A comparative study of fleece growth in Tasmanian Fine Merino and Wiltshire Horn ewes

1961 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Slee ◽  
H. B. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
The Body ◽  
Back Side ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Diameter Fibre ◽  
Fibre Growth ◽  
Skin Biopsies ◽  
Three Body

1. From repeated fibre samplings and several skin biopsies on six Tasmanian Fine Merinos and eight Wiltshire Horn adult ewes variations in fibre diameter, fibre growth rate, and fibre regeneration or shedding frequency were measured over a period of 15 months. Slight differences were present in the treatment of the two breeds, but from the combined evidence of the live weights and fibre diameters maintained, it was concluded that these were negligible, that both breeds were under closely comparable conditions, and that their performance was at a moderately high and typical level for each breed.2. In the Merinos fibre diameter (ca. 20 µ) fluctuated little during the period of observation, whereas in the Wiltshires it varied over a wide range from less than 40µ in winter to more than 80µ in summer. There were negligible differences between the three body regions, back, side, and belly, in the Merinos, but in the Wiltshires the belly grew markedly coarser fibres than the other two regions.3. The fibre growth rate in the Merinos did not vary greatly from 7 to 8 mm. per 28 days throughout the period of observation or between the body regions. In the Wiltshires, fibre growth rate showed extreme variations from a minimum of about 3 mm. during the winter to a maximum of about 12 mm. per 28 days at the end of summer, with significant differences between the three body regions. However, in spite of these differences in the mode of growth, the total length of fibre grown per annum at the midside was approximately the same (10 cm.). Thus, were it not for fibre shedding, the Wiltshire Horn breed would grow a short-wool fleece.

Post-natal growth changes in the fibre cortex and medulla of the new zealand romney and N-type sheep

1959 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet P. Tibbits
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Cortical Area ◽  
Genotypic Effect ◽  
Fibre Area ◽  
Fibre Growth ◽  
Skin Biopsies ◽  
Growth Changes ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between cortical area and fibre area has been examined in the N/N, N/ +, + / +, + /nr and nr/nr genotypes of the New Zealand Romney, using skin biopsies taken at birth, 1, 3 and 16 months of age. The presence of the nr gene was shown to reduce significantly the relative cortical area. Within the genotypes there was an increase in relative cortical area with increasing age and in two-tooth ewes of N/N and N/ + there was an increase in relative cortical area in winter compared to summer.Fibre growth rates in length for primaries and for prenatal and post-natal secondaries were found for lambs between 1 and 3 months and for 16-monthold ewes. In N/N, N/+ and nr/nr primary fibre growth tended to be increased and post-natal secondary fibre growth tended to be decreased relative to + / + values.In both cortical area and fibre growth rate the greatest genotypic effect was shown by the primary fibres.Some estimates of cortical volume have been made by combining the information on cortical area and fibre growth rate and the relationship of these factors to follicle density and mean fibre area has been discussed. Finally, an indication has been given of how the associations of all these four factors might be usefully examined in some British breeds.

scholarly journals Distinct genetic architectures underlie divergent thorax, leg, and wing pigmentation between Drosophila elegans and D. gunungcola

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan H. Massey ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
David L. Stern ◽  
Patricia J. Wittkopp
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Three Body ◽  
Male Specific

AbstractUnderstanding the genetic basis of species differences is a major goal in evolutionary biology. Pigmentation divergence between Drosophila species often involves genetic changes in pigmentation candidate genes that pattern the body and wings, but it remains unclear how these changes affect pigmentation evolution in multiple body parts between the same diverging species. Drosophila elegans and D. gunungcola show pigmentation differences in the thorax, legs, and wings, with D. elegans exhibiting male-specific wing spots and D. gunungcola lacking wing spots with intensely dark thoraces and legs. Here, we performed QTL mapping to identify the genetic architecture of these differences. We find a large effect QTL on the X chromosome for all three body parts. QTL on Muller Element E were found for thorax pigmentation in both backcrosses but were only marginally significant in one backcross for the legs and wings. Consistent with this observation, we isolated the effects of the Muller Element E QTL by introgressing D. gunungcola alleles into a D. elegans genetic background and found that D. gunungcola alleles linked near the pigmentation candidate gene ebony caused intense darkening of the thorax, minimal darkening of legs, and minimal shrinking of wing spots. D. elegans ebony mutants showed changes in pigmentation consistent with Ebony having different effects on pigmentation in different tissues. Our results suggest that multiple genes have evolved differential effects on pigmentation levels in different body regions.

