10-hydroxy-2E-decenoic Acid (10HDA) is not a Caste-differentiation Factor in Melipona Scutellaris Stingless Bees

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiza Borges ◽  
Letícia Batista ◽  
Serena Malta ◽  
Tamiris Rodrigues ◽  
Jéssica Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histone Deacetylases ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Caste Differentiation ◽  
Endocrine Regulation ◽  
Decenoic Acid ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Differentiation Factor ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Environmental Component

Abstract In bees from genus Melipona, differential feeding is not enough to fully explain female polyphenism. In these bees, there is a hypothesis that in addition to the environmental component (food), a genetic component is also involved caste differentiation regulation. This mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated and may involve epigenetic and metabolic regulation. Here, we analysed the expression of the genes encoding histone deacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC4 and histone acetyltransferase KAT2A in Melipona scutellaris. We also investigated the metabolic profile of larvae and larval food to search for putative queen-fate inducing compounds. Finally, we assessed the effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor 10-hydroxy-2E-decenoic acid (10HDA) - the major lipid component of royal jelly and hence a putative regulator of honeybee caste differentiation - on Melipona caste differentiation. The hdac1, hdac4 and kat2a transcripts were expressed at all stages, with fluctuations in developmental stages and castes, which may be related to endocrine regulation. We did not identify the putative caste-differentiation factors, geraniol and 10HDA. Also, 10HDA was unable to promote differentiation in queens. Our results suggest that epigenetic and hormonal regulations act synergistically for drive caste differentiation in Melipona and that 10HDA is not a caste-differentiation factor in Melipona scutellaris.

scholarly journals 10-hydroxy-2E-decenoic acid (10HDA) does not promote caste differentiation in Melipona scutellaris stingless bees

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiza Diniz Ferreira Borges ◽  
Letícia Leandro Batista ◽  
Serena Mares Malta ◽  
Tamiris Sabrina Rodrigues ◽  
Jéssica Regina da Costa Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histone Deacetylases ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Royal Jelly ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Caste Differentiation ◽  
Decenoic Acid ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Deacetylase Inhibitor ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Environmental Component

AbstractIn bees from genus Melipona, differential feeding is not enough to fully explain female polyphenism. In these bees, there is a hypothesis that in addition to the environmental component (food), a genetic component is also involved in caste differentiation. This mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated and may involve epigenetic and metabolic regulation. Here, we verified that the genes encoding histone deacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC4 and histone acetyltransferase KAT2A were expressed at all stages of Melipona scutellaris, with fluctuations between developmental stages and castes. In larvae, the HDAC genes showed the same profile of Juvenile Hormone titers—previous reported—whereas the HAT gene exhibited the opposite profile. We also investigated the larvae and larval food metabolomes, but we did not identify the putative queen-fate inducing compounds, geraniol and 10-hydroxy-2E-decenoic acid (10HDA). Finally, we demonstrated that the histone deacetylase inhibitor 10HDA—the major lipid component of royal jelly and hence a putative regulator of honeybee caste differentiation—was unable to promote differentiation in queens in Melipona scutellaris. Our results suggest that epigenetic and hormonal regulations may act synergistically to drive caste differentiation in Melipona and that 10HDA is not a caste-differentiation factor in Melipona scutellaris.

Genetic regulation of nitrogen metabolism in the fungi

1997 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
G A Marzluf
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Gata Family

In the fungi, nitrogen metabolism is controlled by a complex genetic regulatory circuit which ensures the preferential use of primary nitrogen sources and also confers the ability to use many different secondary nitrogen sources when appropriate. Most structural genes encoding nitrogen catabolic enzymes are subject to nitrogen catabolite repression, mediated by positive-acting transcription factors of the GATA family of proteins. However, certain GATA family members, such as the yeast DAL80 factor, act negatively to repress gene expression. Selective expression of the genes which encode enzymes for the metabolism of secondary nitrogen sources is often achieved by induction, mediated by pathway-specific factors, many of which have a GAL4-like C6/Zn2 DNA binding domain. Regulation within the nitrogen circuit also involves specific protein-protein interactions, as exemplified by the specific binding of the negative-acting NMR protein with the positive-acting NIT2 protein of Neurospora crassa. Nitrogen metabolic regulation appears to play a significant role in the pathogenicity of certain animal and plant fungal pathogens.

scholarly journals Plant Histone HTB (H2B) Variants in Regulating Chromatin Structure and Function

