scholarly journals Antimicrobials in chicken commercial feeds in Vietnam: a three-year longitudinal study before a nationwide ban of growth promoters

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Van Cuong ◽  
Bach Tuan Kiet ◽  
Bo Ve Hien ◽  
Bao Dinh Truong ◽  
Doan Hoang Phu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Commercial Feeds

Abstract BackgroundAntimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) are included in commercial animal feed rations in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We measured antimicrobial use (AMU) in commercial feed products consumed by 338 small-scale chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, before a nation-wide ban on AGPs which is to be introduced over the coming three years. We reviewed the labels of commercial feeds and calculated amounts of antimicrobial active ingredients (AAIs) given to flocks. We framed these results in the context of overall AMU in chicken production, and highlighted those products that did not comply with Government regulations. ResultsThirty five of 99 different antimicrobial-containing feed products (35.3%) included at least one AAI. Eight different AAIs (avilamycin, bacitracin, chlortetracycline, colistin, enramycin, flavomycin, oxytetracycline, virginamycin) belonging to 5 classes were identified. Brooding feeds contained antimicrobials the most (51.2%), followed by grower (34.6%) and finisher feeds (12.5%). The average amount of AAIs given to flocks per kg of chicken at consumption time was 84.8 (SEM ±9.3mg). Quantitatively, chlortetracycline was consumed most (42.2mg/kg SEM ±0.34; 50.0% of total use), followed by enramycin (18.4mg SEM ±0.03, 21.8%) and bacitracin (16.4mg SEM ±0.20, 19.4%). Antimicrobials in commercial feeds were more commonly given to flocks in the earlier part of the production cycle. A total of 10 (9.3%) products were not compliant with existing Vietnamese regulation (06/2016/TT-BNNPTNT) either because they included a non-authorised AAI (4), had AAIs over the permitted limits (4), or both (2). Conclusions and recommendationSome commercial feed formulations examined included colistin (polymyxin E), a critically important antimicrobial of highest priority for human medicine. A tenth of the formulations examined did not comply with Government regulations. We estimated that consumption of AGPs in feed represented ~10% of total AMU in chicken production. We advocate for restrictions on AMU in chicken production that go beyond phased bans on AGPs. Furthermore, these steps could be bolder and implemented without unnecessary delay. Results from this study should help encourage discussion about policies on AGPs in LMICs.

scholarly journals Antimicrobials in Chicken Commercial Feeds in Vietnam: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study Before A Nationwide Ban of Growth Promoters

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carrique-Mas ◽  
Nguyen Van Cuong ◽  
Bach Tuan Kiet ◽  
Bo Ve Hien ◽  
Bao Dinh Truong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Commercial Feeds ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Background Antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) are included in commercial animal feed rations in many low- and middle-income countries. We measured antimicrobial use (AMU) in commercial feed products consumed by 338 small-scale chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, before a nation-wide ban on AGPs which is to be phased in over the coming three years. We reviewed the labels of commercial feeds and calculated amounts of antimicrobial active ingredients (AAIs) given to flocks, highlighting those that did not comply with Government regulations.Results Thirty five of 99 different antimicrobial-containing feed products (35.3%) included at least one AAI. Eight different AAIs (avilamycin, bacitracin, chlortetracycline, colistin, enramycin, flavomycin, oxytetracycline, virginamycin) belonging to 5 classes were identified. Brooding feeds contained antimicrobials the most (51.2%), followed by grower (34.6%) and finisher feeds (12.5%). The average amount of AAIs given to flocks per kg of chicken at consumption time was 84.8 (SEM ± 9.3 mg). Quantitatively, chlortetracycline was consumed most (42.2 mg/kg SEM ± 0.34; 50.0% of total use), followed by enramycin (18.4 mg SEM ± 0.03, 21.8%) and bacitracin (16.4 mg SEM ± 0.20, 19.4%). Antimicrobials in commercial feeds were more commonly given to flocks in the earlier part of the production cycle. A total of 10 (9.3%) products were not compliant with existing Vietnamese regulation (06/2016/TT-BNNPTNT) either because they included a non-authorised AAI (4), had AAIs over the permitted limits (4), or both (2).Conclusions and recommendation We found a discrepancy between current legislation and the types and quantities of AGPs found in chicken feeds; this may be a challenge in coming years when the full ban is implemented, and would require that the authorities step up monitoring efforts. Results from this study should encourage discussion about policies on AGPs in low- and middle-income countries.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial use through consumption of medicated feeds in chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam: A three-year study before a ban on antimicrobial growth promoters

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250082
Author(s):  
Nguyen Van Cuong ◽  
Bach Tuan Kiet ◽  
Vo Be Hien ◽  
Bao Dinh Truong ◽  
Doan Hoang Phu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Commercial Feeds ◽  
Medicated Feeds

