The architecture and structure of alpaca skin (Vicugna pacos): impacts on industry and wool trade

Abstract Background: Alpacas are reared mainly for fiber extraction, which is a highly valued product in the textile industry. For this reason, this work aims to evaluate the morphological and quantitative aspects of the light and dark alpaca skin of Huacaya and Suri alpacas, comparing the structure and architecture of the scapular, costal and lateral femoral skin. Biopsies were collected from the skin of 12 alpacas from the Pacomarca Experimental Fund, located at Puno - Peru. The samples were weighed and fixed in 10% aqueous formalin solution for histological procedures. The histological sections were stained with Hematoxylin eosin, Picrossirius red and Masson Trichromic and immunostained for types I, III and IV collagen and S100.Results: The derma presented sebaceous and sweat glands, as well as follicular groups with primary and secondary hair follicles. Each follicle had a hair called fiber, some with medulla and some without, but both surrounded by cortex and cuticle. The skin presented similar immunostaining for type I, II and IV and S100. Collagen III was detected only in the derma. The total volume of the skin, derma, follicular groups and sebaceous and sweat glands was estimated by stereology for the three body regions for both Huacaya and Suri alpacas. The total volume of skin (Vref) and total volume of follicular groups (VGF) were different for body regions. Femoral region showed higher values for VGF. Colour and breed were also different for Vref and total volume of derma (VD).Conclusion: Comparing the two breeds the femoral region presented higher fiber production. Dark animals had more derma and it was reported close relationship between total skin volume and their fractions volumes: derma, follicular groups and sweat glands.

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The diagnosis of metabolic storage disease in skin biopsies (a light-, electronmicroscopic, and analytical study)

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100084119 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 648-649

Author(s):

W. Jurecka ◽

W. Gebhart ◽

H. Lassmann

Keyword(s):

Storage Disease ◽

Hunter Syndrome ◽

Histochemical Demonstration ◽

Sweat Glands ◽

Type I ◽

Storage Material ◽

Scheie Syndrome ◽

Storage Products ◽

Skin Biopsies ◽

Type V

Diagnosis of metabolic storage disease can be established by the determination of enzymes or storage material in blood, urine, or several tissues or by clinical parameters. Identification of the accumulated storage products is possible by biochemical analysis of isolated material, by histochemical demonstration in sections, or by ultrastructural demonstration of typical inclusion bodies. In order to determine the significance of such inclusions in human skin biopsies several types of metabolic storage disease were investigated. The following results were obtained.In MPS type I (Pfaundler-Hurler-Syndrome), type II (Hunter-Syndrome), and type V (Ullrich-Scheie-Syndrome) mainly “empty” vacuoles were found in skin fibroblasts, in Schwann cells, keratinocytes and macrophages (Dorfmann and Matalon 1972). In addition, prominent vacuolisation was found in eccrine sweat glands. The storage material could be preserved in part by fixation with cetylpyridiniumchloride and was also present within fibroblasts grown in tissue culture.

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ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS IN ALLERGIC HUMAN TISSUES

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.112.5.725 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 112 (5) ◽

pp. 725-734 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ben Z. Rappaport

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Toluidine Blue ◽

Hair Follicles ◽

Sweat Glands ◽

Human Tissues ◽

Sebaceous Glands ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Antigen Antibody ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Reaginic Antibodies

The skin of atopic patients contains specific reaginic antibodies in all epidermal cells, in unchallenged as well as antigen-challenged areas. The reagins are also present in the epithelial cells of sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hair follicles and also in macrophages and pericytes. Judged by staining characteristics, their immunologic reaction in tissues with antigen is identical with that of rabbit antibodies. Comparison of tissues stained with conjugated reagins and conjugated anti-human globulin antibodies demonstrates the close relationship of reagins and globulins. In antigen-challenged tissues the macrophages and pericytes become enlarged and stain more intensely with toluidine blue. No such changes in morphology or staining are present in histamine-tested or unchallenged atopic tissues.

