Towards A Sustainable Green Design for Next-Generation Networks

Abstract The evolution in the Information and Communications Technologies industry results in excessive energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission in the wireless networks. In this context, energy efficiency in mobile networks has been attracting considerable attention as green communications and operational expenditures reduction depend on it. Although the Internet of Things is to be supported by devices that are low-energy consuming, the power consumption of the huge number to be connected for several applications and services demand significant attention. To offer insights into green communications, this paper reviews various energy efficiency improvement techniques. Also, we consider a hybrid model in which the main grid power and dynamically harvested green energy from renewable energy sources can be leveraged to support the energy demand of the radio access network. In this regard, we reformulate the energy consumption model and consider an energy-efficient power allocation algorithm for green energy optimization. Numerical results show that with resource allocation algorithm exploitation, the energy efficiency can be enhanced. Besides, the amount of the grid energy consumption can be considerably minimized, resulting in the greenhouse gas emissions reduction in the wireless networks.

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Recent trends and issues in energy conservation technologies

Heritage and Sustainable Development, ISSN 2712-0554 ◽

10.37868/hsd.v1i1.9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 33-40

Author(s):

Ömer Faruk Ulusoy ◽

Erkan Pektaş

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

International Energy Agency ◽

Advanced Technology ◽

Energy Agency ◽

The World

Energy efficiency is a set of measures to prevent the loss of energy in gas, steam, air and electricity, to reduce energy demand by recycling and evaluating various wastes, or to reduce production by advanced technology, more efficient energy resources, advanced industrial processes, and energy recovery. The International Energy Agency announced that world energy consumption increased by 45% since 1980 and would be 70% higher by 2030 [1]. The energy policy of the future will be on saving, energy efficiency and renewable energy trilogy. Today, with the industrial revolution, the environmental problems and the damages caused by the world we live in today have reached the dimensions that threaten human health and ecological balance. Considering that the energy consumed in the world is in buildings, every measure that reduces energy consumption is very important in terms of improving life conditions. For this purpose, the importance of renewable energy sources in the design of energy architecture principles in energy efficiency and sustainable environments is stated.

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Evaluation of Sustainable Energy Development Progress in EU Member States in the Context of Building Renovation

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14144209 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (14) ◽

pp. 4209

Author(s):

Rita Remeikienė ◽

Ligita Gasparėnienė ◽

Aleksandra Fedajev ◽

Marek Szarucki ◽

Marija Đekić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Investment Efficiency ◽

The European Union ◽

Energy Usage ◽

Member States ◽

Eu Member States ◽

The Eu

The main goal of setting energy efficiency priorities is to find ways to reduce energy consumption without harming consumers and the environment. The renovation of buildings can be considered one of the main aspects of energy efficiency in the European Union (EU). In the EU, only 5% of the renovation projects have been able to yield energy-saving at the deep renovation level. No other study has thus far ranked the EU member states according to achieved results in terms of increased usage in renewable sources, a decrease in energy usage and import, and reduction in harmful gas emissions due to energy usage. The main purpose of this article is to perform a comparative analysis of EU economies according to selected indicators related to the usage of renewable resources, energy efficiency, and emissions of harmful gasses as a result of energy usage. The methodological contribution of our study is related to developing a complex and robust research method for investment efficiency assessment allowing the study of three groups of indicators related to the usage of renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, and ecological aspects of energy. It was based on the PROMETHEE II method and allows testing it in other time periods, as well as modifying it for research purposes. The EU member states were categorized by such criteria as energy from renewables and biofuels, final energy consumption from renewables and biofuels, gross electricity generation from renewables and biofuels and import dependency, and usage of renewables and biofuels for heating and cooling. The results of energy per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Greenhouse gasses (GHG) emissions per million inhabitants (ECO2), energy per capita, the share of CO2 emissions from public electricity, and heat production from total CO2 emissions revealed that Latvia, Sweden, Portugal, Croatia, Austria, Lithuania, Romania, Denmark, and Finland are the nine most advanced countries in the area under consideration. In the group of the most advanced countries, energy consumption from renewables and biofuels is higher than the EU average.

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Analysis of Energy System in Norway with Focus on Energy Consumption Prediction

Management of Sustainable Development ◽

10.1515/msd-2017-0008 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 5-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maryam Hamlehdar ◽

Alireza Aslani

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Energy System ◽

High Energy ◽

Regression Result ◽

Industry Growth ◽

The Status

Abstract Today, the fossil fuels have dominant share of energy supply in order to respond to the high energy demand in the world. Norway is one of the countries with rich sources of fossil fuels and renewable energy sources. The current work is to investigate on the status of energy demand in Norway. First, energy and electricity consumption in various sectors, including industrial, residential are calculated. Then, energy demand in Norway is forecasted by using available tools. After that, the relationship between energy consumption in Norway with Basic economics parameters such as GDP, population and industry growth rate has determined by using linear regression model. Finally, the regression result shows a low correlation between variables.

