scholarly journals Silicon Nanoparticles Decrease Arsenic Translocation and Mitigate Phytotoxicity in Tomato Plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magin González-Moscoso ◽  
Antonio Juárez-Maldonado ◽  
Gregorio Cadenas-Pliego ◽  
Diana Meza-Figueroa ◽  
Bhaskar SenGupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Dioxide ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigments ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Silicon Nanoparticles ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract In this study we simulate the irrigation of tomato plants with As contaminated water (from 0 to 3.2 mg L-1) and investigate the effect of the application of silicon nanoparticle (Si NPs) in form of silicon dioxide (0, 250 and 1000 mg L-1) on As uptake and stress. Arsenics concentrations were determined in substrate and plant tissue at three different stratums. Phytotoxicity, As accumulation and translocation, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic compounds were also determined. Irrigation of tomato plants with As contaminated water caused As substrate enrichment and As bioaccumulation (roots > leaves > steam) showing that the higher the concentration in irrigation water, the farther the contaminant flowed and translocated through the different tomato stratums. Phytotoxicity was observed at low concentrations of As, while tomato yield increases increased at high concentrations. Application of Si NPs decreases As translocation, tomato yield, and root biomass. Increased production of photosynthetic pigments and improved enzymatic activity (CAT and APX) suggested tomato plant adaptation at high As concentrations in the presence of Si NPs. Our results reveal likely impacts of As and nanoparticles on tomato production in places where As in groundwater is common and might represent a risk.

scholarly journals WEED CONTROL IN TOMATO WITH HALOSULFURON (SANDEA)

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 505C-505
Author(s):  
Joseph G. Masabni
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Tomato Growth ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Plastic Application

Experiments were conducted in the last 3 years to evaluate the safety and efficacy of halosulfuron (Sandea 75WG) application under the plastic mulch within 7 days of transplanting tomato. In 2003, tomato plants were transplanted daily from day 0 through 7 after halosulfuron 0.051 kg a.i./ha application. Plant survival and height were collected. Tomato plants survived all dates of transplanting treatments. Plant height indicated that plants transplanted early were taller than those transplanted late, only because they had more time to establish and grow in the field. In 2004, tomatoes were set on a 2-day interval from day 0 through 10 after halosulfuron application. Halosulfuron 0.025 or 0.052 kg a.i./ha had no effect on plant height or yield. In 2005, an experiment was initiated to determine whether addition of trifluralin to halosulfuron under the plastic mulch will improve grass control and remain safe to tomatoes. Halosulfuron at 0.025, 0.052, and 0.1 kg a.i./ha, was applied alone and combined with trifluralin 0.63 kg a.i./ha. All treatments were applied under the plastic mulch. Tomato plants were transplanted at 6 days after application (DBT) and 0 DBT. Halosulfuron 0.1 kg ai/ha resulted in slight stunting and yield reduction of tomato, whether applied at 6 or 0DBT. However, this stunting was not statistically significant. Trifluralin didn't affect tomato yield at 6DBT and significantly increased yields at 0DBT for 0.052 and 0.1 ka a.i./ha halosulfuron rates. Trifluralin reduced grass biomass but resulted in an increase of nightshade biomass. Halosulfuron was determined to be very safe on tomato growth and yield, even if tomato was transplanted on the same day of application. Trifluralin also was found to have little or no effect on tomato growth or yield, and appears to have a potential use as an herbicide for under plastic application in tomato production.

Allyl Isothiocyanate and Metham Sodium as Methyl Bromide Alternatives for Weed Control in Plasticulture Tomato

