scholarly journals Understanding HIV and associated risk factors among religious groups in Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munyaradzi Paul Mapingure ◽  
Zindoga Mukandavire ◽  
Innocent Chingombe ◽  
Diego Cuadros ◽  
Farirai Mutenherwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Risk ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background The influence of religion and belief systems is widely recognized as an important factor in understanding of health risk perception and myths in the general fight against the HIV pandemic. This study compares the understanding of HIV risk factors and utilization of some HIV services among religious groups in Zimbabwe. Methods We conducted secondary data statistical analysis to investigate the understanding of HIV and associated risk factors among religious groups in Zimbabwe using 20015-2016 (ZDHS) data. A ranking procedure was conducted to compare the understanding of HIV risk for different religions. A multivariate stepwise backward elimination method was carried out to explore factors determining understanding of HIV risk after controlling for confounding factors using the most recent ZDHS data (2015-2016). Analysis of the 2010-11, 2005-6 rounds of ZDHS data was also conductedResults The results from the three surveys showed that, in general apostolic sector had low understanding of HIV and associated risk factors compared to other religious groups. Analysis of the 2015-2016 ZDHS data showed that women belonging to the apostolic sector were less likely to know where to get an HIV test odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval, 0.665 (0.503-0.880) and to know that male circumcision reduces HIV transmission OR 0.863 (0.781-0.955). Women from this group had no knowledge that circumcised men can be infected if they do not use condoms OR 0.633 (0.579-0.693), nor that it is possible for a healthy-looking person to have HIV, OR 0.814 (0.719-0.921). They would not buy vegetables from a vendor with HIV OR 0.817 (0.729-0.915) and were less likely to support that HIV positive children should be allowed to attend school with HIV negative children OR 0.804 (0.680-0.950). Similar results were obtained for men in the apostolic sector. These men also did not agree that women were justified to use condoms if the husband has an STI OR 0.851 (0.748-0.967).Conclusions Our results suggest that apostolic sector lack adequate knowledge of HIV and associated risk factors than other religious groups. Targeting HIV prevention programmes by religious groups could be an efficient approach for controlling HIV in Zimbabwe.

scholarly journals Understanding HIV and associated risk factors among religious groups in Zimbabwe

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Munyaradzi Mapingure ◽  
Zindoga Mukandavire ◽  
Innocent Chingombe ◽  
Diego Cuadros ◽  
Farirai Mutenherwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Risk ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background The influence of religion and belief systems is widely recognized as an important factor in understanding of health risk perception and myths in the general fight against the HIV pandemic. This study compares the understanding of HIV risk factors and utilization of some HIV services among religious groups in Zimbabwe. Methods We conducted secondary data statistical analysis to investigate the understanding of HIV and associated risk factors among religious groups in Zimbabwe using 2015–2016 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) data. We began by investigating associations between understanding of HIV and associated risk factors among religious groups. A multivariate stepwise backward elimination method was carried out to explore factors determining understanding of HIV risk after controlling for confounding factors using the most recent ZDHS data (2015–2016). Results The results from the three surveys showed that, in general apostolic sector had low understanding of HIV and associated risk factors compared to other religious groups. Analysis of the 2015–2016 ZDHS data showed that women belonging to the apostolic sector were less likely to know where to get an HIV test odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval, 0.665 (0.503–0.880) and to know that male circumcision reduces HIV transmission OR 0.863 (0.781–0.955). Women from this group had no knowledge that circumcised men can be infected if they do not use condoms OR 0.633 (0.579–0.693), nor that it is possible for a healthy-looking person to have HIV, OR 0.814 (0.719–0.921). They would not buy vegetables from a vendor with HIV OR 0.817 (0.729–0.915) and were less likely to support that HIV positive children should be allowed to attend school with HIV negative children OR 0.804 (0.680–0.950). Similar results were obtained for men in the apostolic sector. These men also did not agree that women were justified to use condoms if the husband has an Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) OR 0.851 (0.748–0.967). Conclusions Our results suggest that apostolic sector lack adequate knowledge of HIV and associated risk factors than other religious groups. Targeting HIV prevention programmes by religious groups could be an efficient approach for controlling HIV in Zimbabwe.