Antimicrobials are included in commercial animal feed rations in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We measured antimicrobial use (AMU) in commercial feed products consumed by 338 small-scale chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, before a gradual nationwide ban on prophylactic use of antimicrobials (including in commercial feeds) to be introduced in the country over the coming five years. We inspected the labels of commercial feeds and calculated amounts of antimicrobial active ingredients (AAIs) given to flocks. We framed these results in the context of overall AMU in chicken production, and highlighted those products that did not comply with Government regulations. Thirty-five of 99 (35.3%) different antimicrobial-containing feed products included at least one AAI. Eight different AAIs (avilamycin, bacitracin, chlortetracycline, colistin, enramycin, flavomycin, oxytetracycline, virginamycin) belonging to five classes were identified. Brooding feeds contained antimicrobials the most (60.0%), followed by grower (40.9%) and finisher feeds (20.0%). Quantitatively, chlortetracycline was consumed most (42.2 mg/kg SEM ±0.34; 50.0% of total use), followed by enramycin (18.4 mg/kg SEM ±0.03, 21.8%), bacitracin (16.4 mg/kg SEM ±0.20, 19.4%) and colistin (6.40 mg/kg SEM ± 4.21;7.6%). Other antimicrobials consumed were virgianamycin, avilamycin, flavomycin and oxytetracycline (each ≤0.50 mg/kg). Antimicrobials in commercial feeds were more commonly given to flocks in the earlier part of the production cycle. A total of 10 (9.3%) products were not compliant with existing Vietnamese regulation (06/2016/TT-BNNPTNT) either because they included a non-authorised AAI (4), had AAIs over the permitted limits (4), or both (2). A number of commercial feed formulations examined included colistin (polymyxin E), a critically important antimicrobial of highest priority for human medicine. These results illustrate the challenges for effective implementation and enforcement of restrictions of antimicrobials in commercial feeds in LMICs. Results from this study should help encourage discussion about policies on medicated feeds in LMICs.

scholarly journals Small-scale commercial chicken production: A risky business for farmers in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Truong Dinh Bao ◽  
Nguyen Van Cuong ◽  
Hoang Doan Phu ◽  
Nguyen Thi Thuy Dung ◽  
Bach Tuan Kiet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Flock Size ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Native Chicken ◽  
Limited Experience ◽  
Commercial Chicken

ABSTRACTSmall-scale farming of meat chicken flocks using local native breeds contributes to the economy of many rural livelihoods in Vietnam and many other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). These systems are also the target of high levels of antimicrobial use (AMU); however little is known about the profitability and sustainability of such systems. Since small scale farms are commercial enterprises, this knowledge is essential in order to develop successful strategies aimed at curbing excessive AMU. Using longitudinal data from 203 randomly selected small-scale (100-2,000 chickens) native chicken flocks raised in 102 farms in Dong Thap province (Mekong Delta, Vietnam), we investigated the financial and economic parameters of such systems and the main constraints to their sustainability. Feed accounted for the largest financial cost (flock median 49.5% [Inter-quartile range (IQR) 41.5-61.8%]) of total costs, followed by day-old-chicks (DOCs) (median 30.3% [IQR 23.2-38.4%]), non-antimicrobial health-supporting products (median 7.1% [IQR 4.7-10.5%]), vaccines (median 3.1% [IQR 2.2-4.8%]), equipment (median 1.9% [IQR 0.0-4.9%]) and antimicrobials (median 1.9% [IQR 0.7-3.6%]). Excluding labor costs, farmers achieved a positive return on investment (ROI) from 120 (59.1%) flocks, the remainder generated a loss (median ROI 124% [IQR 36-206%]). Higher ROI was associated with higher flock size and low mortality. There was no statistical association between use of medicated feed and flock mortality or chicken bodyweight. The median daily income per person dedicated to raising chickens was 202,100 VND, lower than alternative rural labour activities in the Mekong Delta. In a large proportion of farms (33.4%), farmers decided to stop raising chickens after completing one cycle. Farmers who dropped off chicken production purchased more expensive feed (in 1,000 VND per kg) (11.1 [10.6-11.5] vs. 10.8 [10.4-11.3] for farms that continued production (p=0.039) and experienced higher chicken mortality (28.5% [12.0-79.0%] vs. 16 [7.5-33.0%] (p=0.004). The turnover of farmers raising chickens in such systems represents a challenge in targeting messages on appropriate AMU and on chicken health. In order to ensure sustainability of small-scale commercial systems, advisory services need to be available as farmer initiate new flocks, and support them in the early stages to help overcome their limited experience and skills. This targeted approach would support profitability whilst reducing risk of emergence of AMR and other disease problems from these systems.