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A comparative study of fleece growth in Tasmanian Fine Merino and Wiltshire Horn ewes

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600049959 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 11-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

J. Slee ◽

H. B. Carter

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Fibre Diameter ◽

The Body ◽

Back Side ◽

Body Regions ◽

Wide Range ◽

Diameter Fibre ◽

Fibre Growth ◽

Skin Biopsies ◽

Three Body

1. From repeated fibre samplings and several skin biopsies on six Tasmanian Fine Merinos and eight Wiltshire Horn adult ewes variations in fibre diameter, fibre growth rate, and fibre regeneration or shedding frequency were measured over a period of 15 months. Slight differences were present in the treatment of the two breeds, but from the combined evidence of the live weights and fibre diameters maintained, it was concluded that these were negligible, that both breeds were under closely comparable conditions, and that their performance was at a moderately high and typical level for each breed.2. In the Merinos fibre diameter (ca. 20 µ) fluctuated little during the period of observation, whereas in the Wiltshires it varied over a wide range from less than 40µ in winter to more than 80µ in summer. There were negligible differences between the three body regions, back, side, and belly, in the Merinos, but in the Wiltshires the belly grew markedly coarser fibres than the other two regions.3. The fibre growth rate in the Merinos did not vary greatly from 7 to 8 mm. per 28 days throughout the period of observation or between the body regions. In the Wiltshires, fibre growth rate showed extreme variations from a minimum of about 3 mm. during the winter to a maximum of about 12 mm. per 28 days at the end of summer, with significant differences between the three body regions. However, in spite of these differences in the mode of growth, the total length of fibre grown per annum at the midside was approximately the same (10 cm.). Thus, were it not for fibre shedding, the Wiltshire Horn breed would grow a short-wool fleece.

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Skin structure of Egyptian buffaloes and cattle with particular reference to sweat glands

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600039587 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 19-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

E. S. E. Hafez ◽

A. L. Badreldin ◽

M. M. Shafei

Keyword(s):

Hair Follicle ◽

Sweat Gland ◽

Species Differences ◽

Hair Follicles ◽

The Body ◽

Sweat Glands ◽

Average Thickness ◽

Sebaceous Glands ◽

Body Regions ◽

Dermal Papillae

The structure, distribution and dimensions of skin strata and sweat glands have been investigated in Egyptian buffaloes and cattle. Samples from sixteen body regions were taken from three adult bulls of both species. Identical studies were also made on one buffalo calf and two buffalo embryos. Serial vertical and horizontal sections were cut from each body region using the ‘terpineol paraffin wax’ method. The following results were obtained.1. Buffalo skin is characterized by dermal papillae enclosing papillomatous epidermis. The fibrous structure of the dermis is similar in both species. In buffaloes, the average thickness of skin, main epidermis, papillomatous epidermis, and cornium is 6·5 mm., 50, 115, and 11μ respectively. The epidermis coefficient is 12 for the main epidermis and 18 for the papillomatous epidermis. In cattle, the average thickness of skin, epidermis and cornium layer is 4·3 mm., 51 and 5 μ respectively, while the epidermis coefficient is 8.2. The average number of hair follicles per sq.cm. of skin is 394 in the buffalo and 2633 in cattle. Each hair follicle is accompanied by two large lobulated sebaceous glands in the buffalo, and one small bilobed gland in cattle.3. There is no species difference in the histology of the sweat glands. Each hair follicle is accompanied by one sweat gland in both species. In the buffalo, the body of the sweat gland is oval and convoluted, while the duct is twisted at its attachment to the body. In cattle, the body of the gland is elongated while the duct is straight. The number of sweat glands per sq.cm. of skin is 394 in the buffalo and 2633 in cattle. The dimensions of the sweat glands are larger in buffaloes than in cattle. The length, circumference and sweating surface of the gland is 0·58, 0·47, and 0·276 sq.mm. in the buffalo, and 0·47, 0·26, and 0·124 sq.mm. in cattle respectively. The glandular surface of sweat glands per sq.cm. of skin is 1·07 sq.cm. in the buffalo and 3·08 sq.cm. in cattle.4. The type of sweat gland secretion is apocrine in both species. In the buffalo, successive stages of apocrine secretion are observed, and the merocrinelike form is rare. In cattle, the merocrine-like form prevails and the other stages are very rare. The theory (Findlay & Yang, 1950) of intraluminal transformation, of secretory products from coarse granularity to fluid homogeneity is supported. The effect of locality on the type of sweating activity is stressed.5. There are species differences in the distribution of blood vessels and capillaries. In the subepidermal level, the arterial branches are more frequent and superficial in buffaloes than in cattle. Capillaries are found in the dermal papillae of buffalo skin. The capillary loops encircling the hair follicle are more frequent in cattle than in buffaloes. The blood capillaries supplying the sebaceous glands are more numerous in the buffalo than in cattle. The blood supply of sweat glands is poor in both species.6. There are age differences in the skin histology. The number of hair follicles per sq.cm. of skin in a 5-months-old embryo, calf at birth, and adult buffaloes is 10560, 1248 and 400 respectively. There are no skin glands in the 1-month and 5-months-old embryos. The sweat gland in the calf is small in size and similar in structure to that of the adult. Calves have fewer sweat glands than adults.7. The body conformation and the degree of pigmentation are affected by species, breed and locality.8. The secreting activity of the sweat glands may be affected by the locality.9. It seems that there are species differences in the mechanism of heat convection and radiation, insensible perspiration and sensible perspiration, due to histological differences.