scholarly journals Understanding HIV and Associated Risk Factors Among Religious Groups in Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munyaradzi Paul Mapingure ◽  
Zindoga Mukandavire ◽  
Innocent Chingombe ◽  
Diego Cuadros ◽  
Farirai Mutenherwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Hiv Risk ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Risk Factors

Abstract BackgroundThe influence of religion and belief systems is widely recognized as an important factor in understanding of health risk perception and myths in the general fight against the HIV pandemic. This study compares the understanding of HIV risk factors and utilization of some HIV services among religious groups in Zimbabwe Methods: We conducted statistical analysis to investigate the understanding of HIV and associated risk factors among religious groups in Zimbabwe using Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) data.MethodsWe conducted statistical analysis to investigate the understanding of HIV and associated risk factors among religious groups in Zimbabwe using 20015-2016 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) data. We began by investigating on associations explaining of HIV risk factors among religious groups. A ranking procedure was conducted to compare the understanding of HIV risk for different religions. A multivariate stepwise backward elimination method was carried out to explore on factors determining understanding of HIV risk after controlling for confounding factors using the most recent ZDHS data (2015-2016). Analysis of the 2010-11, 2005-6 rounds of ZDHS data was also conductedResultsThe results from the three surveys showed that, in general apostolic sector had low understanding of HIV risk factors compared to other religious groups. Analysis of the 2015-2016 ZDHS data showed that women belonging to the apostolic sector were less likely to know where to get an HIV test odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval, 0.665 (0.503-0.880) and to know that male circumcision reduces HIV transmission OR 0.863 (0.781-0.955). Women from this group did not know that circumcised men can be infected if they do not use condoms OR 0.633 (0.579-0.693), nor that it is possible for a healthy-looking person to have HIV, OR 0.814 (0.719-0.921). They would not buy vegetables from a vendor with HIV OR 0.817 (0.729-0.915) and were less likely to support that HIV positive children should be allowed to attend school with HIV negative children OR 0.804 (0.680-0.950). Similar results were obtained for men in the apostolic sector. These men also did not agree that women were justified to use condoms if the husband has an STI OR 0.851 (0.748-0.967).Conclusions: Our results suggest that apostolic sector lack adequate knowledge of HIV and associated risk factors than other religious groups. Targeting HIV prevention programmes by religious groups could be an efficient approach for controlling HIV in Zimbabwe.

Identifying risk factors for HIV-positive test results in walk-in and hospitalized patients in a Mexico City HIV clinic: a descriptive study

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-576
Author(s):  
Ester Gutiérrez-Velilla ◽  
Francisco J Quezada-Juárez ◽  
Ivonne N Pérez-Sánchez ◽  
Maria C Iglesias ◽  
Gustavo Reyes-Terán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Hiv Risk ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
City Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Hiv Risk Factors

The objective of this study was to analyze risk factors for HIV-positive tests in walk-in users and in hospitalized patients in a Mexico City hospital. We undertook a cross-sectional study based on routine HIV testing and counseling service data in adults undergoing an HIV test from January 2015 to July 2017. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine risk factors for walk-in and hospitalized patients. The results showed that 2040 people tested during the period; hospitalized patients were more likely to test HIV-positive than walk-in users (18 versus 15%; p < 0.05). HIV risk factors for hospitalized patients included being men who have sex with men (MSM) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 7.2, 95% CI 2.0–26.5), divorced (aOR 4.4, 95% CI 1.3–14.4), having 3–5 lifetime sexual partners (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.0–7.4), and being in the emergency room (aOR 3.6, 95% CI 1.1–11.3), intensive care (aOR 27.2, 95% CI 3.4–217.2), or clinical pneumology wards (aOR 33.4, 95% CI 9.7–115.2). In the walk-in group, HIV risk factors included being male (aOR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3–5.9), being MSM (aOR 4.3, 95% CI 2.0–9.5), having sex while using drugs (aOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3–4.0), being referred by a physician for testing (aOR 3.2, 95% CI 1.6–6.3), and perceiving oneself at risk (aOR 3.8, 95% CI 2.3–6.3). Differential risk factors found among hospitalized patients and walk-in testers can be helpful in designing better HIV testing strategies to increase early diagnosis and linkage to care.