Adaptation of a non-ruminant nutrient-based growth model to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)

2009 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. HUA ◽  
S. BIRKETT ◽  
C. F. M. DE LANGE ◽  
D. P. BUREAU
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Body Lipid ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Wide Range

SUMMARYModels that accurately describe and predict growth and nutrient utilization of fish can be useful in developing strategies to improve the economic and environmental sustainability of aquaculture operations. Current bioenergetics models are not sufficiently flexible to be applied to the wide range of conditions encountered in aquaculture. There is a need to move from bioenergetics approaches to more mechanistic approaches based on nutrient utilization by fish. A non-ruminant nutrient-based growth model has been successfully used in pig production. The model explicitly describes the utilization of energy-yielding nutrients and metabolites for body protein deposition (Pd) and body lipid deposition (Ld) at the whole animal level. Partitioning of intake of energy-yielding nutrients between Pd and Ld is governed by a minimum ratio (minLP) of the body lipid mass (L) to protein mass (P), a maximum daily rate of Pd (PdMax), or maximum efficiency of using intake of the first limiting dietary essential amino acid (AA) for body Pd. The growth model was adapted to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792)) through parameterization and various modifications consistent with its framework. The fish nutrient-based model was evaluated by comparing model simulations with data from various experiments carried out with rainbow trout. Significant discrepancies between model predictions and experimental observations were observed. The model predicted energy retention well but did not always accurately predict growth rate, nor Pd and Ld. Overall, the model underestimated growth rate (expressed as thermal-unit growth coefficient (TGC)) by 37% and Pd by 15% and overestimated Ld by 13%. These discrepancies are probably attributable to differences in nutrient utilization and partitioning mechanisms between fish and pigs. The development of more reliable models requires better understanding of the nutritional and endogenous determinants of fish growth.

A study of some wool traits in two coarse wool breeds and their reciprocal crosses

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Guirgis ◽  
N. T. Kazzal ◽  
M. S. Haddadine ◽  
R. K. Abdallah
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maternal Influence ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Diameter Fibre ◽  
The Mean

SummaryIn a study of two coarse wool breeds (Awassi and Karadi) and their reciprocal crosses, data were obtained on the mean fibre length, mean fibre diameter, fibre type ratio, medullation and on the effect of some environmental factors on these traits. Reciprocal crosses showed intermediate values, in growth rate of fibres, percentages of fibre types and medullation, between those of the parental breeds. Sex exhibited a significant effect at weaning only, on fibre length. Heterosis in fibre length, at the two ages, was small and negative. Maternal influence on fibre length was small and not significant. Fibre length in Karadi sheep showed the highest frequency of bimodal distribution whereas Awassi showed the lowest. Awassi × Karadi was closer to Karadi and Karadi × Awassi had greater affinity to Awassi in the frequency of samples showing bimodal distribution.Reciprocal crosses had larger diameter, at weaning, than those of the parental breeds. At 1 year of age they assumed an intermediate position between the pure bred parents.At weaning, the two reciprocal crosses showed a highly significant heterosis in fibre diameter; its value decreased with advancing age and it showed no significant effect at 1 year of age.Maternal influence on fibre diameter was very small and not significant.Karadi × Awassi and Karadi samples had the highest percentage of samples showing bimodal distribution of fibre diameter.Samples with bimodal distribution of both length and diameter, indicating two coats, had the highest frequency in Karadi followed by Karadi × Awassi; Awassi showed the lowest value.Percentages of fine, coarse and kemp fibres were significantly affected by breed and age of dam. Type of birth showed a significant effect only on percentage of coarse fibres.Karadi wool might be more suitable for carpet manufacturing. It excelled the other groups in the bimodal distribution of both length and diameter as well as in medullation. Cross-breeding increased the bimodality of fibre distribution.

The effect of nutrition on fibre growth in the alpaca

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. F. Russel ◽  
H. L. Redden
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Fibre Growth ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

AbstractTwelve adult male alpacas were given either 0·67 (low) or 2·0 (high) × assumed maintenance requirements for a period of 6 weeks after which time each was transferred to the alternative level of nutrition for a further 6 weeks. Fibre samples were taken from two 10-cm2 areas on the mid-side position of each animal at 2, 6, 8 and 12 weeks, and measurements of fibre weight, yield (clean fibre weight/raw fibre weight), fibre diameter and fibre length made on the samples collected at weeks 6 and 12. The higher level of feeding resulted in higher clean fibre weight (low = 0·42 (s.e. 0·03); high = 0·53 (s.e. 0·04)mg/cm2 per day, P < 0·001) and fibre growth rate (low = 186 (s.e. 10); high = 223 (s.e. 14) yon/day, P < 0·05). Changes in yield (low = 0·917 (s.e. 0·006); high = 0·929 (s.e. 0·009)) and mean fibre diameter (low = 31·4 (s.e. 1·9); high = 32·1 (s.e. 1.6) \xm) were not statistically significant. Calculations showed that the increased weight of fibre attributed to the higher level of nutrition could be explained in terms of the observed increases in fibre-length and diameter but that, unlike the sheep in which the ratio fibre length: diameter remains relatively constant under varying nutritional regimes, the effect of nutrition in the alpaca has a proportionally larger effect on fibre length than on fibre diameter.

