scholarly journals A difference in a transfer function of two horizontal components between the ground level and the borehole at KiK-net Mashiki Station Anisotropy of shear wave propagation in Kyushu area based on seismic interferometry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Motoki ◽  
Kenichi Kato
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Seismic Interferometry ◽  
Polarization Direction ◽  
S Wave ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Kyushu District

Abstract In this study, we evaluated the travel time of S-wave between the vertical array stations based on seismic interferometry, focusing on the difference in transfer function due to two horizontal components at the KiK-net Mashiki station (KMMH16). At that time, we surveyed the differences by back azimuth (BAZ) and the polarization direction of seismic waves. Furthermore, we expanded the survey to all KiK-net stations in the Kyushu district, to confirm whether the phenomena seen at KMMH16 is specific to this location. The result shows that the difference by the polarization direction in the travel time was larger than the difference by the BAZ. This result suggests that the difference in transfer function at KMMH16 were affected by the anisotropy of the S-wave velocity. We evaluated the leading S-wave polarization directions (LSPDs) and the strength of anisotropy (ΔV) for all KiK-net stations in the Kyushu district. The LSPDs roughly correspond to the results of previous studies. The LSPDs in the forearc area are nearly perpendicular to the crustal deformation whereas those in the back-arc area are nearly parallel to it. This characteristic is similar to one found by the previous research in the Tohoku district. We examined the change in anisotropy before and after the Kumamoto earthquake at two stations, KMMH16 and KMMH14 that are located near the source region. The changes in the LSPD and the ΔV before and after the earthquake were not notable. At stations that observed weak anisotropy, transfer functions of two horizontal components show similar shape. At stations that observed strong anisotropy, however, the shape of the transfer function differs greatly, depending on the horizontal direction. This suggests that an evaluation of site amplification using a single velocity model may reduce the reproducibility of ground motions.

scholarly journals A difference in a transfer function of two horizontal components between the ground level and the borehole at KiK-net Mashiki Station Anisotropy of shear wave propagation in Kyushu area based on seismic interferometry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Motoki ◽  
Kenichi Kato
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Seismic Interferometry ◽  
Polarization Direction ◽  
S Wave ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Kyushu District

Abstract In this study, we evaluated the travel time of S-wave between the vertical array stations based on seismic interferometry, focusing on the difference in transfer function due to two horizontal components at the KiK-net Mashiki station (KMMH16). At that time, we surveyed the differences by back azimuth (BAZ) and the polarization direction of seismic waves. Furthermore, we expanded the survey to all KiK-net stations in the Kyushu district, to confirm whether the phenomena seen at KMMH16 is specific to this location. The result shows that the difference by the polarization direction in the travel time was larger than the difference by the BAZ. This result suggests that the difference in transfer function at KMMH16 were affected by the anisotropy of the S-wave velocity. We evaluated the leading S-wave polarization directions (LSPDs) and the strength of anisotropy (ΔV) for all KiK-net stations in the Kyushu district. The LSPDs roughly correspond to the results of previous studies. The LSPDs in the forearc area are nearly perpendicular to the crustal deformation whereas those in the back-arc area are nearly parallel to it. This characteristic is similar to one found by Nakajima and Hasegawa (2008) in the Tohoku district. We examined the change in anisotropy before and after the Kumamoto earthquake at two stations, KMMH16 and KMMH14 that are located near the source region. The changes in the LSPD and the ΔV before and after the earthquake were not notable. At stations that observed weak anisotropy, transfer functions of two horizontal components show similar shape. At stations that observed strong anisotropy, however, the shape of the transfer function differs greatly, depending on the horizontal direction. This suggests that an evaluation of site amplification using a single velocity model may reduce the reproducibility of ground motions.

scholarly journals Algorithmic Study of the Characteristics of Electrocardiograph Signals in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Honger Li ◽  
Lixia Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Wave Amplitude ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
S Wave ◽  
Pr Interval ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Som Algorithm ◽  
The Difference