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1435
Author(s):  
Janardan Khadka ◽  
Anat Pesok ◽  
Gideon Grafi
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Chromatin Structure ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Histone Variants ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Core Histone ◽  
Histone H2b ◽  
Histone Proteins ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
And Function

Besides chemical modification of histone proteins, chromatin dynamics can be modulated by histone variants. Most organisms possess multiple genes encoding for core histone proteins, which are highly similar in amino acid sequence. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains 11 genes encoding for histone H2B (HTBs), 13 for H2A (HTAs), 15 for H3 (HTRs), and 8 genes encoding for histone H4 (HFOs). The finding that histone variants may be expressed in specific tissues and/or during specific developmental stages, often displaying specific nuclear localization and involvement in specific nuclear processes suggests that histone variants have evolved to carry out specific functions in regulating chromatin structure and function and might be important for better understanding of growth and development and particularly the response to stress. In this review, we will elaborate on a group of core histone proteins in Arabidopsis, namely histone H2B, summarize existing data, and illuminate the potential function of H2B variants in regulating chromatin structure and function in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Characterization and Expression of Genes Encoding Superoxide Dismutase in the Oriental Armyworm, Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2381-2388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Bo Li ◽  
Chang-Geng Dai ◽  
Yong-Fu He ◽  
Yang Hu
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Mythimna Separata ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Oriental Armyworm

Abstract Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant metalloenzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide anion O2− to O2 and H2O2. Many studies have focused on the role of SOD in response to abiotic stress, but its role during biotic stress, such as changes in organismal population density, has rarely been investigated. The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata, is an economically important pest that exhibits phenotypic changes in response to population density. Solitary and gregarious phases occur at low and high population density, respectively. To examine the role of SODs in response to population density stress, we cloned two genes encoding SOD, MsCuZnSOD and MsMnSOD, and compared their expression in solitary and gregarious phases of M. separata. The MsCuZnSOD and MsMnSOD ORFs were 480 and 651 bp and encoded predicted protein products of 159 and 216 amino acids, respectively. The two SODs contained motifs that are typical of orthologous proteins. Real-time PCR indicated that the two SOD genes were expressed throughout developmental stages and were significantly upregulated in more mature stages of gregarious M. separata. Expression of the two SOD genes in various tissues of sixth-instar larvae was higher in gregarious versus solitary insects. Furthermore, expression of the SOD genes was significantly upregulated in response to crowding in solitary individuals, but suppressed in gregarious insects subjected to isolation. Collectively, these results suggest that population density may be key factor in the induction of SOD genes in M. separata.

scholarly journals Comparing Different Larval Food Sources and Temperature Regimes for the Rearing of Culicoides obsoletus/scoticus Complex Midges, the Predominant Bluetongue, and Schmallenberg Virus Vectors in Northern Europe

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Charlotte Sohier ◽  
Severine Matthijs ◽  
Nick De Regge
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Schmallenberg Virus ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Dark Light ◽  
Culicoides Obsoletus ◽  
Obsoletus Complex

During the last decade, Europe was confronted with the emergence of two Culicoides-borne viruses, bluetongue virus and Schmallenberg virus. Both diseases caused economic losses in cattle, sheep, and goats. Despite their importance, only limited knowledge is available on the developmental stages of Culicoides obsoletus complex midges, and a lab-reared colony has not yet been established. Therefore, this experimental study aims to compare the emergence patterns from field-collected C. obsoletus complex from egg to adult that were exposed to different combinations of temperature and larval substrates (T1: 1% liquid broth (LB) agar at 24 °C; T2: 1% LB agar with dung patches at 24 °C; T3: 1% LB agar at 28 °C). The rearing dishes were kept in an environmental chamber under an 8 h/16 h dark–light regime and 80%–85% humidity. Algae and nematodes were provided as a food source. The average period required to develop from egg to adult was 24 days and varied strongly in each of the conditions (T1: 15–47 days; T2: 14–35 days; T3: 20–37 days). A bias of sex ratio was observed towards the production of males in all three treatments with only 23.9% (T1), 23.5% (T2), and 0% (T3) females. Larval mortality was highest in T3 (25.9%), followed by T2 (8.6%), and T1 (1.8%). All pupae produced adults within 1 to 10 days, and the emergence rates for pupae varied strongly between treatments: 49.5% (T1), 71.6% (T2), and 38.5% (T3). This study shows that the C. obsoletus complex can be reared under laboratory conditions from blood-fed, wild-caught females to emerged progeny. More larval substrates and food sources should be tested with the aim of obtaining a 1:1 sex ratio to bring us one step closer to a viable lab-reared colony.