Using a bench-top rotor spinning system to measure variation between individual fleeces for predicting yarn and fabric characteristics

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Schlink ◽  
J. C. Greeff ◽  
J. Ehni ◽  
R. Denning
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Rotor Spinning ◽  
Diameter Variation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Diameter Fibre ◽  
Ball Diameter

There is limited information available on variation among individual fleeces in yarn and fabric performance. In this study, 45 mid-side fleece samples (~30 g clean wool) with a wide range in fibre diameter, fibre diameter variation, curvature and felt ball diameter were used to determine whether these fleece characteristics significantly affected yarn and fabric shrinkage, and fabric pilling. Mid-side wool samples ranged from 13.5 to 24.0 µm mean fibre diameter, 46–108°/mm curvature and 22.2–30.2 mm felt ball diameter. Yarn felt shrinkage was significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with fibre diameter (r = –0.52), and total yarn shrinkage (r = 0.99). Fabric felt shrinkage was significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with curvature (r = –0.62), standard deviation of curvature (r = –0.60), and felt ball diameter (r = –0.51). Fibre diameter and curvature accounted for 31% of the variation in yarn felt shrinkage. Standard deviation of curvature and felt ball diameter accounted for 33% of the variation in fabric shrinkage. Fabric pilling was significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with fibre diameter (r = 0.65), with fibre diameter and standard deviation of curvature accounting for 48% of the variation in fabric pilling. These results show that it is possible to predict yarn and fabric shrinkage and fabric pilling outcomes of individual fleeces using raw wool parameters. This study indicates that there is considerable phenotypic variation between individual Merino fleeces in the properties of yarn and fabric produced, suggesting that it is possible to quantitatively select individual sheep directly for yarn and fabric outcomes to improve the consumer performance of woollen fabrics.

scholarly journals Biplot Simulation of Length and Circumference of Different Body Regions of Swamp Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
I Putu Sampurna ◽  
◽  
Tjokorda Sari Nindhia ◽  
Ni Nyoman Werdi Susari ◽  
I Ketut Suatha
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Swamp Buffalo

Background: Biplot simulation using factor analysis with Promax kappa rotation of 90 is used to determine the coordinates of the length and body circumference dimensions of male and female mud buffalo in two-dimensional space. So that it can be known which body dimensions have fast, medium, and slow growth rates, and also to find out at what age male and female buffalo the growth rate is fast or slow. Methods: This study used 3 male and female buffaloes aged 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 months, so that the number of buffalo used was 36. The data obtained were analyzed using Factor Analysis with Promax Kappa 90 rotation. The object coordinates were the coordinates of male and female swamp buffalo aged 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 months, determined based on the Analysis Factor Scores Regression. The location of the coordinates of the length and circumference dimensions and the location of the object coordinates of male and female buffaloes aged 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 months are drawn using a biplot graph. Conclusion: The biplot simulation results show that the body dimensions in quadrant II have the fastest growth rate, namely the length of the horns and the length of the neck, which are body dimensions that are slow to reach adult size. The dimensions of the body in quadrant I are body length, head length, upper and lower neck circumference. While the slow growth rate in quadrant IV indicates that the dimensions of the body are already growing or the growth is not optimal; namely, the length of the ears and the length of the tail have reached adult size. At the same time, the abdominal circumference and chest circumference are due to their growth not being optimal. Based on age and sex, the dimensions of male buffalo's length and body circumference are always greater than that of female buffalo from the age of 10-20 months. The positional distance between male and female buffalo age shows that the older the age, the shorter the distance; this result indicates that the growth rate slows down with increasing age.