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratap Devkota ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Metham Sodium ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Isothiocyanates (ITCs) were evaluated as an alternative to methyl bromide (MeBr) for control of Palmer amaranth, large crabgrass, and yellow nutsedge; reduction of tuber density; and increase in marketable tomato yield in low density polyethylene (LDPE)-mulched tomato production. Allyl ITC was applied at 450, 600, and 750 kg ai ha−1; metham sodium (methyl ITC generator) was applied at 180, 270, and 360 kg ai ha−1; and MeBr plus chloropicrin (mixture of MeBr and chloropicrin at 67 : 33%, respectively) was applied at 390 kg ai ha−1. A nontreated weedy check was included for comparison. There was no injury to tomato plants following allyl ITC, metham sodium, or MeBr application. Allyl ITC at 750 kg ha−1or metham sodium at 360 kg ha−1controlled Palmer amaranth ≥ 79%, large crabgrass ≥ 76%, and yellow nutsedge ≥ 80% and was comparable to the weed control with MeBr. Highest rates of allyl ITC and metham sodium reduced yellow nutsedge tuber density (≤ 76 tubers m−2) comparable to the MeBr application. Total marketable tomato yield was ≥ 31.6 t ha−1in plots treated with allyl ITC at 750 kg ha−1or metham sodium at 360 kg ha−1. Marketable tomato yield from the highest rate of allyl ITC or metham sodium were similar to the yield (38.2 t ha−1) with MeBr treatment. Therefore, allyl ITC at 750 kg ha−1and metham sodium at 360 kg ha−1are effective alternatives to MeBr for Palmer amaranth, large crabgrass, and yellow nutsedge control in LDPE-mulched tomato.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Enzymatic Activities and Growth Response of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) to Exogenous Selenium Application

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
Ahlam Khalofah ◽  
Hussein Migdadi ◽  
Ehab El-Harty
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigments ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
High Concentrations

Selenium is a trace element essential to many organisms, including higher plants. At low concentrations, it enhances growth and development; however, it is toxic at high concentrations. The development of crops with proper levels of selenium will be worth for both nutrition and Se-based therapeutics. This study aimed to investigate the morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses of the quinoa plant to 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/L of Na2SeO3·5H2O. Selenium at low concentrations (2.5 and 5 mg/L), quinoa plant showed a significant increase of growth parameters, relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, proline, total soluble sugars, and antioxidant enzymes activities as (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR)), and contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 were reduced. However, high concentrations (10 and 20) mg/L caused a decrease in plant growth parameters, relative water content, and photosynthetic pigments. In contrast, excess selenium increased the oxidative stress monitored by hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation levels. The enzymatic antioxidant system responded to the selenium supply significantly increased. Osmolytes compounds, such as total sugars and proline, increased in selenium-treated plants. The increase in these osmolytes compounds may show a defense mechanism for the osmotic readjustment of quinoa plants to mitigate the toxicity caused by selenium. This study shows the morphological and physiological responses that must be considered for success in the sustainable cultivation of quinoa plants in environments containing excess selenium.

scholarly journals Phenology growth and yield of grafted tomato plants in the high Andean region of Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamer Alexis Ramírez-Jiménez ◽  
Lilliana María Hoyos-Carvajal ◽  
Oscar De Jesús Córdoba-Gaona
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Chemische Industrie ◽  
Accumulated Degree Days

The BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie) scale is a system that helps producers monitor phenology by employing a uniform methodology across different locations. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different scion×rootstock combinations on tomato yield and accumulated degree days for each tomato phenological stage. A randomized block design with four repetitions and four treatments was used. Tomato cv. Libertador seedlings were used as a shoot, self-grafted, and over the rootstocks ‘Olimpo’ and ‘Armada’. In addition, there was a non-grafted plant control. There were no significant differences for the accumulated degree days between the treatments since the tomato cultivation required 2,567°Cd-1. The variables, such as plant height, internode number and length, and number of flowers, did not vary significantly between the grafting and non-grafting treatments. The tomato plants grafted over a vigor rootstock produced 39.4 and 20.6% more first category fruits and total fruit yield than non-grafted ones. The heat units necessary to complete the tomato production cycle was not affected by the grafting, and the use of a vigor rootstock had a positive effect on the tomato yield under plastic house conditions.

