scholarly journals Fluorescent lamp tungsten filament thermionic emission gun as a novel humidity optical sensor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Sherafat ◽  
Hossein Torabi-Monfared ◽  
Mohammad Mahdi Doroodmand ◽  
Fazlolah Eshghi
Keyword(s):  
Optical Sensor ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Thermionic Emission ◽  
Fluorescent Lamp ◽  
Health Food ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Tungsten Filament ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Relative Standard

Abstract Detecting humidity is a continuing concern within important area such as structural health, food processing, industrial as well agricultural products. In this study, a novel humidity optical sensor is introduced based on the thermionic emission of tungsten filament of a fluorescent lamp. Estimated blue compliant using a charged coupling device camera (CCD) in optical image of the tungsten filament is considered as appropriate detection system for relative humidity (RH) sensing. . The fabricated optical sensor has acceptable linear range (2.0- 98 % RH), improved detection limit (<5.0 % RH), acceptable saturated limit (> 99.0 % RH), improved percentage of relative standard deviation (4.18%, n=2), adequate hysteresis (<4.0 % RH) and a shorter rise time (<5.0 s), respectively. The mechanism behind this detection system was based on the interaction between H2O and tungsten filament during formation of WO3.x H2O (x = 1-2) based on the patented X-ray diffraction analysis.

scholarly journals Fluorescent lamp tungsten filament thermionic emission gun as a novel humidity optical sensor

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Torabi-Monfared ◽  
Leila Sherafat ◽  
Mohammad Mahdi Doroodmand ◽  
Fazlolah Eshghi
Keyword(s):  
Optical Sensor ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Thermionic Emission ◽  
Fluorescent Lamp ◽  
Health Food ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Tungsten Filament ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Set Up

AbstractDetecting humidity have been remained a continuing concern within some important areas such as structural health, food processing, industrial as well as agricultural products. In this study, a novel humidity optical sensor is introduced based on the thermionic emission of tungsten filament using the fluorescent lamp set-up. Estimated blue compliant using a charged coupling device camera in optical image of the tungsten filament was confirmed as an appropriate detection system for relative humidity (RH) sensing. The fabricated optical sensor has wide linear range (2.0–98% RH), improved detection limit (< 5.0% RH), acceptable saturated limit (> 99.0% RH), improved percentage of relative standard deviation (4.18%, n = 2), adequate hysteresis (< 4.0% RH) and a shorter rise time (< 5.0 s), respectively. The mechanism behind this detection system is based on the interaction between H2O and tungsten filament during formation of W$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$$ O 3 .x $${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$$ H 2 O (x = 1–2) in terms of some spectroscopic obtained evidences as well as Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction spectrometries.

Rectifying Behavior of Aligned ZnO Nanorods on Mg0.3Zn0.7O Thin Film Template

2011 ◽  
Vol 364 ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salina Muhamad ◽  
Abu Bakar Suriani ◽  
Mohamad Hafiz Mamat ◽  
Rafidah Ahmad ◽  
Mohamad Rusop
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Zno Nanorods ◽  
Thermionic Emission ◽  
Deposition Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hexagonal Shape ◽  
Semiconductor Junction ◽  
Vertically Aligned ◽  
Scanning Electron

Rectifying behavior more than 3 orders of aligned zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods grown on Mg0.3Zn0.7O thin film template using chemical bath deposition method was observed, giving a barrier height of 0.75 eV, and the ideality factor achieved was almost 6, which was analyzed using thermionic emission theory. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images revealed that the grown ZnO was in hexagonal shape, uniformly distributed and in vertically aligned form. The crystallinity of the sample being studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), where the highest peak was found at (002) phase, confirming that high crytallinity of ZnO was attained. The effect of metal/semiconductor junction between metal and aligned ZnO nanorods was discussed in further details.

An X-Ray Study of the Structure of the Alkaline Earth Oxide Cathode

1962 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 185-190
Author(s):  
Paul Lublin
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Study ◽  
Alkaline Earth ◽  
Thermionic Emission ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Alkaline Earth Oxide ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oxide Cathode

AbstractArt X-ray diffraction study has been conducted on the emissive coating (Ba, Sr, CaO) of experimental diodes from which thermionic emission data were taken before X-ray analysis. The tubes were then opened and the oxide protected by special techniques in order to prevent the formation of the hydroxide. In addition to X-ray diffraction, other techniques were used to give a complete description of the structures present.

scholarly journals Experiences with CCD detectors on a home X-ray source

1999 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1669-1671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven W. Muchmore
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecule ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Large Molecule ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Image Plate ◽  
Ccd Detector ◽  
Ccd Detectors

Charged-coupled device (CCD) detectors have been widely accepted as detectors for collecting X-ray diffraction images. The CCD detector offers a sensitive detection system well suited for diffraction analysis and, compared with other detectors on the market, a relatively rapid system for read-out of the collected image. The two predominant markets for the CCD detector have been those in which relatively short exposure times are used,i.e.small-molecule X-ray diffraction and large-molecule crystallography at high-intensity synchrotron sources. CCD detectors have not been commonly used on rotating-anode X-ray sources for large-molecule crystallography. Comparison of the performance of the CCD detectors with commercially available image-plate detectors shows that the CCD detectors function in a similar fashion to image-plate-based detectors.