Fleece development and wool growth on the Romney lamb

1953 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Follicle Development ◽  
Early Environment ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Means Of Measurement ◽  
Fibre Growth ◽  
Permanent Effect

The extent to which early environment affects wool production of Romney sheep was studied by means of measurement of skin growth, and of fibre numbers and dimensions, of lambs reared to 52 weeks on contrasting planes of nutrition.Measurement of skin growth revealed a series of gradients which generally conformed with growth and development principles. A great degree of individuality among animals in skin growth on various regions was expressed, and it was not possible to prove that plane of nutrition caused differential skin growth among regions.An initial low plane of nutrition had a retarding effect on fleece development and fibre growth, but it could not be decided whether there was a permanent effect on fibre numbers. It seems that this is of little practical importance, since a low plane of nutrition during the major part of the follicle development phase does not appear to impair subsequent unit area production, providing immediate nutrition is good.Examination of fibre attributes, and quantitative fibre growth characteristics on various regions of the body, showed a series of orderly gradients. Large differences existed between the body regions for quantitative production per unit area and this suggests a widely differing nutrient supply of various skin regions.The importance of immediate nutrition is emphasized. It appears that permanent effects of early environment on future productivity take the form of a lesser area on which wool is produced. The efficiency of the processes, apparently, is not affected.

scholarly journals The architecture and structure of alpaca skin (Vicugna pacos): impacts on industry and wool trade

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tais Harumi de Castro Sasahara ◽  
Concepta Margaret McManus ◽  
Luciana Milagros Durand Neira ◽  
Jessica Borghesi ◽  
Marcella Kato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Type I ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Vicugna Pacos ◽  
Collagen Iii ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Skin Biopsies ◽  
Three Body

Abstract Background: Alpacas are reared mainly for fiber extraction, which is a highly valued product in the textile industry. For this reason, this work aims to evaluate the morphological and quantitative aspects of the light and dark alpaca skin of Huacaya and Suri alpacas, comparing the structure and architecture of the scapular, costal and lateral femoral skin. Biopsies were collected from the skin of 12 alpacas from the Pacomarca Experimental Fund, located at Puno - Peru. The samples were weighed and fixed in 10% aqueous formalin solution for histological procedures. The histological sections were stained with Hematoxylin eosin, Picrossirius red and Masson Trichromic and immunostained for types I, III and IV collagen and S100.Results: The derma presented sebaceous and sweat glands, as well as follicular groups with primary and secondary hair follicles. Each follicle had a hair called fiber, some with medulla and some without, but both surrounded by cortex and cuticle. The skin presented similar immunostaining for type I, II and IV and S100. Collagen III was detected only in the derma. The total volume of the skin, derma, follicular groups and sebaceous and sweat glands was estimated by stereology for the three body regions for both Huacaya and Suri alpacas. The total volume of skin (Vref) and total volume of follicular groups (VGF) were different for body regions. Femoral region showed higher values for VGF. Colour and breed were also different for Vref and total volume of derma (VD).Conclusion: Comparing the two breeds the femoral region presented higher fiber production. Dark animals had more derma and it was reported close relationship between total skin volume and their fractions volumes: derma, follicular groups and sweat glands.

scholarly journals Venesection Sites on the Horse in the Veterinary Handbook of al-Nāṣirī

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 567-576
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Kutasi
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Expert Opinion ◽  
Military Training ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Wide Range

The author usually referred to a sal-NāṣirīorIbnal-Mundir (AbūBakrb.Badral-Dīnal-Mundir al-Bayṭārca.A.H.709-741/A.D.1309-1340) composed his handbook on the diseases of horses and the treatments thereof at the request of Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Qalāwūn in the middle of the 14thcentury. Under this Mamluk sultan, he served as a chief veterinarian. A 9th-century work by Ibn AhīḤizām titled Kāmilal-sinā‘tayn served as the basis of l-Nāṣirī’shandbook. As evident from the title of the book, the author offered a summary of a wide range of themes concerning horses, beginning with the important role in the jihad, and proceeding to discuss soft he inbreeds and military training. He compares the equid diseases with human ones, as a structure that allows him to describe their medical treatments as well. The description of venesection sites, of obvious use for practising veterinarians, is featured among the chapters on anatomical structures.Theseventhchapteroftheworkmentionsasmanyas21optional site of bloodletting. Here the text indicates only the silent/non-palpitating blood-vessels” (ġayral-ḍawārib),aconceptthatIsoughttoidentifybyrecoursetomodernveterinary anatomical source sand by consulting the expert opinion of distinguishing the professor of veterinary medicine, Dr Ferenc Szalay(whosehelpIgratefullyacknowledgehere).In the medievalArabiccontext, veins and arteries were not yet defined in a way analogous to modern definitions;inaccordancewithGalen’sandhispredecessors’philosophy, the veins were traced to the liver, and the arteries, to the heart. Veins were thought to carry blood and nutrients to the organs to nourish them, while arteries distribute the innate heat to every part of the body. Al-Nāṣirīclassifiedthebloodsystemasakindoffunctionalanatomy,incontrasttoGalen’s work on bloodletting, which described blood vessels according to the anatomy of the discrete body regions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document