scholarly journals Versatile proteome labelling in fruit flies with SILAF

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian A. Schober ◽  
Ilian Atanassov ◽  
David Moore ◽  
Anna Wedell ◽  
Christoph Freyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Phosphorylation Sites ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Stable Isotope Labelling ◽  
Rapid Generation

ABSTRACTDrosophila melanogaster has been a working horse of genetics and cell biology for more than a century. However, proteomic-based methods have been limited due to technical obstacles, especially the lack of reliable labelling methods. Here, we advanced a chemically defined food source into stable-isotope labelling of amino acids in flies (SILAF). It allows for the rapid generation of a large number of flies with full incorporation of lysine-6. SILAF followed by fractionation and enrichment gave proteomic insights at a depth of 5,966 proteins and 7,496 phosphorylation sites, which substantiated metabolic regulation on enzymatic level. Furthermore, the label can be traced and predicts protein turnover rates during different developmental stages. The ease and versatility of the method actuates the fruit fly as an appealing model in proteomic and post-translational modification studies and it enlarges potential metabolic applications based on heavy amino acid diets.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic analyses reveal molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of floral attributes in Lonicera japonica Thunb.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Shi ◽  
Yuan Shen ◽  
Yuhao Chi
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Lonicera Japonica ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Terpenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Genes Encoding

Abstract Background Lonicera Japonica Thunb. is a perennial, semi-evergreen and twining vine in the family of Caprifoliaceae, which is widely cultivated in Asia. Thus far, L. japonica is often used to treat some human diseases including COVID-19, H1N1 influenza and hand-foot-and-mouth diseases, however, the regulatory mechanism of intrinsic physiological processes during different floral developmental stages of L. japonica remain largely unknown. Results The complete transcriptome of L. japonica was de novo-assembled and annotated, generating a total of 195850 unigenes, of which 84657 could be functionally annotated. 70 candidate genes involved in flowering transition were identified and the flowering regulatory network of five pathways was constructed in L. japonica. The mRNA transcripts of AGL24 and SOC1 exhibited a downward trend during flowering transition and followed by a gradual increase during the flower development. The transcripts of AP1 was only detected during the floral development, whereas the transcript level of FLC was high during the vegetative stages. The expression profiles of AGL24, SOC1, AP1 and FLC genes indicate that these key integrators might play the essential and evolutionarily conserved roles in control of flowering switch across the plant kingdom. We also identified 54 L. japonica genes encoding enzymes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Most highly expressed genes centered on the MEP pathway, suggesting that this plastid pathway might represent the major pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis in L. japonica. In addition, 33 and 31 key genes encoding enzymes involved in the carotenogenesis and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway were identified, respectively. PSY transcripts gradually increased during the flower development, supporting its role as the first rate-limiting enzyme in carotenoid skeleton production. The expression level of most anthocyanin biosynthetic genes was dramatically decreased during the flower developmental stages, consistent with the decline in the contents of anthocyanin. Conclusion These results identified a large number of potential key regulators controlling flowering time, flower color and floral scent formation in L. japonica, which improves our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the flower traits and flower metabolism, as well as sets the groundwork for quality improvement and molecular breeding of L. japonica.

scholarly journals Techniques for the In Vitro Production of Queens in Stingless Bees (Apidae, Meliponini)

Sociobiology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Rita Baptistella ◽  
Camila C. M. Souza ◽  
Weyder Cristiano Santana ◽  
Ademilson Espencer Egea Soares
Keyword(s):  
Stingless Bees ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Caste Differentiation ◽  
Young Larva ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Food And Feeding ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Vitro Production