scholarly journals Pajanan Kebisingan dan Hipertensi di Kalangan Pekerja Pelabuhan

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddy Harianto ◽  
Hadi Pratomo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Disease Condition ◽  
Secondary Data Source ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Port Health

Penyakit kardiovaskular menempati urutan ke-4 atau 15% dari penyebab kematian yang berhubungan dengan pekerjaan. Hipertensi yang merupakan salah satu penyakit pembuluh darah, dikenal sebagai silent killer karena sering tidak menimbulkan gejala. Sebagian besar penderita hipertensi di Indonesia tidak terdeteksi, sementara mereka yang terdeteksi umumnya tidak menyadari kondisi penyakitnya dan hanya sebagian kecil yang berobat secara teratur. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui prevalensi hipertensi pada pekerja pelabuhan di wilayah kerja Kantor Kesehatan Pelabuhan Kelas II Tarakan serta faktor-faktor risiko yang berpengaruh. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah potong lintang; subjek diperoleh dari hasil survei penyakit tidak menular tahun 2011 oleh Kantor Kesehatan Pelabuhan Tarakan. Subjek yang terkumpul adalah 361 pekerja. Nilai pengukuran tekanan darah menggunakan nilai baku dari JNC VII tahun 2003. Prevalensi hipertensi ditemukan lebih rendah daripada angka nasional dan provinsi, yaitu 21,88%. Pajanan kebisingan dikaitkan dengan usia, riwayat keluarga hipertensi, stres, indeks massa tubuh dan berhubungan dengan hipertensi.Cardiovascular disease range ranks fourth or 15 % of the causes of death related to job. Hipertension is one of cardiovascular disease thet is known as silent killer because of lack of simptom. Most of hypertension patients in Indonesia are not detected, while they are whose detected do not conscious their disease condition and only little who get the treatment regularly. The objective of this study was to know the prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among harbor worker at Port Health Office Class II of Tarakan with it’s associated risk factors. The study design used was crosssectional. The study used secondary data source of noncommunicable disease survey, 2011 at Port Health Office of Tarakan. The subjects were 361 workers. Value of blood pressure measurement using the raw value of the JNC VII IN 2003. The prevalence of hypertension were found lower than national and province indicator score, 21,88%. Noise exposure is associated with hypertension together with age, family hypertension history, stress, body mass index.

scholarly journals Validation of HIV Risk Screening Tool to Identify Infected Adults and Adolescents >14 years at Community Level

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kesetebirhan Delele Yirdaw ◽  
Justin Mandala
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Hiv Risk ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Risk Assessment Tools ◽  
Hiv Risk Assessment ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Conventional Risk Factors

