AOK patients in BW who received at least one ICD10 diagnosis from their physician in the first half of 2015 were considered for the analysis. Patients with at least one diagnosis of back pain were evaluated as patients with back pain, whereby the assignment to the diagnosis group of specific or non-specific back pain was made based on the code. Results In the first half of 2015, nearly 988 925 patients with back pain were registered in the 6696 primary care clinics in BW, approximately 302 524 patients in 1172 orthopaedic clinics and 17 043 patients in 89 neurosurgical clinics. Primary care clinics reported back pain diagnosis in 34.6%, orthopaedic clinics in 51.9% and neurosurgical clinics in 78.6% of cases. Primary care clinics diagnosed a specific cause in approximately one-third of patients with back pain, orthopaedic clinics in approximately 40% of their patients and neurosurgery clinics in one in two cases. Overall, approximately 1.2% of 1.3 million patients with back pain (January to December 2015 in BW) were hospitalised. Inpatient therapy consisted of surgical therapy and conservative therapy. Nucleotomy, decompression and spondylodesis were the three most common surgical procedures performed. Pain medication and remedy prescriptions decreased pain after spinal surgery. There are significant regional differences in referral and surgery rates. The mean inpatient referral rate was 535 of 100 000 AOK insurants, and the median was 536 of 100 000 AOK insurants. The mean surgery rate among all admitted patients with back pain was 49.9%, and the median was 49.8%. Conclusion The vast majority of patients with back pain are treated as outpatients. Only approximately 1.2% of all patients with back pain were treated as inpatients in 2015. Of these, approximately half underwent surgery. Spinal surgeries led to a decrease in pain medication and remedy prescription postoperatively. The three most frequent surgical procedures were ‘decompression’, ‘excision of disc tissue’ and ‘spondylodesis’. There were significant regional differences.

Abstract P403: Seasonal Variation in the Daily Urinary Sodium Excretion in Outpatients From the Northern Japan

Hypertension ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoko Hashimoto
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Northern Japan

Although the daily urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) is considered to provide the most reliable estimate of the daily sodium intake, it may be affected by salt loss due to sweating in summer. However, theseasonal variation in the daily UNaV associated with a normal lifestyle is unknown. This study was performed in 348 outpatients from the Morioka region during three seasons: summer(summer 1), winter, and the following summer (summer 2). The daily UNaV (g salt/day) was estimated by the second morning urine method three times during each season. Seasonal variation was defined as a significant trend across the three seasons together with a significant difference between winter and both summers. In women, the daily UNaV was higher in winter (11.8±3.0 g salt/day) than in summer 1 (11.2±2.9g salt/day) or summer 2 (11.0±2.9 g salt/day). In contrast, there was no marked seasonal variation in men. An analysis stratified by age (4 quartiles) identified seasonal variation in the older 2 quartiles of women (aged ≧68 years). In these women, the mean seasonal difference in the daily UNaV was 0.9 g of salt/day for both winter vs. summer 1 and winter vs. summer 2, while it was 0.1-0.8 g of salt/day in the other groups. Seasonal variation in the daily UNaV only occurred in older female patients and was relatively small. This is evidence for restricting salt intake throughout the year and should reassure patients who are anxious about salt loss due to sweating in summer.

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