scholarly journals Reducing Antimicrobial Usage in Small-Scale Chicken Farms in Vietnam: A 3-Year Intervention Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doan Hoang Phu ◽  
Nguyen Van Cuong ◽  
Dinh Bao Truong ◽  
Bach Tuan Kiet ◽  
Vo Be Hien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Study ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Intervention Phase ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Before And After

Indiscriminate antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal production is a driver of antimicrobial resistance globally. There is a need to define sustainable interventions to reduce AMU in small-scale production systems, which currently represent the most widespread farming systems in South East Asia and many low- and middle-income countries. We conducted a before-and-after intervention study on a random sample of small-scale chicken farms in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam from 2016 to 2019. The study included a baseline followed by an intervention phase where farmers were provided with regular veterinary advice on flock health and husbandry, as well as antimicrobial replacement products. Of 102 recruited farms (raising >100 chickens per flock cycle), thirty-five (34.2%) entered the intervention phase, whilst the rest stopped raising chickens, mainly due to suboptimal flock performance. Through the implementation of our intervention, chicken flocks reduced levels of AMU by 66% [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.34; p = 0.002) from a baseline of 343.4 Animal Daily Doses per 1,000 chicken-days and decreased weekly mortality by 40% (adjusted HR = 0.60; p = 0.005) from a baseline mortality of 1.60 per 100 birds. Chicken bodyweight increased by 100 g (p = 0.002) in intervention flocks. Our findings demonstrate that the provision of veterinary advice can achieve substantial reductions in AMU in small-scale production systems without compromising flock health and productivity.

scholarly journals Reducing antimicrobial usage in small-scale chicken farms in Vietnam: A three-year intervention study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doan Hoang Phu ◽  
Nguyen Van Cuong ◽  
Dinh Bao Truong ◽  
Bach Tuan Kiet ◽  
Vo Be Hien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Random Sample ◽  
Intervention Study ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Intervention Phase ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Before And After

AbstractIndiscriminate antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal production is a driver of antimicrobial resistance globally, with a need to define sustainable AMU-reducing interventions in small-scale farms typical of low- and middle-income countries. We conducted a before-and-after intervention study on a random sample of small-scale chicken farms in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta from 2016 to 2019. A baseline was established before providing farms (n=102) with veterinary advice on chicken health and husbandry, and antimicrobial replacement products. Thirty-five (34.2%) farms entered the intervention phase; the remainder no longer continued raising chickens. The intervention reduced AMU (−66%) (hazard ratio [HR]=0.34; p=0.002) (baseline 343.4 Animal Daily Doses per 1,000 chicken-days) and mortality (−40%) (HR=0.60; p=0.005) (weekly baseline 1.60 per 100). Chicken bodyweight increased by 100g (p=0.002) in intervention flocks. Our findings demonstrate that in the Vietnamese context, AMU can be substantially reduced in small-scale chicken farms without compromising flock health by providing veterinary advice.

Performance of Small-Scale Irrigation Schemes Under Climate Change in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2018 ◽  
pp. 33-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Muhoyi ◽  
Josue Mbonigaba
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Irrigation Performance ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Agricultural Performance ◽  
Small Scale Irrigation

Small-scale irrigation schemes (SSIS) in developing countries have been crucial, but the evidence about their performance has not been sufficiently analyzed. This chapter documents such evidence by reviewing and classifying the performance indicators. It also assesses literature on whether there are discernible trends in the efficiency of SSIS, identifies and classifies SSIS constraints, and characterizes various channels through which SSIS might affect poverty. Objectives are achieved via a systematic review of literature from 1990 to 2017. Results indicate a lack of standardization of irrigation performance indicators, and there is evidence that irrigation has boosted agricultural performance. Even though SSIS were associated with higher productivity than rain-fed agriculture, they performed below their full potential due to undervaluation of irrigation water by irrigation authorities, farmer characteristics, costs, institutional setups, the policy environment, and design, cultural, community, and environmental issues. SSIS are important tools for poverty reduction, and relevant policy implications are outlined.

scholarly journals Older People, Mobility and Transport in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Review of the Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 6157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Gorman ◽  
Sion Jones ◽  
Jeffrey Turner
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Older populations are rising globally, which in high-income countries has helped to generate a growing literature on the impact of ageing on travel requirements and transport policy. This article aims to provide an initial assessment of the state of knowledge on the impact on transportation policy and usage of the increasing numbers of older people in low- and middle-income countries (LAMICs), through a review of the literature relating to older people and transportation. As both the academic and policy/practice-related literature specifically addressing ageing and transport in LAMICs is limited, the study looks beyond transportation to assess the state of knowledge regarding the ways in which older people’s mobility is affected by issues, such as health, well-being, social (dis)engagement and gender. We find significant knowledge gaps, resulting in an evidence base to support the implementation of policy is lacking. Most research in low-income countries (LICs) is either broad quantitative analysis based on national survey data or small-scale qualitative studies. We conclude that, although study of the differing contexts of ageing in LAMICs as they relate to older people’s mobilities and transport use has barely begun, institutions which both make and influence policymaking recognise the existence of significant knowledge gaps. This should provide the context in which research agendas can be established.