Considering the ecological importance of stingless bees as caretakers and pollinators of a variety of native plants makes it necessary to improve techniques which increase of colonies’ number in order to preserve these species and the biodiversity associated with them. Thus, our aim was to develop a methodology of in vitro production of stingless bee queens by offering a large quantity of food to the larvae. Our methodology consisted of determining the amount of larval food needed for the development of the queens, collecting and storing the larval food, and feeding the food to the larvae in acrylic plates. We found that the total average amount of larval food in a worker bee cell of F. varia is approximately 26.70 } 3.55 μL. We observed that after the consumption of extra amounts of food (25, 30, 35 and 40 μL) the larvae differentiate into queens (n = 98). Therefore, the average total volume of food needed for the differentiation of a young larva of F. varia queen is approximately 61.70 } 5.00 μL. In other words; the larvae destined to become queens eat 2.31 times more food than the ones destined to become workers. We used the species Frieseomelitta varia as a model, however the methodology can be reproduced for all species of stingless bees whose mechanism of caste differentiation depends on the amount of food ingested by the larvae. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the in vitro technique developed herein, pointing to the possibility of its use as a tool to assist the production of queens on a large scale. This would allow for the artificial splitting of colonies and contribute to conservation efforts in native bees.

scholarly journals Dynamics and Transcriptome Analysis of Starch and Sucrose Metabolism During Corm Development in Freesia Hybrida

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Ma ◽  
Suqin Ding ◽  
Zi Yan ◽  
Dongqin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate Synthase ◽  
Sucrose Metabolism ◽  
Critical Pathway ◽  
Freesia Hybrida

Abstract Background Starch and sucrose metabolism plays a crucial role in the formation and development of bulbs in bulbous plants, which, however, remains unclear and unexplored in the corms of Freesia hybrida, one kind of famous bulbous flower. Herein, we investigated the dynamics of the major form of carbohydrates and related enzyme activities and profiled the transcriptome of freesia corms at four developmental stages with the aim to reveal the relation of starch and sucrose metabolism to corm development and the transcriptional regulation of this metabolic process.Results The content of starch, sucrose and soluble sugars followed an overall upward trend across the corm developmental stages. Activities of the adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, starch branching enzyme and β-amylase generally followed the pattern of the starch and sucrose level. Activities of sucrose phosphate synthase increased from corm formation till the initial swelling stage and subsequently reached a plateau. Activities of invertase and sucrose synthase peaked at the later rapid swelling stage. Transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 100,999 unigenes, out of which 44,405 unigenes were annotated. Analysis based on Clusters of Orthologous Groups suggested that carbohydrate transport and metabolism (9.34% of the sequences) was prominent across the corm developmental process. Totally 3427 differentially expressed genes were identified and the enrichment analysis directed starch and sucrose metabolism a critical pathway in corm development especially at the rapid swelling stage. Genes encoding key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes were identified and their differential expression related to corm development was explored.Conclusions The comparative transcriptome analysis discloses essential roles of starch and sucrose metabolism and the genetic mechanism related to the corm development. The results construct a valuable resource pool for further molecular-level studies, which are helpful for metabolic regulation of carbohydrates and improvement in molecular breeding of Freesia hybrida.

scholarly journals Impact of selenite and selenate on differentially expressed genes in rat liver examined by microarray analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 293-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid C. Bosse ◽  
Josef Pallauf ◽  
Bettina Hommel ◽  
Mariana Sturm ◽  
Susanne Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rat Liver ◽  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sodium Selenate ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Selenium Compounds ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Se Deficiency

Sodium selenite and sodium selenate are approved inorganic Se (selenium) compounds in human and animal nutrition serving as precursors for selenoprotein synthesis. In recent years, numerous additional biological effects over and above their functions in selenoproteins have been reported. For greater insight into these effects, our present study examined the influence of selenite and selenate on the differential expression of genes encoding non-selenoproteins in the rat liver using microarray technology. Five groups of nine growing male rats were fed with an Se-deficient diet or diets supplemented with 0.20 or 1.0 mg of Se/kg as sodium selenite or sodium selenate for 8 weeks. Genes that were more than 2.5-fold up- or down-regulated by selenite or selenate compared with Se deficiency were selected. GPx1 (glutathione peroxidase 1) was up-regulated 5.5-fold by both Se compounds, whereas GPx4 was up-regulated by only 1.4-fold. Selenite and selenate down-regulated three phase II enzymes. Despite the regulation of many other genes in an analogous manner, frequently only selenate changed the expression of these genes significantly. In particular, genes involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, apoptosis, intermediary metabolism and those involved in Se-deficiency disorders were more strongly influenced by selenate. The comparison of selenite- and selenate-regulated genes revealed that selenate may have additional functions in the protection of the liver, and that it may be more active in metabolic regulation. In our opinion the more pronounced influence of selenate compared with selenite on differential gene expression results from fundamental differences in the metabolism of these two Se compounds.

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