scholarly journals Face Masks Use in the Public Domain and its Determinants During the SARS-Cov-2 Epidemic in Poland; a Non-Participatory Covert Observational Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Ganczak ◽  
Oskar Pasek ◽  
Łukasz Duda-Duma ◽  
Dawid Świstara ◽  
Marcin Korzeń
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Survey Tool ◽  
The Public ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background: Face masks play an important role in protection from acquiring SARS-Cov-2, however, if used incorrectly they may increase transmission risk. Many countries, including Poland, currently recommend the use of masks in their pandemic control plans. The study objective was to assess the practices of the public in the case of face masks/N95 respirators utilization during the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic in Poland and to evaluate factors influencing their use.Methods: This non-participatory covert observational study was conducted on 3 separate occasions, (10.05/18.05/25.05.2020). At each point, 82 medical students observed 10 consecutive individuals (2460 total) appearing in the public space in 13 Polish regions which differed regarding SARS-Cov-2 pandemic risk. A structured observation checklist served as a survey tool.Results: A total of 2353 observations were included; the female/male ratio was similar (1.02-1.13-1.03 respectively) at the 3 occasions, as well as the age distribution, with those aged 21-60 years predominant (70.8%-71.9%-70.2% respectively). Most of participants (73.6%; 552/750) were using facial masks at the first time point, which decreased in the 2nd and 3rd week (544/818; 66.5% and 516/785; 65.7% respectively). A predominance of cloth masks was observed at all time points (64.7%-62.3%-62.6% respectively) followed by medical masks (23.4%-28.5%-26.9% respectively). Female gender (OR=1.75-1.47-1.53 respectively), age >40 years (OR=1.46-1.48 respectively), a closed space (OR=2.56-2.63-2.36 respectively) were each associated with higher mask usage. Those playing sports were about two times less likely to use facial masks (OR=0.64-0.54-0.54 respectively) than when compared to other activities. The percentage of those using masks correctly decreased gradually over time (364/552; 65.9%; 339/544; 62.3% and 304/516; 58.9% respectively); more females wore masks correctly (p<0.05). Breaches in nose covering (47.3%-52.7%) and hanging masks around the neck (39.2%-42.6%) were the most common incorrect practices while wearing a mask. Conclusions: Cloth masks were predominantly used in the public space. Practices regarding the facial masks usage were found to be inadequate, especially among young males, and tended to decrease over time. Awareness campaigns regarding the need of the proper use of face masks by utilizing all communication channels available would be helpful during this pandemic to increase compliance.

scholarly journals El Patrimonio cultural inmaterial de la Plaza Baquedano en Santiago de Chile = The Intangible Cultural Heritage of Plaza Baquedano in Santiago de Chile

2018 ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Karina Orozco Salinas
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Public Space ◽  
El Paso ◽  
Intangible Cultural Heritage ◽  
The Public ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
Open Discussion ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

ResumenEsta investigación parte de la necesidad de poner el foco en los espacios públicos identitarios, en los cuales la constante congregación espontánea y masiva de la ciudadanía, ha construido un patrimonio cultural inmaterial en ellos, a la hora de celebrar colectivamente en la ciudad. Desde este enfoque, se aborda el caso de la Plaza Baquedano en Santiago de Chile, mediante una metodología propia que contrarresta fuentes secundarias, principalmente periodísticas, con fuentes empíricas. Por lo que seaplican encuestas y entrevistas, con el fin de comprender el fenómeno desde el contexto urbano, social, celebración y patrimonio del lugar. Asimismo, lograr la perspectiva interna y externa del estudio de caso.Los resultados obtenidos confirman la existencia del patrimonio inmaterial y el carácter de identidad, que se ha generado con el paso del tiempo en este espacio público y, tanto la visión interna como la externa, consideran que debería ser catalogado como patrimonio cultural del país. Sin  embargo, esta mención no ha sido otorgada por alguno de los  instrumentos vinculantes en Chile. Por lo cual es una discusión abierta,ya que en la opinión de expertos consultados la complejidad de otorgar una figura de protección inmovilizaría el dinamismo que ha constituido a este lugar como tal.AbstractThis research departs from the need to focus in the public identitary spaces, in which the constant congregation spontaneous and massive of citizenship, has built an intangible cultural heritage in them, when it comes to celebrating collectively in the city. From this approach, is addressed the case of Plaza Baquedano in Santiago de Chile, through our methodology that combine secondary sources, mainly journalistic, with empirical sources. So that, surveys and interviews are applied in order to understand thephenomenon from the urban, social, celebration and heritage context’s.In addition, to achieve internal and external perspective of the case. The results collated confirm the existence of heritage and the identity character, which has been generated over time in this public space and both vision internal and external, consider that it should be cataloged as country’s cultural heritage. However, this mention has not been granted by some of the binding instruments in Chile. Therefore it is an open discussion, since in the opinion of the experts consulted the complexity of granting a protection figure would immobilize the dynamism that has built this place as such.