scholarly journals Awareness and utilization of personal protective equipment among small-scale welders in Cross River State, Nigeria: a descriptive cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ekpereonne Esu ◽  
Utibeabasi Ekanem
Keyword(s):  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Objective: Rapid urbanization and industrialization in the many low- and middle-income countries means that there is a growing demand for the welding industry. Previous studies in Nigeria, and other low- and middle-income countries have reported a significant discrepancy between awareness and consistent and appropriate use of personal protective equipment (PPE). This study assessed the awareness and utilization of PPE among small-scale welders in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria. Methods: This study was conducted in Calabar South Local Government Area using a descriptive cross-sectional design. Data collection was with an interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire, and an observation checklist was used to monitor the use of PPE among small-scale welders. Results:  One hundred and sixteen small-scale welders were surveyed with a mean age of 34.9 ±9.1 years. Almost 90% of respondents had completed at least primary education. Eighty-one respondents (69.8%) were aware of PPE. Three-quarters of respondents (61/81) knew PPE protected the user from injury. The most frequently identified type of welding PPE among the respondents aware of PPE, were safety goggles (38.3%), hand gloves (25.9%), safety boots (19.8%), and coveralls (9.9%). 83.6% had access to PPE at work. However, only 14.4% reported using PPE consistently. Observation revealed that the PPE most frequently used, sunglasses, were not the recommended welding goggles. Conclusion:  The low utilization of PPE calls for stricter enforcement of occupational health and safety regulations among welders in the informal sector, including implementing PPE awareness programs.

scholarly journals Capturing economic and social value from hydrocarbon gas flaring and venting: solutions and actions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Romsom ◽  
Kathryn McPhail
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Gas Flaring ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Diamond Model ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gas

This second paper on hydrocarbon gas flaring and venting builds on our first, which evaluated the economic and social cost (SCAR) of wasted natural gas. These emissions must be reduced urgently for natural gas to meet its potential as an energy-transition fuel under the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and to improve air quality and health. Wide-ranging initiatives and solutions exist already; the selection of the most suitable ones is situation-dependent. We present solutions and actions in a four-point (‘Diamond’) model involving: (1) measurement of chemicals emitted, (2) accountability and transparency of emissions through disclosure and reporting, (3) economic deployment of technologies for (small-scale) gas monetization, and (4) an ‘all-of-government’ approach to regulation and fiscal measures. Combining these actions in an integrated framework can end routine flaring and venting in many oil and gas developments. This is particularly important for low- and middle-income countries: satellite data since 2005 show that 85 per cent of total gas flared is in developing countries. Satellite data in 2017 identified location and amount of natural gas burned for 10,828 individual flares in 94 countries. Particular focus is needed to improve flare quality and capture natural gas from the 1 per cent ‘super-emitter’ flares responsible for 23 per cent of global natural gas flared.

scholarly journals Veterinary Drug Shops as Main Sources of Supply and Advice on Antimicrobials for Animal Use in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

Antibiotics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doan Hoang Phu ◽  
Vu Thi Quynh Giao ◽  
Dinh Bao Truong ◽  
Nguyen Van Cuong ◽  
Bach Tuan Kiet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Veterinary Drug ◽  
Drug Shop ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Median Distance ◽  
Drug Shops ◽  
Animal Use ◽  
N 93

In the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, small-scale poultry farmers use large amounts of antimicrobials to raise their flocks, and veterinary drug shops owners and their staff are a key source of advice to farmers on antimicrobial use (AMU). We described the network of veterinary drug shops (n = 93) in two districts within Dong Thap province (Mekong Delta). We also interviewed a randomly selected sample of chicken farmers (n = 96) and described their linkages with veterinary drug shops. Antimicrobials represented 15.0% [inter quartile range (IQR) 6.0–25.0] of the shops’ income. Fifty-seven percent shop owners had been/were affiliated to the veterinary authority, 57% provided diagnostic services. The median number of drug shops supplying antimicrobials to each farm during one production cycle was 2 [IQR 1–2]. Visited shops were located within a median distance of 3.96 km [IQR 1.98–5.85] to farms. Drug shops owned by persons affiliated to the veterinary authority that did not provide diagnostic services had a higher fraction of their income consisting of antimicrobial sales (β = 1.913; p < 0.001). These results suggest that interventions targeting veterinary drug shop owners and their staff aiming at improving their knowledge base on livestock/poultry diseases and their diagnosis may contribute to reducing overall levels of AMU in the area.

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