X-ray diffraction studies on oxide-superconductors under pressure by a new X-ray detection system

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 411-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihisa Mori ◽  
Yuichi Akahama ◽  
Mototada Kobayashi ◽  
Haruki Kawamura ◽  
Utako Endo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection System ◽  
Oxide Superconductors ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

Microstructural Analysis of Clayey Ceramics Incorporated with Fluorescent Lamp Glass Waste

2015 ◽  
Vol 820 ◽  
pp. 468-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thais Mardegan Louzada ◽  
Alline Sardinha Cordeiro Morais ◽  
Carlos Mauricio Fontes Vieira ◽  
Veronica Scarpini Candido ◽  
Sergio Neves Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Fluorescent Lamp ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Glass Waste ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fluorescent Lamps ◽  
Sintering Mechanisms ◽  
Incandescent Lamps ◽  
Microstructural Mechanism

The recycling of industrial wastes has become a worldwide practice owing to environmental and economical advantages. In the case of waste addition to clayey ceramics for civil construction, this sustainable practice may also bring technical benefits. Fluorescent lamps, today replacing incandescent lamps, generate typical glass waste that can improve the properties of clayey ceramics. The fluxing behavior of the glass waste contributes to the ceramic sintering mechanisms by reducing the porosity. In the present work, the effect of incorporation of 30 wt% of Hg-cleaned fluorescent lamps glass waste was investigated by means of microstructural analysis. Waste incorporated clayey ceramics, fired at 850 and 1100°C were analyzed by optical and scanning electron microscopy as well as by X-ray diffraction. The results revealed the microstructural mechanism responsible for the improvement of the ceramic properties.

Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction Studies of Thin Films Using an Imaging Plate Detection System

Langmuir ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 774-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garry J. Foran ◽  
Jian Bang Peng ◽  
Roland Steitz ◽  
Geoffrey T. Barnes ◽  
Ian R. Gentle
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Imaging Plate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

Freeze-Drying Graphene Aerogels and their Adsorption Ability towards Organic Reagents

2017 ◽  
Vol 898 ◽  
pp. 1923-1928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Kun Wu ◽  
Xiao Min Li ◽  
Wen Zhao ◽  
Zhe Meng ◽  
Wen Jin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Adsorption Ability ◽  
Organic Reagents ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Cyclic Adsorption

Graphene (GR) aerogels with three-dimensional interconnected network were prepared from freeze drying graphene oxide (GO) dispersions for adsorbing organic reagents. Microstructures of GR aerogels were observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and the components were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Their adsorption abilities and recycling performances for organic reagents were investigated in detail. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of GR aerogels was dependent on the concentration of GO dispersion. For example, the adsorption capacity of ethanol increased from 7.04 to 32 g/g when the GO concentration changed from 5 to 10 mg/ml. The GR aerogels also exhibited good adsorption performance for other organic reagents, reaching 44.78, 93.41 and 56.56 g/g for cyclohexane, acetone and methanol, respectively. Moreover, the 7GR had good cyclic adsorption capacity for cyclohexane, acetone and methanol, and the relative standard deviation was 3.7%, 4.3%, 3%, respectively.

scholarly journals Determination of the Mineral Composition of the Lake Bottom Sediments by X-Ray Diffraction Method and Physico-Chemical Modelling

2019 ◽  
pp. 382-394
Author(s):  
Roman V. Smelyy ◽  
Ekaterina V. Kaneva ◽  
Anastasiya V. Oshchepkova ◽  
Valerii A. Bychinskii ◽  
Tat’yana S. Aisueva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Least Square ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Lake Bottom ◽  
Lake Bottom Sediments

The paper reports comparison of three approaches to define the contents of minerals and mineral groups in the carbonate-silicate lake bottom sediments. The two approaches are based on the method of X-ray powder diffraction. The first one treats with the Rietveld Method in the software DIFFRAC Plus diffractometer D8 Advance (PDF-2 database). The second one uses the method of reference intensities (corundum ratios) and optimization of the model powder patterns from the X-ray phase standards of PDF-2 database and equations of the element balance with regularization of the least square functional. The third approach of physic-chemical modeling selects probable single mineral and multi-component phases through modelling the sold solutions, and it uses the data on the element composition obtained by XRF technique, as well as the data of X-ray diffraction on the qualitative mineral composition. Thirty samples of bottom sediment cores taken in the Zun-Torey Lake in East Siberia were analyzed by the three approaches described herein. The contents of mineral groups (feldspars, quartz, clay minerals and carbonates) varied within the range 10-40 mass %. The discrepancies between obtained results show the standard deviation ranging from 2 to 9 mass %. A relative standard deviation commonly provides the value below 30 %, so such determinations could be considered quantitative ones. With regard to the acquired data, it is hard to prefer this or that approach. Available data was employed to assess the error of X-ray phase powder analysis in measuring the abundance of mineral groups in the carbonate-silicate sedimentary rocks in the absence of reference materials to compare with certified mineral composition

Growth and Characterization of Tungsten Oxide for Applications in Nanoelectronics

2006 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
Karthikk Sridharan ◽  
Kenneth P. Roberts ◽  
Saibal Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Tungsten Oxide ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Tungsten Filament ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Oxide Nanorods ◽  
Hot Filament

Tungsten oxide nanorods were prepared in a hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) reactor. A mixture of gases containing hydrogen, oxygen or hydrogen and methane mixed with water vapor were passed into a quartz glass jar reactor and activated using a heated tungsten filament. The resulting deposits were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman Spectroscopy. The deposit consisted of tungsten oxide nanorods (5 – 10 nm diameter and 50 – 75 nm long) and tungsten nanospheres with diameters of ~50nm. The tungsten oxide is then reduced to metallic tungsten by annealing in a hydrogen environment.

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