scholarly journals Use of masks in public places in Poland during SARS-Cov-2 epidemic: a  covert observational study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Ganczak ◽  
Oskar Pasek ◽  
lukasz Duda-Duma ◽  
Dawid Świstara ◽  
Marcin Korzeń
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Communication Channels ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Closed Space ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background: Face masks protect against SARS-Cov-2, however, if used incorrectly masks may increase transmission risk. Many countries, including Poland, recommend masks in pandemic control plans. In Poland, obligatory wearing of masks in public spaces was introduced on April 10th, 2020 [18]; a relaxation of previous universal measures was announced on May 29th, 2020, limiting use to indoor public spaces.Objective: to assess use of masks or other protective devices in public spaces in Poland during the SARS-Cov-2 epidemic and to evaluate influencing determinants.Methods: A non-participatory covert observational study was conducted on three dates, (10.05/18.05/ 25.05.2020) at public spaces in 13 regions with different risks. Ten consecutive individuals were observed by each of 82 medical students (n=2460 observations), using a structured checklist.Results: Among 2353 observed persons, the female/male ratios were 1.0, 1.1, and 1.0 on the three dates. As for age, 21-60-year-olds predominated at 70.8%, 71.9%, and 70.2%; 73.6% (n=552/750) were using masks on date 1, 66.5% (544/818) on date 2; and 65.7% (516/785) on date 3. Cloth masks predominated on all dates (64.7%-62.3%-62.6%), followed by medical (23.4%-28.5%-26.9%). Being female (OR=1.75-1.47-1.53 respectively), aged >40 years (OR=1.46-1.48 respectively), and location in a closed space (OR=2.56-2.63-2.36) were each associated with higher usage. Participants in sports were about two times less likely to use masks (OR=0.64-0.54-0.5) as compared to other activities. The proportion using masks correctly decreased gradually over time (364/552; 65.9%; 339/544; 62.3% and 304/516; 58.9%). More females wore masks correctly (date 1: 205/294; 69.7% vs 159/258; 61.6%, and date 3: 186/284; 65.5% vs 118/232; 50.9%; p=0.045; p=0.0008 respectively). Uncovered noses (47.3%-52.7%) and masks around the neck (39.2%-42.6%) were the most frequent incorrect practices. Conclusions: Practices were not in line with official recommendations, especially among young males, and deteriorated over time. Cloth masks were predominantly used in public spaces. Health promotion, through utilizing all available communication channels, would be helpful to increase compliance.

scholarly journals Redes de solidariedade entre vendedores ambulantes da Rua Voluntários da Pátria, em Porto Alegre/RS

ILUMINURAS ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (30) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Farfan Barroso
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
Military Police ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Informal Trade ◽  
The Social ◽  
Production Industry ◽  
Over Time