This work aimed to analyze the electrocardiogram (ECG) characteristics and signal classification of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) diagnosed by coronary angiography, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical adoption of ECG images. 106 patients with CHD who were admitted to the XXX hospital from January 15, 2019, to May 30, 2020, underwent coronary intervention therapy, and their ECG indicators were recorded during the operation. Then, the LetNet-SoM algorithm designed in this work, as well as the traditional algorithms GoogLeNet and SqueezeNet, was applied to the patient’s ECG classification. It was found that part of ECG wave (QRS) and corrected Q-T interval (QTC) of patients after treatment were higher than those before treatment ( P < 0.05 ), but PR interval, RR interval, Tpeak-Tend (TpTe) interval, and QT interval were not substantially different from those before treatment ( P > 0.05 ). The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of LetNet-SoM algorithm for patients with CHD were better than those of traditional algorithms, with evident difference ( P < 0.05 ). The classification time of LetNet-SoM algorithm was lower in contrast to that of traditional algorithms, and the difference was also notable ( P < 0.05 ). The R wave and T wave indicators of patients after treatment were higher than before treatment, with notable difference ( P < 0.05 ). The difference between the patient’s S wave indicator before and after treatment was not statistically significant ( P > 0.05 ). The positive rate of S wave amplitude, QRS, and QTC was 68.15%, 60.52%, and 51.36%, respectively. In short, the LetNet-SoM algorithm designed based on lightweight neural network had excellent performance in classification and diagnosis of ECG, and it had the value of further popularization and application. The ECG signals were important indicators in the diagnosis of CHD, among which the S wave amplitude, QRS, and QTC were the most sensitive ones.

scholarly journals Cross-site investigation on head-related and headphone transfer functions: variabilities in relation to loudness balancing

Acta Acustica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Michael Kohnen ◽  
Florian Denk ◽  
Josep Llorca-Bofi ◽  
Birger Kollmeier ◽  
Michael Vorländer
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Site Investigation ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lower Variability ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Insert Earphones ◽  
High Repeatability ◽  
Cross Site

Headphone transfer function (HpTF) and head-related transfer function (HRTF) measurements are crucial in acoustic science and in binaural virtual acoustic applications. Yet, their measurement set-up, procedure or post-processing is different for nearly every lab, especially for the HRTF measurements. To compare findings between different labs, these measurement deviations have to be quantified alongside with their influence on perceptual aspects. In the scope of a cross-site investigation on loudness balancing between headphone and loudspeaker listening, a set of HpTFs with three different headphones (open, closed, insert earphones) and HRTF close to the eardrum were measured in 14 participants travelling to two different measurement sites at Aachen and Oldenburg. Though set-ups for measuring the HRTF are very different between sites, the gathered HRTFs are quite consistent across them. For the measured HpTFs, across sites the open headphones consistently yield a slightly lower variability in the range from 70 to 5000 Hz than the closed one while the insert earphones exhibit much higher variabilities and a limited range of reproducible results. The difference in loudness balancing across labs could well be predicted by site-specific systematic differences in HpTFs with the exception of 1 kHz narrowband stimulus. This clearly indicates the limits in comparability of HpTFs and loudness balancing across labs and the importance of using headphones with high repeatability like the open ones used in this investigation.

scholarly journals The Influence of Wood Modification on Transfer Function of a Violin Bridge

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-169
Author(s):  
Miran Merhar ◽  
Miha Humar
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Transfer Function ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Wood Modification ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Element Method

The violin bridge is an important component of a violin since it transmits the excitation forces from the string to the violin body. Depending on its structure, at a certain frequency spectrum, the bridge acts as a damper or amplifier of excitation forces, which depends on its transfer function. In the study, transfer functions in the range from 400 Hz to 7000 Hz in vertical directions of 3 bridges were measured. The bridges were made from maple wood and supplied by different manufacturers. The bridges were then thermally modified, and the transfer functions were measured again. To determine the influence of thermal modification on material properties, a sample of maple wood was also modified together with the bridges, and the modulus of elasticity and shear modulus before and after the modification were measured. Using Ansys software, a bridge was modelled by the finite element method, by which natural frequencies and transfer functions before and after the modification were calculated. It can be confirmed from the research that wood modification influences the bridge transfer function and that the finite element method can be used to determine the dynamic properties of the bridge by knowing the wood material properties and, therefore, to predetermine the transfer function of the violin bridge before its production.

