scholarly journals Comparative health risk assessment of nitrate in drinking groundwater resources of urban and rural region(Isfahan, Iran), Using GIS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saba Aghapour ◽  
Bijan Bina ◽  
Mohammad Javad Tarrahi ◽  
Fahimeh Amiri ◽  
Afshin Ebrahimi
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Isfahan Province ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background : Groundwater contaminant such as nitrate (NO 3 - ) is one of the environmental factors that can affect human health . Methemoglobinemia of infants, thyroid disorders, and probably some carcinogenic effects, are health concerns associated with dietary nitrate. Isfahan province has a dry and semi-arid desert climate that the main source of various applications in this province is groundwater resources. This study evaluated spatial analysis of the concentration of NO 3 - in groundwater resources and its possible health risk to residents. Results : It was indicated that nitrate concentrations in the rural and urban areas were in the range of 0.4–137 mg/L NO 3 − with the mean of 33.72 mg/L NO 3 − , and 2.9-209 mg/L NO 3 - with the mean of 38.87 mg/L, respectively. As well, 226 samples (25%), and 104 (24%) ones were detected above the Iran and World Health Organization guidelines 50 mg/L as NO 3 − . While the highest levels of NO 3 − which were located in the west and central groundwater resources of the province were in the agricultural and residential areas. The HQ for Infants, in 32% of samples, urban 136 and rural 297 samples were higher than 1 (HQ>1). Also, in urban area HQ was more than 1 in 8, 5, 1, and 3 samples in children, teens, male and female, respectively. Conclusions : Infants were the most vulnerable compared with the other groups. Therefore, in some areas, there are potential risks of methemoglobinemia, especially for infants. So, it is critical to adopt specific strategies to reduce the nitrate concentration in the studied groundwater.

scholarly journals Economic Impact Of Covid-19 And Change In Value System

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Bilal Ahmad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Value System ◽  
Supply Chain Networks ◽  
Mass Gatherings ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Health Organization

Mankind has observed various pandemics throughout history where some of were more disastrous than the others to the humans. We are observing a very tough time once again fighting an invisible enemy; the novel COVID-19 coronavirus. Initially identified in the Wuhan province of China, and then rapidly spread across the world. The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has created a shock, putting all global population under lockdown. The worldwide spread of the pandemic resulted in unfathomable economic fallouts; zero economic activity, disruption of supply chain networks, falling global demands. The COVID-19 global crisis continues to disrupt social chains. Although there is no vaccine available and in order to prevent and avoid COVID-19, World Health Organization recommended avoiding large events and mass gatherings. The effects of COVID-19 on education, businesses, laborers’ and families have been adverse. The main objective of the study is to assess the disruptions caused by Covid-19 on supply chain both in rural and urban areas and further analyze the effect of Covid-19 on inter and intra district mobility movement of labour and consequent human psychology and value system.

scholarly journals May Measurement Month 2019: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Mauritius

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_B) ◽  
pp. B101-B103
Author(s):  
Sudhirsen Kowlessur ◽  
Bhoosun Ori ◽  
Jaysing Heecharan ◽  
Xin Xia ◽  
Neil R Poulter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Temporary Solution ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Hypertension is a growing burden worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 1.13 billion people worldwide suffer from hypertension. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global initiative of the International Society of Hypertension aimed at raising awareness of high blood pressure (BP) and to act as a temporary solution to the lack of screening programmes worldwide. We provide the results of the 2019 MMM (MMM19) edition in Mauritius. This cross-sectional survey of participants aged ≥ 18 years was carried out in May 2019. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP of at least 140 mmHg or diastolic BP of at least 90 mmHg or in those on antihypertensive medication. Blood pressure measurement and statistical analysis followed the standard MMM protocol. Screening was conducted by the Non-Communicable Diseases and Health Promotion Unit, which is under the aegis of the Ministry of Health and Wellness, mainly in workplaces and community centres, in both rural and urban areas across Mauritius. Of the 8262 individuals screened, after multiple imputations, 950 (14%) had untreated hypertension. May Measurement Month 2019 was the largest BP screening campaign undertaken in Mauritius. These results suggest that MMM19 is useful in the identification of potential patients with raised BP.