Este artigo apresenta as redes de solidariedade dos vendedores ambulantes da Rua Voluntários da Pátria, em Porto Alegre/RS, e propõe algumas reflexões acerca dessa técnica de pesquisa como artifício metodológico para compreendê-los enquanto tribos urbanas (Maffesoli, 1998), que sustentam suas práticas de trabalho em meio vigilância da Secretaria Municipal de Produção, Indústria e Comércio (SMIC) e a Brigada Militar (BM). Através da etnografia de rua (Eckert; Rocha, 1994) e etnografia sonora (Rocha; Vedana, 2007), foi possível construir graficamente as redes de solidariedade dos vendedores ambulantes e, a partir da descrição de seus laços sociais, pode-se refletir sobre as dinâmicas sociais envolvidas no trabalho e no comércio informal no espaço público. Com essa análise, compreendem-se os diversos laços entremeados como redes de solidariedade que tornam possível certa estabilidade desses vendedores ambulantes na rua ao longo do tempo. Palavras chave: Redes de solidariedade. Vendedores ambulantes. Etnografia de rua. Trabalho.   Solidarity networks of vendors of Rua Voluntários da Pátria, in Porto Alegre/ RS   Abstract   This article presents the solidarity networks of vendors of Rua Voluntários da Pátria, in Porto Alegre / RS, and proposes some reflections about this research technique as a methodological device to understand them as urban tribes (Maffesoli, 1998), that support their social practices through monitoring of the Municipal Production, Industry and trade (SMIC) and Military Police (BM). Through ethnography of street (Eckert; Rocha, 1994) and ethnography sound (Rocha; Vedana, 2007), it was possible to construct graphically the solidarity networks of vendors, and from the description of its social links, we can reflect on the social practices involved in informal trade in the public space. With this analysis, the various links interspersed as solidarity networks can be understood, which will make possible certain stability of these vendors on the street over time. Keywords: Networks of solidarity. Street vendors. Street ethnography. Work.

scholarly journals Revisiting the epidemiology of pertussis in Canada, 1924–2015: a literature review, evidence synthesis, and modeling study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Thommes ◽  
Jianhong Wu ◽  
Yanyu Xiao ◽  
Antigona Tomovici ◽  
Jason Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Evidence Synthesis ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
The Public ◽  
Reporting Practices ◽  
Yearly Incidence ◽  
Average Yearly Incidence ◽  
Pertussis Epidemiology ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Disease surveillance is central to the public health understanding of pertussis epidemiology. In Canada, public reporting practices have significantly changed over time, creating challenges in accurately characterizing pertussis epidemiology. Debate has emerged over whether pertussis resurged after the introduction of adsorbed pertussis vaccines (1981–1985), and if the incidence fell to its pre-1985 after the introduction of acellular pertussis vaccines (1997–1998). Here, we aim to assemble a unified picture of pertussis disease incidence in Canada. Methods Using publicly available pertussis surveillance reports, we collected, analyzed and presented Canadian pertussis data for the period (1924–2015), encompassing the pre-vaccine era, introduction of vaccine, changes to vaccine technology, and the introduction of booster doses. Information on age began to be reported since 1952, but age reporting practices (full, partial or no ages) have evolved over time, and varied across provinces/territories. For those cases reported without age each year, we impute an age distribution by assuming it follows that of the age-reported cases. Results Below the age of 20 years, the adjusted age-specific incidence from 1969 to 1988 is substantially higher than existing estimates. In children < 1 year, the incidence in some years was comparable to that during the 1988–1999 resurgence. Conclusions The results presented here suggest that the surge in the average yearly incidence of pertussis that began in 1988 was weaker than previously inferred, and in contrary to the past findings, below age 5, the average yearly incidence of pertussis from 1999 to 2015 (when the incidence dropped again) has been lower than it was from 1969 to 1988.

scholarly journals RUANG INTERAKTIF-KREATIF DI KEMANG

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1649
Author(s):  
Sudarmaya Fauzi ◽  
Doddy Yuono
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Third Place ◽  
The Public ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
Commercial Area ◽  
Creative Space ◽  
Art Activities ◽  
The Many ◽  
Over Time