Tomato tolerance and purple nutsedge control with sulfuryl fluoride mixes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Jialin Yu ◽  
Joshua H. Freeman ◽  
Nathan S. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Wood Products ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Sulfuryl Fluoride ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Drywood Termites

Abstract Sulfuryl fluoride (SF) is currently utilized as a fumigant for control of drywood termites and insects in building structures, vehicles, wood products, post-harvest commodities, and food processing facilities. This research investigated the feasibility of using SF as a preplant soil fumigant for Purple nutsedge control in plastic-mulched tomato production. SF treatments included SF injected through drip tapes or SF injected through drip tapes a few hours following shank injection of chloropicrin (Pic). Results revealed that SF alone at 224, 336, or 448 kg ha−1 was generally less effective compared to when it was applied in conjunction with Pic at 168 kg ha−1. SF alone provided inconsistent control of purple nutsedge. In contrast, SF plus chloropicrin (Pic) (SF + Pic) was as efficacious or more efficacious on purple nutsedge than the industry standards including 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) plus Pic (1,3-D + Pic) and metam potassium. None of the fumigant treatments visually injured tomato plants, stunted growth, or adversely affected tomato yield. In one of the four tomato seasons, tomato plants growing in plots fumigated with SF + Pic resulted in taller tomato plants and higher markable yields. Results indicate that soil fumigation with SF + Pic is safe on plastic-mulched tomato and effectively controls purple nutsedge.

Neutrophil Elastase Potentiates Cathepsin G-lnduced Platelet Activation

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (05) ◽  
pp. 570-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary A Selak
Keyword(s):  
Neutrophil Elastase ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Thromboxane A2 ◽  
Creatine Phosphate ◽  
Dense Granule ◽  
Cathepsin G ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations

SummaryWe have previously demonstrated that human neutrophil cathepsin G is a strong platelet agonist that binds to a specific receptor. This work describes the effect of neutrophil elastase on cathepsin G-induced platelet responses. While platelets were not activated by high concentrations of neutrophil elastase by itself, elastase enhanced aggregation, secretion and calcium mobilization induced by low concentrations of cathepsin G. Platelet aggregation and secretion were potentiated in a concentration-dependent manner by neutrophil elastase with maximal responses observable at 200 nM. Enhancement was observed when elastase was preincubated with platelets for time intervals of 10–60 s prior to addition of a low concentration of cathepsin G and required catalytically-active elastase since phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride-inhibited enzyme failed to potentiate cell activation. Neutrophil elastase potentiation of platelet responses induced by low concentrations of cathepsin G was markedly inhibited by creatine phosphate/creatine phosphokinase and/or indomethacin, indicating that the synergism between elastase and cathepsin G required the participation of ADP and thromboxane A2. On the other hand, platelet responses were not attenuated by the PAF antagonist BN 52021, signifying that PAF-acether did not play a role in elastase potentiation. At higher concentrations porcine pancreatic elastase exhibits similar effects to neutrophil elastase, demonstrating that the effect of elastase was not unique to the neutrophil protease. While neutrophil elastase failed to alter the ability of cathepsin G to hydrolyze a synthetic chromogenic substrate, preincubation of platelets with elastase increased the apparent affinity of cathepsin G binding to platelets. In contrast to their effect on cathepsin G-induced platelet responses, neither neutrophil nor pancreatic elasatse potentiated aggregation or dense granule release initiated by ADP, PAF-acether, arachidonic acid or U46619, a thromboxane A2 mimetic. Moreover, unlike its effect on cathepsin G, neutrophil elastase inhibited thrombin-induced responses. The current observations demonstrate that elastase can potentiate platelet responses mediated by low concentrations of cathepsin G, suggesting that both enzymes may function synergistically to activate platelets under conditions where neutrophil degranulation occurs.

In Vitro Effects of Ethanol on Rabbit Platelet Aggregation, Secretion of Granule Contents, and Cyclic AMP Levels in the Presence of Prostacyclin

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (02) ◽  
pp. 254-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret L Rand ◽  
Peter L Gross ◽  
Donna M Jakowec ◽  
Marian A Packham ◽  
J Fraser Mustard
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Rabbit Platelet ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Rabbit Platelets ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
In Vitro Effects ◽  
Aggregation Of Platelets