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Pelage and molt in the black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque))

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z72-088 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 50 (5) ◽

pp. 639-647 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

I. McT. Cowan ◽

A. G. Raddi

Keyword(s):

Annual Cycle ◽

Adult Animal ◽

Odocoileus Hemionus ◽

Vancouver Island ◽

Hair Follicles ◽

Guard Hair ◽

Body Regions ◽

Skin Biopsies ◽

Age Sequence

The pelage of the black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus) has been studied through the year using skin biopsies taken from young and mature individuals. Four pelages, natal, juvenile, adult summer, and adult winter are grown. Six types of hairs are identified and the annual cycle of the follicles producing the four types found in the adult animal is described.This species molts twice annually. The spring molt involves guard hair follicles only, with the undercoat shed by breakage. The autumn molt involves all follicles. The long guard hairs have a sensory function.The guard hairs increase in diameter progressively from birth to adult winter pelage. They are longest in the adult summer pelage, which also has the greatest difference between body areas in length and thickness of the hair. The fawn birth coat is the simplest, the adult winter pelage the most complex.Length–diameter regressions of the guard hairs through the four pelages reveal a steady progression.Study of the color banding of the hair in the four pelages, and upon five body regions revealed constant differences in the component contributed by each of four color zones. The hairs of the five body regions differ most in color in the fawn pelage and least in the adult pelage.Strong inference points to the same follicle as the source of the distinctively different summer and winter hairs, as well as of the age sequence found in the hair.Samples of guard hairs from O. h. sitkensis and from California and Vancouver Island specimens of O. h. columbianus showed significant differences between the three stocks in the length–diameter relationships of the hairs grown by each of these stocks.

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An open-label study to evaluate biomarkers and safety in systemic sclerosis patients treated with paquinimod

Arthritis Research & Therapy ◽

10.1186/s13075-021-02573-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Roger Hesselstrand ◽

Jörg H. W. Distler ◽

Gabriela Riemekasten ◽

Dirk M. Wuttge ◽

Marie Törngren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systemic Sclerosis ◽

Type I ◽

Type I Ifn ◽

Open Label ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Before And After ◽

Modified Rodnan Skin Score ◽

Skin Biopsies ◽

Rank 2

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the changes in disease-related biomarkers and safety of paquinimod, an oral immunomodulatory compound, in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Methods In this open-label, single-arm, multicenter study, SSc patients with a rapidly progressive disease received paquinimod for 8 weeks. Blood and skin biopsies were collected at baseline, during treatment, and at follow-up for the analyses of type I interferon (IFN) activity, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and the number of myofibroblasts. The safety of paquinimod was evaluated throughout the study. Results Nine SSc patients were enrolled and completed the study treatment with paquinimod at 3 mg/day for 8 weeks. After the treatment, a reduction of type I IFN activity in the plasma from one patient with elevated baseline IFN activity was recorded. A trend towards reduced IFN activity in the skin after treatment was also observed in patients. The serum level of CCL2 was reduced in 7 of 9 patients after paquinimod treatment. There was a median reduction of 10% of the number of myofibroblasts in skin biopsies at week 8 compared to baseline. No change in modified Rodnan skin score and quality of life was detected in the study. Reported adverse events (AEs) were mild to moderate and expected with the most common being arthralgia (n = 3) and headache (n = 3), and C-reactive protein (CRP) increase. Conclusions Analysis of biomarkers before and after treatment suggest reduced type I IFN activity and reduced number of myofibroblasts in lesional skin. Paquinimod was overall well tolerated with mild to moderate and expected AEs. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01487551. Registered on 7 September 2011

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Relationship Between Pitch Volume and Subjective Report of Injury in High School Female Fast-Pitch Softball Pitchers

Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

10.1177/19417381211051381 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 194173812110513

Author(s):

Brittany Gooch ◽

Bradley S. Lambert ◽

Haley Goble ◽

Patrick C. McCulloch ◽

Corbin Hedt

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Back Pain ◽

Shoulder Pain ◽

Online Survey ◽

Medical Attention ◽

Type I ◽

Subjective Report ◽

Body Regions ◽

Chi Square Analysis ◽

The Impact

Background: The relationship between pitch volume and injury is well-represented within baseball literature. However, the impact of softball pitch volume on injury epidemiology is limited. Hypothesis: The purpose was to determine if increased pitch volumes in high school–aged softball pitchers are related to increased rates of subjectively reported pain/injury. We hypothesized that pitchers with increased volumes would have higher pain/injury rates. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: A total of 28 female softball pitchers (aged 14-18 years) completed an online survey of questions pertaining to pitching history, pitch volume, and subjective report of pain or injury in the back, shoulder, and elbow. An independent-samples t test was used to (1) compare pitch volumes in those who reported pain in individual body regions (shoulder, elbow, back) compared with those who did not; (2) compare pitch volumes in those who reported pain in 0 or 1 of the regions of interest compared with 2 or 3 regions; and (3) compare the reported percentage of the past year that players reported playing through pain in players who averaged >85 compared with <85 pitches per game. Chi-square analysis was used to compare those who pitched either >85 or <85 pitches per game with regard to frequency of shoulder pain, elbow pain, back pain, seeking of medical attention, and actual injury diagnosis. Type I error was set at α = 0.05. Results: Weekly and yearly pitch counts were higher in those reporting pain or injury (YES) than those who did not (NO) in the shoulder (pitches per week: NO = 219 ± 35; YES = 429 ± 101; P = 0.027) (pitches per year: NO = 8876 ± 946; YES = 19,195 ± 4944; P = 0.022) and back (pitches per week: NO = 188 ± 16; YES = 426 ± 90; P = 0.014) (pitches per year: NO = 8334 ± 793; YES = 18,252 ± 4340; P = 0.027). Similar results were observed for those with pain or injury reported in 2 or 3 regions compared with 0 or 1 regions (pitches per week: NO = 220 ± 38; YES = 414 ± 95; P = 0.039) (pitches per year: NO = 8765 ± 1010; YES = 18,661 ± 4623; P = 0.028). Those reporting shoulder pain or injury also reported higher pitch counts per game (NO = 71.4 ± 5.2; YES = 83 ± 4; P = 0.049), and those reporting back pain also reported playing more games per week (NO = 2.7 ± 0.2; YES = 5.2 ± 1.1; P = 0.034). Those with pitch counts of >85/game were more than twice as likely to see a physician regarding pain/injury ( P = 0.027) and reported playing through pain a higher percentage of the year (>85, 49.3% ± 10%; <85, 25.2% ± 6%; P < 0.05). Conclusion: High pitching volumes commonly prevalent in high school–aged softball pitchers may be associated with increased pain/injury and appear related to cumulative volume. Clinical Relevance: This study provides recommendations for cumulative pitch volume guidelines in softball pitchers.

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The Sweat Glands and Hair Follicles of European Cattle

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1071/bi9720585 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 585 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

D Mcewan Jenkinson ◽

T Nay

Keyword(s):

Hair Follicle ◽

Sweat Gland ◽

Hair Follicles ◽

Sweat Glands ◽

Mean Values ◽

The Mean ◽

European Cattle

Measurements were made on the skins of 1363 cattle from different European breeds. The mean values of these measurements have been tabulated for each breed and the skin types present in each breed or group of breeds have been determined using sweat gland shape (LID) and hair follicle depth (FrY) as the principal bases of comparison.

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The Distribution of Glycogen in the Tissues of Siboglinum Atlanticum [Pogonophora]

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400058860 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 665-671 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Eve C. Southward

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Light And Electron Microscopy ◽

Epidermal Cells ◽

Peritoneal Cells ◽

Body Regions ◽

Three Body

Light and electron microscopy showed the same distribution of glycogen. The peritoneal cells contain large amounts in all three body regions investigated: the forepart, metameric region and postannular region. Glycogen is present in most epidermal cells and is very abundant in some, particularly in the postannular region, but the cells which secrete the chitinous and proteinaceous components of the tube are almost devoid of glycogen.

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