Over time, the growth of the city increasingly triggers a diversity of activities that take place. One tendency of urban community activities is the need to exchange experiences and obtain a comfortable place to socialize and exchange experiences. These activities are no longer carried out at home or in the office, but in a place called Third place. Kemang is an area that was once a settlement now a commercial center called the "modern village". Over time kemang became a commercial area dominated by creative industries. The many types of creative activities lead to the behavior of people who tend to be in groups. This is very regrettable for the community because this creative activity is very important for people who want to learn or know it by exchanging experiences between art practitioners and the public. But in Kemang there is no place or place for the community to exchange experiences. The presence of Interactive-Creative Spaces in Kemang to meet the needs of community of Kemang related to art activities. With the hypothesis testing method and carried out by conducting surveys in the field, conducting interviews with relevant parties then making observations, collecting data, comparing field results with existing standards and determining the results. This program presents a program space that connected each other making it easier for visitors to access and also helps with the purpose of displaying and inviting visiting visitors to provide forums and facilities for people who want to develop their creativity. ThisInteractive-Creative Space is expected to provide a Third Place for people who want to exchange experiences with a comfortable and facilitated one. Keywords: Art container; Creative Industries; Public Space; Third Place AbstrakBerjalannya waktu, pertumbuhan kota semakin memicu keragaman kegiatan.. Salah satu kecenderungan kegiatan masyarakat kota adalah kebutuhan untuk bertukar pengalaman dan memperoleh tempat yang nyaman untuk saling bersosialisasi dan bertukar pengalaman. Kegiatan‐kegiatan tersebut bukan lagi dilakukan di rumah ataupun di kantor, melainkan pada suatu tempat yang disebut ruang ketiga (Third place). Kemang merupakan Kawasan yang dahulunya pemukiman kini menjadi pusat komersil yang disebut “kampung modern”. Seiring berjalannya waktu kemang menjadi daerah komersil yang di di dominasi dengan industri kreatif. Banyaknya macam aktifitas kreatif ini menimbulkan prilaku masyarakat yang cenderung berkelompok. Hal ini sangat di sayangkan bagi masyarakat karna aktifitas kreatif ini sangat berperan bagi masyarakat yang ingin belajar dengan bertukar pengalaman antar pelaku seni dan masyarakat. Hadirnya Ruang Interaktif-Kreatif di Kemang bertujuan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan atau tuntutan masyarakat Kemang terkait aktivitas berkesenian. Metode Pengujian terhadap hipotesis‐hipotesis dan dilakukan dengan melakukan survei ke lapangan, melakukan wawancara baik kepada pihak terkait kemudian melakukan observasi, mengumpulkan data, membandingkan antara hasil lapangan dengan standar yang ada dan menentukan hasil. proyek ini menyajikan program ruang yang berkaitan satu sama lain sehingga memudahkan pengunjung untuk mengakses dan juga berinteraksi dengan objek yang di pamerkan dan mengajak pengunjung yang berkunjung memberikan wadah dan fasilitas bagi masyarakat yang ingin mengembangkan kreatifitasnya. Ruang Interaktif-Kreatif ini diharapkan dapat memberi wadah atau tempat ketiga bagi seluruh kalangan masyarakat yang ingin bertukar pengalaman dengan suasana yang nyaman dan terfasilitasi.

scholarly journals Public Attitudes in Asia Toward Stuttering: A Scoping Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 503-511
Author(s):  
H. Haryani ◽  
Chu. S.Y ◽  
Yaruss. J. S. ◽  
McConnell G. ◽  
Ali. M. M.
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Opinion Survey ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Research Gaps ◽  
Survey Tool ◽  
The Public ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Human Attributes

Background/Objective: Limited information is available about public attitudes towards stuttering across Asia. This review considers the key factors and approaches used to measure public attitudes towards stuttering across Asia that have previously been published in order to identify potential research gaps. Methods: A scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) framework. Results: A total of nine relevant articles, published between 2001 to 2019, were selected for review. Most of the studies used the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes (POSHA) as a survey tool. This review yielded studies from Turkey, Kuwait, China/Hong Kong, and Japan. Asian public attitudes towards stuttering were less positive in general, except in Kuwait. Conclusion: Given that limited research has focused on examining the attitudes towards stuttering among the general public in the Asian region, we call for international collaboration to increase research about public attitudes. Such data could assist speech-language pathologists in developing awareness campaigns for better intervention and increased acceptance of individuals who stutter.