Measurements and simulations of compaction effects on the least limiting water range of a no-till Oxisol

Soil Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato P. de Lima ◽  
Thomas Keller ◽  
Neyde B. F. Giarola ◽  
Cassio A. Tormena ◽  
Anderson R. da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Model Soil ◽  
No Till ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Least Limiting Water Range

No-till has many environmental advantages, but concerns are growing about vehicle-induced topsoil compaction limiting crop growth. We performed a wheeling experiment in a long-term no-till field on an Oxisol with sandy loam texture. The objectives were to measure changes in soil bulk density and corresponding impacts on the least limiting water range (LLWR) due to passage of a maize harvester, and to compare bulk density and LLWR measurements with values simulated using the SoilFlex-LLWR soil compaction model. Soil cores were sampled before and after wheeling, for bulk density measurements and to determine LLWR. Simulated increase in bulk density due to vehicle wheeling agreed well with measurements. However, simulated LLWR and its decrease with compaction were inaccurate. This was ascribed to the pedo-transfer function used in SoilFlex-LLWR to estimate LLWR parameters, which was developed based on data from conventionally tilled sugarcane fields, whereas our site was a long-term no-till soil under a wheat/soybean–maize/black oats rotation. Our measurements showed that LLWR was strongly restricted by soil penetration resistance, which was not captured by the pedo-transfer function incorporated in SoilFlex-LLWR. For better prediction of LLWR, we recommend development of specific pedo-transfer functions or of mechanistic models that can be incorporated in SoilFlex-LLWR.

Torsional overtone dispersion from correlations of S waves to SS waves

1974 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-320
Author(s):  
James N. Brune ◽  
Freeman Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Phase Correlation ◽  
Earth Model ◽  
Base Line ◽  
S Wave ◽  
Time Data ◽  
S Waves ◽  
Travel Time Data

abstract This paper presents SH overtone dispersion data obtained by using the phase correlation method of Brune (1964). The data augment the set provided by longer-period spheroidal and toroidal mode data and travel-time data. A major advantage of the phase-correlation method over travel-time data is the elimination, to first order, of source effects and source-region bias. The overtone data are consistent with lower-order spheroidal overtone data indicating a base-line correction of 4.0 ± 0.9 sec to the S-wave travel-time data of Hales and Roberts (1970). These and other fundamental-mode and overtone data, travel-time data, and mass and moment of inertia comprise 497 gross earth data and represent one more step in the march toward a spherically averaged earth model.

Influence of Fuel-Air Mixing on Flame Dynamics of Premixed Swirl Burners

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Bade ◽  
Michael Wagner ◽  
Christoph Hirsch ◽  
Thomas Sattelmayer ◽  
Bruno Schuermans
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Acoustic Oscillation ◽  
Modular System ◽  
Time Behavior ◽  
Flame Dynamics ◽  
Air Mixing ◽  
The Difference

The influence of fuel-air mixing on the flame dynamics of premixed swirl flames is investigated comparing flame transfer functions determined for perfectly premixed (PP) and technically premixed (TP) operation. In PP operation fuel and air are mixed far upstream of the burner so no equivalence ratio fluctuations appear during thermo-acoustic oscillation. In TP operation the fuel is injected in the swirler slots so equivalence ratio fluctuations occur. The employed swirl burner is a modular system that consists of a swirler and a mixing tube with three different lengths. It was investigated in an atmospheric single burner test rig equipped for flame transfer matrix measurements. Flame transfer function data are presented for both the PP and the TP operation for a variation of power at fixed equivalence ratio and a variation of equivalence ratio for constant power. The unforced flame shapes corresponding to these operation points were acquired and analyzed for scaling parameters of the flame response. It was found that a basic frequency scaling can be achieved for both operation modes using the nominal burner velocity and the flame stand-off distance. A detailed comparison of the PP and TP flame transfer functions is performed for the three different mixing tubes at one operation point. Finally the difference between the PP and the TP flame transfer function is presented and discussed. It is shown that the influence of equivalence ratio fluctuations exhibits a generalized delay time behavior.