scholarly journals Malaria in Haiti: A Descriptive and Temporal Study from 2009 to 2018.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Ricardo Jules ◽  
Jeronimo Alencar ◽  
Ernst Jn Baptiste ◽  
Martha Cecília Suárez-Mutis ◽  
Hermano Gomes Albuquerque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
World Health ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Temporal Study ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Epidemiological Profile ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background Haiti is one of the Caribbean countries where malaria still persists. Malaria occurs throughout the country at altitudes below 600 meters. More than 99% of the malaria cases are caused by Plasmodium falciparum and the main vector is Anopheles albimanus. This paper aims to describe the epidemiological profile of malaria in Haiti between 2009 and 2018. Methods We analyzed information on malaria cases reported by both the Health Ministry of Haiti (Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population-MSPP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) during the study period. Results Between 2009 and 2018, a total of 232,479 malaria cases were reported by the MSPP. There was an increase in the incidence of malaria in the country in 2010 followed by a decrease in 2011. Due to efforts made by Haiti over the past decade to reduce malaria by 2020, malaria incidence has declined from 60,130 cases in 2010 to 8,978 cases in 2018. We verified that the MSPP and the WHO data are conflicting in relation to the number of cases reported. However, the results from both data sets presented the same malaria trend in Haiti from 2009 to 2018. The results also show the endemicity of the disease throughout Haiti, both in rural and urban areas, especially along the coast. Conclusion This work emphasizes the need to promote official data collection and analyses and the application of epidemiological surveillance of malaria for a better knowledge about the real impact of malaria on the Haitian population aiming more appropriate interventions.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Fluoride in Drinking Water in Dhamar City, Yemen

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63
Author(s):  
Hefdhallah Al Aizari ◽  
Rachida Fegrouche ◽  
Ali Al Aizari ◽  
Saeed S. Albaseer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
World Health ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Central Plateau ◽  
The World ◽  
Pca Method ◽  
Health Organization

The fact that groundwater is the only source of drinking water in Yemen mandates strict monitoring of its quality. The aim of this study was to measure the levels of fluoride in the groundwater resources of Dhamar city. Dhamar city is the capital of Dhamar governorate located in the central plateau of Yemen. For this purpose, fluoride content in the groundwater from 16 wells located around Dhamar city was measured. The results showed that 75% of the investigated wells contain fluoride at or below the permissible level set by the World Health Organization (0.5 – 1.5 mg/L), whereas 25% of the wells have relatively higher fluoride concentrations (1.59 – 184 mg/L). The high levels of fluoride have been attributed to the anthropogenic activities in the residential areas near the contaminated wells. Interestingly, some wells contain very low fluoride concentrations (0.30 – 0.50 mg/L).  Data were statistically treated using the principal component analysis (PCA) method to investigate any possible correlations between various factors. PCA shows a high correlation between well depth and its content of fluoride. On the other hand, health problems dominating in the study area necessitate further studies to investigate any correlation with imbalanced fluoride intake.

scholarly journals An interventional study regarding knowledge and awareness of TB and HIV among high school children in rural and urban areas of Dehradun

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 2885
Author(s):  
Harsimranjit K. Natt ◽  
Ashwani Sharma ◽  
Megha Luthra ◽  
Puneet Ohri ◽  
Kamal S. Negi
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
World Health ◽  
Interventional Study ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: The World Health Organization Global TB report reported that TB ranks alongside HIV as a leading cause of death worldwide. Evidence based studies revealed that knowledge and awareness has a substantial impact on the prevention of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. This study was conducted to compare the awareness and knowledge of high school children regarding HIV and TB in the rural and urban areas and to assess the impact of educational intervention on the same.Methods: One school each from rural and urban field practice area was selected by purposive sampling technique. A total of 205 high school students were included in the study by total enumeration method. An interventional study was conducted regarding awareness and knowledge about TB and HIV/AIDS by means of health talk and help of audio visual aids. The data was collected in a predesigned self administered questionnaire by pretest and post test method.Results: The total of 205 students participated in the study. Majority of the respondent have correct knowledge regarding the causative agent of TB (38.5%) with 28.4% in rural and 48.5% in urban area. Moreover majority of the respondent correctly elicited the causative agent of HIV/AIDS (52.6%) with 44.1% in rural and 61.1% in urban area. Overall the intervention had a substantial effect on the awareness and knowledge level of the students regarding HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis.Conclusions: Although awareness among the masses is there but right knowledge and practice plays a pivotal role in improving the health status and awareness of the community.

scholarly journals West Nile virus in humans, Greece, 2018: the largest seasonal number of cases, 9 years after its emergence in the country

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (32) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danai Pervanidou ◽  
Annita Vakali ◽  
Theano Georgakopoulou ◽  
Takis Panagiotopoulos ◽  
Eleni Patsoula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Public Health Organization ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Health Organization