Analysis of Social Conflicts in Poland’s Soundscape as a Challenge to Socio-Acoustics

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Bernat
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
The Public ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
The Right

Abstract The study objective was to understand the character and location of social conflicts in Poland’s soundscape. The analyses were based on a review of press and Internet articles from the years 2008-2015 and reports on noise, preceded by a review of the legal framework of protection against noise in Poland. Questionnaire surveys concerning Poland’s national parks and health resorts and the city of Lublin were an additional source of information. In the case of the former, the surveys were supplemented with a general examination of the acoustic determinants of social conflicts in the Podzamcze district. An analysis shows that sound in landscape has been a source of more than 100 social conflicts which were most frequently related to unpleasant sounds (noise nuisance) and the right to peace and quiet. The public demands acoustic comfort, one of the determinants of the quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to know the public opinion on soundscapes (survey of sound preferences). Public consultations concerning the assessment of acoustic disturbance and sound preferences will make it possible to avoid social conflicts arising from insufficient knowledge. A major role is also played by the education of the public and decision-makers through sound awareness campaigns, e.g. as p art of ecology education. The subjective assessment of noise nuisance severity and the acoustic design of public spaces should be an integral part of environmental noise control programmes and revitalisation programmes. The conducted studies demonstrated that understanding the character and location of social conflicts in soundscape is a major scientific problem. Its resolution requires combining sociological studies (questionnaire for the valuation of the subjective feelings of respondents) with field analyses (observations, acoustic measurements). It is a promising research field that has been developed to a limited extent so far.

Habermas, Cultural Hegemony, and the Educational Public Sphere

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 43-62
Author(s):  
Wisam Kh. Abdul-Jabbar
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Pedagogical Practices ◽  
Cultural Hegemony ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Arabic Speaking

This study explores Habermas’s work in terms of the relevance of his theory of the public sphere to the politics and poetics of the Arab oral tradition and its pedagogical practices. In what ways and forms does Arab heritage inform a public sphere of resistance or dissent? How does Habermas’s notion of the public space help or hinder a better understanding of the Arab oral tradition within the sociopolitical and educational landscape of the Arabic-speaking world? This study also explores the pedagogical implications of teaching Arab orality within the context of the public sphere as a contested site that informs a mode of resistance against social inequality and sociopolitical exclusions.

Public space of the trustworthiness of sociological knowledge: The case of electoral research

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
OLEKSANDR STEGNII
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Election Campaign ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Sociological Knowledge ◽  
The Public ◽  
Approval Ratings ◽  
The Impact

The paper analyses specific features of sociological data circulation in a public space during an election campaign. The basic components of this kind of space with regard to sociological research are political actors (who put themselves up for the election), voters and agents. The latter refer to professional groups whose corporate interests are directly related to the impact on the election process. Sociologists can also be seen as agents of the electoral process when experts in the field of electoral sociology are becoming intermingled with manipulators without a proper professional background and publications in this field. In a public space where an electoral race is unfolding, empirical sociological research becomes the main form of obtaining sociological knowledge, and it is primarily conducted to measure approval ratings. Electoral research serves as an example of combining the theoretical and empirical components of sociological knowledge, as well as its professional and public dimensions. Provided that sociologists meet all the professional requirements, electoral research can be used as a good tool for evaluating the trustworthiness of results reflecting the people’s expression of will. Being producers of sociological knowledge, sociologists act in two different capacities during an election campaign: as analysts and as pollsters. Therefore, it is essential that the duties and areas of responsibility for professional sociologists should be separated from those of pollsters. Another thing that needs to be noted is the negative influence that political strategists exert on the trustworthiness of survey findings which are going to be released to the public. Using the case of approval ratings as an illustration, the author analyses the most common techniques aimed at misrepresenting and distorting sociological data in the public space. Particular attention is given to the markers that can detect bogus polling companies, systemic violations during the research process and data falsification.

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