Abstract Background There are a number of risk factors being used to identify undiagnosed HIV infected adults. As the number of undiagnosed people gets lesser and lesser, it is important to know if existing risk factors and risk assessment tools are valid for use. In this study, we validate existing HIV risk assessment tools and see if they are worth using for HIV case finding among adults who remain undiagnosed. Methods The Tanzania and Zambia Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment (PHIA) household surveys were conducted during 2016. We used adult interview and HIV datasets to assess validity of different HIV risk assessment tools. We first included 12 risk factors (being divorced, separated or widowed (DSW); having an HIV+ spouse; having one of the following within 12 months of the survey: paid work, slept away from home for at least a month, had multiple sexual partners, paid for sex, had sexually transmitted infection (STI), being a tuberculosis (TB) suspect, being very sick for at least 3 months; had ever sold sex; diagnosed with cervical cancer; and had TB disease into a risk assessment tool and assessed its validity by comparing it against HIV test result. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of the tool were assessed against the HIV test result. A receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted to determine a suitable cut-off score in order to have a tool with better sensitivity, specificity, and PPV. ROC comparison statistics was used to statistically test equality between AUC (area under the curve) of the different scores. ROC comparison statistics was also used to determine which risk assessment tool was better compared to the tool that contained all risk factors. Results Of 14,820 study participants, 57.8% were men, and had a median age of 30 (IQR: 21-24). HIV prevalence was 2.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.0-2.6). For the tool containing all risk factors, HIV prevalence was 1.0% when none of the risk factors were positive (Score 0) compared to 3.2% when at least one factor (Score ≥1) was present and 8.0% when ≥4 risk factors were present. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 82.3% (78.6%-85.9%), 41.9% (41.1%-42.7%), 3.2% (2.8%-3.6%), and 99.0% (98.8%-99.3%), respectively. The use of a tool containing conventional risk factors (all except those related with working and sleeping away) was found to have higher AUC compared to the use of all risk factors (p value <0.001), with corresponding sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 63.5% (58.9%-68.1%), 66.2% (65.5%-67.0%), 4.2% (3.6%-4.8%), and 98.7% (98.5%-98.9%), respectively. Conclusion Use of a screening tool containing conventional risk factors improved HIV testing yield compared to doing universal testing. Prioritizing people who fulfil multiple risk factors should be explored further to improve HIV testing yield.

scholarly journals Lethality rate in children with meningitis in 2019 and associated risk factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thayane Araújo Lima ◽  
Cláudio Brandão dos Santos Filho
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
Meningitis In Children ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Group Sex ◽  
Scarcity Of Resources ◽  
Semi Arid

Background: Early diagnosis, identification of the pathogen and time until the start of adequate antibiotic therapy are important variables that improve the clinical outcomes of meningitis in children. However, even with an early approach and adequate treatment with effective antibiotics, death and neurological sequelae may occur as a result of the infection. Objectives: Determine the lethality rate of meningitis among children aged 0 to 9 years and define the factors associated with mortality. Design and setting: Case-control study based on secondary data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). Methods: It covers the notifications registered in 2019 and includes the variables: deaths, age group, sex, residence in the Legal Amazon or in the Semi-Arid. Statistical analysis - Odds-Ratio (OR) - was performed using Microsoft Excel for Windows®. Results: The deaths of children due to meningitis, in the studied period, totaled 316, which corresponds to a lethality rate of 4.2%. The associated risk factors were: residence in the Legal Amazon (OR = 3.7) and in the Semi-Arid (OR = 2.2). The age group (OR = 1.6) and sex (OR = 1.0) were not associated with death from meningitis. Conclusions: Reside in the Legal Amazon and the Semi-Arid are risk factors justified by the scarcity of resources and the isolation of these regions, resulting in precarious and more delayed health care. This factor culminates in deaths due to the need for early intervention and treatment of meningitis. The low educational rates found in these areas, culminates in poor access to information regarding the importance of vaccination.

scholarly journals Investigation of an extensive outbreak of HIV infection among children in Sindh, Pakistan: protocol for a matched case–control study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e036723
Author(s):  
Amna R Siddiqui ◽  
Apsara Ali Nathwani ◽  
Syed H Abidi ◽  
Syed Faisal Mahmood ◽  
Iqbal Azam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