The extended transfer function model for the simulation of pesticides transport along the unsaturated zone

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marialaura Bancheri ◽  
Antonio Coppola ◽  
Annachiara Colombi ◽  
Angelo Basile
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Unsaturated Zone ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Breakthrough Curves ◽  
Retardation Factor ◽  
Transfer Function Model ◽  
Function Model

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;The scope of this work is to present the extended transfer function model (TFM-ext) that allows to simulate the spatio-temporal distribution of nonpoint-source pollutants, e.g., pesticides, along the unsaturated zone, till the groundwater table depth.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;The model is based on the transfer functions approach, i.e., on the travel time probability density functions (TT pdfs), which describe the leaching behavior in a given soil profile. The strength of the model, despite the important assumptions on time-invariant TT pdfs and steady-state input fluxes, is that it derives the TT pdfs from a physical quantity, i.e., the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function k(&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#952;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;). &amp;#160;Moreover, the model extends the transport process to the generic depth z, where information on hydraulic properties could not be available, assuming a lognormal travel time pdf, whose parameters are scaled according to the generalized transfer function model. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;In the case of reactive solutes, the model considers both the mass decay and the retardation factor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;The TFM-ext was validated in Valle Telesina, a hilly area of around 200 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt;in Italy. Forty-six soil profiles, completely characterized from the hydrological point of view, were used to evaluate the mean travel times and the breakthrough curves at the groundwater depth and then compared with the results of a physically based model, Hydrus 1D. Results gave very high correlation coefficients (above 0.8), a mean absolute error of around 40 days and a percent bias of -16%.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Moreover, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis to evaluate to which parameters the TFM-ext is more sensitive, was performed. Results shown that &lt;/span&gt;&amp;#964; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;anf &amp;#952;&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt; parameters related to the slope of the k(&amp;#952;) are those affecting more the travel time. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;The model was implemented as an operative tool for the specific groundwater vulnerability assessment within the geospatial Decision Support System developed for LANDSUPPORT H2020 project.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Spatial orientation and distribution of reservoir fractures from scattered seismic energy

Geophysics ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. O43-O51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Willis ◽  
Daniel R. Burns ◽  
Rama Rao ◽  
Burke Minsley ◽  
M. Nafi Toksöz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Seismic Energy ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Discrete Systems ◽  
Fractured Reservoir ◽  
Fracture Spacing ◽  
The Difference

We present the details of a new method for determining the reflection and scattering characteristics of seismic energy from subsurface fractured formations. The method is based upon observations we have made from 3D finite-difference modeling of the reflected and scattered seismic energy over discrete systems of vertical fractures. Regularly spaced, discrete vertical fracture corridors impart a coda signature, which is a ringing tail of scattered energy, to any seismic waves which are transmitted through or reflected off of them. This signature varies in amplitude and coherence as a function of several parameters including: (1) the difference in angle between the orientation of the fractures and the acquisition direction, (2) the fracture spacing, (3) the wavelength of the illuminating seismic energy, and (4) the compliance, or stiffness, of the fractures. This coda energy is most coherent when the acquisition direction is parallel to the strike ofthe fractures. It has the largest amplitude when the seismic wavelengths are tuned to the fracture spacing, and when the fractures have low stiffness. Our method uses surface seismic reflection traces to derive a transfer function that quantifies the change in an apparent source wavelet before and after propagating through a fractured interval. The transfer function for an interval with no or low amounts of scattering will be more spikelike and temporally compact. The transfer function for an interval with high scattering will ring and be less temporally compact. When a 3D survey is acquired with a full range of azimuths, the variation in the derived transfer functions allows us to identify subsurface areas with high fracturing and to determine the strike of those fractures. We calibrated the method with model data and then applied it to the Emilio field with a fractured reservoir. The method yielded results which agree with known field measurements and previously published fracture orientations derived from PS anisotropy.

Analytic integration of contrast transfer functions

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 822-823
Author(s):  
Peter Rez
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Transfer Function ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Direction Parallel ◽  
Scattering Angle ◽  
Analytic Integration ◽  
Image Position

In high resolution microscopy the image amplitude is given by the convolution of the specimen exit surface wave function and the microscope objective lens transfer function. This is usually done by multiplying the wave function and the transfer function in reciprocal space and integrating over the effective aperture. For very thin specimens the scattering can be represented by a weak phase object and the amplitude observed in the image plane is1where fe (Θ) is the electron scattering factor, r is a postition variable, Θ a scattering angle and x(Θ) the lens transfer function. x(Θ) is given by2where Cs is the objective lens spherical aberration coefficient, the wavelength, and f the defocus.We shall consider one dimensional scattering that might arise from a cross sectional specimen containing disordered planes of a heavy element stacked in a regular sequence among planes of lighter elements. In a direction parallel to the disordered planes there will be a continuous distribution of scattering angle.

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