SummaryEthanol, at physiologically tolerable concentrations, inhibits platelet responses to low concentrations of collagen or thrombin, but does not inhibit responses of washed rabbit platelets stimulated with high concentrations of ADP, collagen, or thrombin. However, when platelet responses to high concentrations of collagen or thrombin had been partially inhibited by prostacyclin (PGI2), ethanol had additional inhibitory effects on aggregation and secretion. These effects were also observed with aspirin- treated platelets stimulated with thrombin. Ethanol had no further inhibitory effect on aggregation of platelets stimulated with ADP, or the combination of ADP and epinephrine. Thus, the inhibitory effects of ethanol on platelet responses in the presence of PGI2 were very similar to its inhibitory effects in the absence of PGI2, when platelets were stimulated with lower concentrations of collagen or thrombin. Ethanol did not appear to exert its inhibitory effects by increasing cyclic AMP above basal levels and the additional inhibitory effects of ethanol in the presence of PGI2 did not appear to be brought about by further increases in platelet cyclic AMP levels.

Aggregation of Cat Platelets in Vitro

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (03) ◽  
pp. 601-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Th. B Tschopp
Keyword(s):  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Reversible Aggregation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Irreversible Aggregation ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Improved Technique

SummaryAggregation of cat platelets in the citrated plasma is examined by means of Born’s absorptiometer. A marked tendency of the platelets of this species to spontaneous aggregation necessitated first of all the development of an improved technique of blood collection.A hypothesis according to which 5-HT is released from the platelets, explains the absence of oscillations on the base line of the absorptiometer, the absence of platelet swelling, when ADP is added, and the effect of stirring on the aggregation curves in cat PRP. The average volume of cat platelets amounts to 10.46 μ3 when directly fixed in the blood, when fixed from PRP to 12.17 μ3, when fixed from stirred PRP to 13.51 μ3.In low concentrations (0.3-2 μM) ADP produce reversible aggregation; in narrowly restricted, individually dissimilar mean concentrations irreversible aggregation in two phases and in high concentrations, irreversible aggregation in one phase. Like ADP serotonin produces 2 phase irreversible aggregation in concentrations of 3-10 μM, but unlike ADP, the aggregation velocity decreases again with high 5-HT concentrations (>100 μM). Adrenaline does not produce aggregation and it is likely that adenosine and adenosine monophosphate inhibit the aggregation by serotonin but not by ADP. Species differences in the aggregation of human, rabbit and cat platelets are discussed.

The Action of an Aniline Derivative (AN 162) on Blood Coagulation and on Platelets

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 145-166
Author(s):  
E Deutsch ◽  
K Lechner ◽  
K Moser ◽  
L Stockinger
Keyword(s):  
Blood Coagulation ◽  
Citric Acid Cycle ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Aniline Derivative ◽  
Acid Cycle ◽  
Enhancing Effect ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Dual Action ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Induced Aggregation

Summary1. The aniline derivative AN 162, Donau Pharmazie, Linz, Austria, has a dual action on the blood coagulation: an anticoagulant and an coagulation enhancing effect.2. The anticoagulant action may only be demonstrated with high concentrations (over 1 X 10”3 M related to plasma) preferentially in PPP. It is partially caused by an inhibition of the endogenous way of generation of the prothrombin converting principle. In addition it is suggested that it interferes with the fibrinogen-fibrin reaction in a manner not yet understood.3. The coagulant action is caused by a greater availability of platelet constituents at low concentrations of AN 162 (over 1 × 10-4 M) and by the induction of a release reaction at higher concentrations. The platelet factors 3 and 4, serotonin, adenine, and acid phosphatase are released.4. AN 162 inhibits platelet aggregation. This inhibition can be demonstrated by the PAT of Breddin and in the stirred aggregation test of Born. It is more effective to inhibit the collagen-induced and the second phase of the adrenaline-induced aggregation than the ADP induced one. The platelet retention (test of Hellem) is also reduced.5. The action of AN 162 on the platelets is caused by a damage of the platelet membrane which becomes permeabel for both, soluble platelet constitutents and granula.6. AN 162 interferes with the energy metabolism of the platelets. It causes a loss of ATP, and inhibits the key-enzymes of glycolysis, citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxydation and glutathione reduction.7. AN 162 inhibits the growth of fibroblasts without influence on mitosis.

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