IntroductionIn April 2019, 14 children were diagnosed with HIV infection by a private healthcare provider in Larkana district, Sindh province, Pakistan. Over the next 3 months, 930 individuals were diagnosed with HIV, >80% below 16 years, the largest ever outbreak of HIV in children in Pakistan. In this protocol paper, we describe research methods for assessing likely modes of HIV transmission in this outbreak and investigate spatial and molecular epidemiology.Methods and analysisA matched case–control study will be conducted with 406 cases recruited. Cases will be children aged below 16 years registered for care at the HIV treatment centre at Shaikh Zayed Children Hospital in Larkana City. Controls will be children who are HIV-uninfected (confirmed by a rapid HIV test) matched 1:1 by age (within 1 year), sex and neighbourhood. Following written informed consent from the guardian, a structured questionnaire will be administered to collect data on sociodemographic indices and exposure to risk factors for parenteral, vertical and sexual (only among those aged above 10 years) HIV transmission. A blood sample will be collected for hepatitis B and C serology (cases and controls) and HIV lineage studies (cases only). Mothers of participants will be tested for HIV to investigate the possibility of mother-to-child transmission. Conditional logistic regression will be used to investigate the association of a priori defined risk factors with HIV infection. Phylogenetic analyses will be conducted. Global positioning system coordinates of participants’ addresses will be collected to investigate concordance between the genetic and spatial epidemiology.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was granted by the Ethics Review Committee of the Aga Khan University, Karachi. Study results will be shared with Sindh and National AIDS Control Programs, relevant governmental and non-governmental organisations, presented at national and international research conferences and published in international peer-reviewed scientific journals.

A New Era of HIV Risk: It's Not What You Know, It's Who You Know (and How Infectious)

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 673-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Cortopassi ◽  
Redd Driver ◽  
Lisa A. Eaton ◽  
Seth C. Kalichman
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Hiv Risk ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Sexual Relationships ◽  
Treatment As Prevention ◽  
New Era ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Hiv Treatment As Prevention

HIV is transmitted in social and sexual relationships, and HIV transmission risks, as well as protective actions, are evolving as HIV epidemics unfold. The current focus of HIV prevention is centered on antiretroviral medications used to reduce HIV infectiousness in persons already infected with HIV [treatment as prevention (TasP)]. The same medications used to treat infected persons can also be used by uninfected persons as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to reduce the infectivity of HIV. Both PrEP and TasP are effective when adherence is high and individuals do not have co-occurring sexually transmitted infections. HIV prevention is most effective and efficient when delivered within sexual networks with high HIV prevalence. Specific network characteristics are recognized as important facilitators of HIV transmission; these characteristics include the degree of similarity among network members (homophily), gender role norms, and belief systems. Since 2011, HIV risk has been redefined based on infectiousness and infectivity, ushering in a new era of HIV prevention with the potential to end HIV epidemics.

scholarly journals Barbershops as Venues to Assess and Intervene in HIV/STI Risk Among Young, Heterosexual African American Men

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 368-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian Lucas Baker ◽  
Bridgette Brawner ◽  
Julie A. Cederbaum ◽  
Shawn White ◽  
Zupenda M. Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
African American ◽  
Condom Use ◽  
Hiv Risk ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
African American Men ◽  
Inconsistent Condom ◽  
Multiple Sexual Partners ◽  
Contextual Risk ◽  
Concurrent Sexual Partnerships

African Americans, particularly men, are disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic. Inconsistent condom use and concurrent sexual partnerships are risk factors; there is limited investigation on how these factors influence HIV risk engagement in young, heterosexual, African American men. To identify contextual risk factors that place young men (18-24 years) at risk for HIV infection, one focus group was conducted with 13 men, and questionnaires were administered to 48 men. Participants were 18 to 24 years old and were recruited from local barbershops. The majority engaged in noncondom use (83%) and had multiple sexual partners (64%). Qualitative themes revealed noncondom use “when in the moment” and enhanced condom use with casual partners. This study provided an understanding of participants’ attitudes, intentions, and behaviors as they related to HIV risk and revealed the need for culturally relevant, theory-based HIV prevention programs to reduce HIV transmission among this population.

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