Background Human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) infection are recorded since 2010 in Greece, with seasonal outbreaks occurring almost annually. Enhanced surveillance has been implemented since 2010, to promptly characterise cases’ temporal and geographical distribution and inform authorities for implementation of appropriate measures (mosquito control, health education, blood safety). Aim We describe the epidemiology of WNV human infections in Greece focusing on the 2018 season. Methods The National Public Health Organization advised physicians to test all suspect WNV infection cases and refer samples to reference laboratories. Laboratories notified diagnosed cases on a daily basis. Treating physicians, patients, and infected blood donors were interviewed within 48 hours after diagnosis and the probable infection location was identified. Hospitalised cases were followed up until discharge. Results A total of 317 autochthonous WNV infection cases were diagnosed in 2018. Among them, 243 cases had neuroinvasive disease (WNND), representing a 23% increase of WNND cases compared with 2010, the previous most intense season. There were 51 deaths. Cases started occurring from week 22, earlier than usual. Both rural and urban areas were affected, with 86 (26% of the total) municipalities belonging to seven (54% of the total) regions recording cases. Two major epicentres were identified in Attica and Central Macedonia regions. Conclusions The largest number of human cases of WNV infection ever recorded in Greece occurred in 2018, with a wide geographical distribution, suggesting intense virus circulation. Enhanced surveillance is vital for the early detection of human cases and the prompt implementation of response measures.

Pocket Book to Enhance Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Prevention of Soil-transmitted Helmint

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
Liena Sofiana ◽  
Suci Musvita Ayu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Tropical Area ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Pocket Book ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

<p>Indonesia, being a tropical area with high humidity, is a source of proliferation of worms. Soil-Transmitted Helminths infection is widespread in all rural and urban areas. Children who are infected usually experience lethargy, pallor or anemia, weight loss and listlessness, as well as decreasing their learning concentration and productivity. Prevention effort to reduce the incidence of Soil-Transmitted Helminths infection is conducted by providing the information on Soil-Transmitted Helminths infection. Health promotion cannot be separated from media because messages delivered through media can be more interesting and easier to understand. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of a pocket book to increase preventive behavior for Soil-Transmitted Helminthes Infections. This type of research was a quasi-experimental study. The samples of this study were all elementary school infected students in grades 3, 4, and 5 with a package of interventions for the provision of a pocket book. The effectiveness of the pocket book is determined by using the t test. There are differences between the mean of knowledge and attitude, but the mean of behavior of Soil -Transmitted Helminths Infection before and after the pocket book is similar.</p>

scholarly journals Oral Health of Children from the SOS Children’s Village in Croatia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 616
Author(s):  
Zrinka Ivanisevic ◽  
Zvonimir Uzarevic ◽  
Stjepanka Lesic ◽  
Aleksandar Vcev ◽  
Marko Matijevic
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of this study was to determine the values of DMFT/DMFS and dft/dfs in the examined groups of children and the assessment of the mothers of the examined groups of children related to the oral health of their children. The research included children from the SOS Children’s Village in Croatia as well as children from biological families from rural and urban areas. The children were examined by the visual–tactile method according to the standardized World Health Organization criteria. dft/DMFT and dfs/DMFS indices were calculated. An analysis of completed questionnaires was made. The children from the SOS Children’s Village demonstrated the lowest mean values of the dft/dfs (2.42/3.31) and DMFT/DMFS (1.61/2.23) indices compared to children from rural and urban areas. The Kruskal–Wallis test showed a significant difference (p = 0.01) in SiC index values between the examined children. In the groups of children from the SOS Children’s Village and from the rural area compared to the children from the urban area, oral hygiene was singled out as the most important factor in the analysis of the main components. An equally significant factor for all the respondents is the assessment of oral health and eating habits. The least significant factor for the group of children from the SOS Children’s Village is socio-economic status, which is the most significant for the children from the urban area. The children from the SOS Children’s village have the lowest dft/DMFT, dfs/DMFS, and SiC indices. The most important factor influencing oral health in the group of children from the SOS Children’s Village that stands out is oral hygiene, and the least important is the socio-economic status. The assessment of oral health by the SOS mothers does not differ from the assessment of biological mothers of children from rural and urban areas.

scholarly journals Comparing knowledge of diabetes mellitus among rural and urban diabetics

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ayaz Sabri ◽  
Muhammad Ahad Qayyum ◽  
Naif Usman Saigol ◽  
Khurram Zafar ◽  
Fawad Aslam
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Question Survey ◽  
Awareness Level

A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the awareness of diabetes mellitus among rural and urban diabetics. After analyzing the awareness level of both populations, the urban diabetics were found to be more educated about diabetes. A 25-question survey was used to judge the awareness level of diabetes mellitus. A total of 240 diabetics were surveyed, 120 each from rural and urban areas. The mean awareness among the rural population was 13 (SD± 2) correct answers out of a possible 25. Similarly, in the case of the urban diabetics the mean awareness was 18 (SD± 2) correct answers. The survey was conducted on randomly chosen diabetics belonging to Lahore and Faisalabad, (urban areas), as well as Habibabad, Haveli Koranga and Baba Kanwal (rural areas). The results emphasize the interrelation between demography and awareness of diabetes mellitus. The rural diabetics are far less knowledgeable about diabetes mellitus, its management and its complications. Thus, there is an urgent need to improve the awareness level of diabetes mellitus in rural areas. Doing so will give rise to a healthier workforce and a lessened economic burden on Pakistan.

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