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Energy benchmarking in educational buildings in the city of Kragujevac - possibilities for energy efficiency improvement

Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering ◽

10.2298/sjee2101095r ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 95-114

Author(s):

Ana Radojevic ◽

Danijela Nikolic ◽

Jasna Radulovic ◽

Jasmina Skerlic

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Efficiency Improvement ◽

Energy Efficiency Improvement ◽

Energy Benchmarking

The implementation of energy efficiency measures and use of renewable energy sources in educational buildings can significantly contribute to reducing energy consumption, but also to CO2 emissions in the entire public sector. The paper shows the comparison of energy consumption indicators for 61 elementary school buildings which have previously been divided in 12 groups, according to the period of construction and size, based on the national typology called TABULA, as the first step of further study on how to use the renewable energy sources. The aim of this paper is to use the energy benchmarking process to select representative facilities which are suitable for applying renewable energy sources, for their further energy efficiency improvement. Indicators of annual specific electricity consumption and CO2 emissions per unit area [kWh/m2] and per user [kWh/user] were calculated. After that, from two groups (in which the highest electricity consumption and CO2 emissions are 68.37% and 74.53% of the total consumption/ emissions), one representative facility was selected.

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Analysis and Energy Certification of an Andalusian Public Health Center. Comparative between the General Option and Simplified Procedures

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2019038003 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 3 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Javier ◽

Jesús ◽

Julio ◽

Paulo

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Health Center ◽

Energy Demand ◽

European Parliament ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Royal Decree ◽

The Public ◽

Basic Procedure ◽

Simplified Procedures

The requirements concerning the energy certification of buildings established in Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002, which was in turn modified by Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 19 May 2010, regarding the energy efficiency of buildings, were transposed into Spanish legislation through Royal Decree 47/2007, dated January 19, through which a Basic Procedure for certification was approved of energy efficiency of new buildings, which was consolidated by Royal Decree 235/2013, of April 5, which approves the basic procedure for the certification of the energy efficiency of buildings. In said Royal Decree, it is established that existing buildings or units of buildings occupied by a public authority, must obtain an energy efficiency certificate and will have the obligation to display their energy efficiency label, when their total useful area exceeds 250 m2, and are usually frequented by the public. The Basic Procedure is established that must comply with the methodology for calculating the energy efficiency rating, considering those factors that have the greatest impact on their energy consumption, as well as the technical and administrative conditions for the energy efficiency certifications of the buildings. For this purpose, three software programs were promoted from the competent Ministry, one corresponding to the general option (LIDER-CALENER “HULC” unified tool) and two others corresponding to the simplified option (simplified procedures CE3 and CE3X), which allow the energy qualification to be carried out of buildings according to three types of buildings (residential, small and medium-sized tertiary, and large tertiary) that are increasing the requirements of the energy certification of the building depending on the type of the same. This study identifies the possible alternatives for improving energy efficiency over the initial qualification of the building, within a context of technical and economic feasibility, optimizing energy demand, reducing CO2 emissions and building energy consumption, being The study also compares the results obtained in the energy rating, between the general option and the simplified procedures, on an Andalusian health center in 1957, which corresponds to the typology of the Grand Tertiary building (GT).

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Minimal Green Energy Consumption and Workload Management for Data Centers on Smart City Platforms

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12083140 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 3140 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Pei Pei ◽

Zongjie Huo ◽

Oscar Sanjuán Martínez ◽

Rubén González Crespo

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Smart City ◽

Energy Use ◽

Data Centers ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Global Market ◽

Green Energy ◽

Workload Management ◽

Multi Objective Genetic Algorithm ◽

Delay Tolerant

Presently, energy is considered a significant resource that grows scarce with high demand and population in the global market. Therefore, a survey suggested that renewable energy sources are required to avoid scarcity. Hence, in this paper, a smart, sustainable probability distribution hybridized genetic approach (SSPD-HG) has been proposed to decrease energy consumption and minimize the total completion time for a single machine in smart city machine interface platforms. Further, the estimated set of non-dominated alternative using a multi-objective genetic algorithm has been hybridized to address the problem, which is mathematically computed in this research. This paper discusses the need to promote the integration of green energy to reduce energy use costs by balancing regional loads. Further, the timely production of delay-tolerant working loads and the management of thermal storage at data centers has been analyzed in this research. In addition, differences in bandwidth rates between users and data centers are taken into account and analyzed at a lab scale using SSPD-HG for energy-saving costs and managing a balanced workload.

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Application of Rough Set Theory (RST) to Forecast Energy Consumption in Buildings Undergoing Thermal Modernization

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13061309 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1309 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tomasz Szul ◽

Stanisław Kokoszka

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Set Theory ◽

Rough Set ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Rough Set Theory ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Simple Procedure ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Improve Energy Efficiency

In many regions, the heat used for space heating is a basic item in the energy balance of a building and significantly affects its operating costs. The accuracy of the assessment of heat consumption in an existing building and the determination of the main components of heat loss depends to a large extent on whether the energy efficiency improvement targets set in the thermal upgrading project are achieved. A frequent problem in the case of energy calculations is the lack of complete architectural and construction documentation of the analyzed objects. Therefore, there is a need to search for methods that will be suitable for a quick technical analysis of measures taken to improve energy efficiency in existing buildings. These methods should have satisfactory results in predicting energy consumption where the input is limited, inaccurate, or uncertain. Therefore, the aim of this work was to test the usefulness of a model based on Rough Set Theory (RST) for estimating the thermal energy consumption of buildings undergoing an energy renovation. The research was carried out on a group of 109 thermally improved residential buildings, for which energy performance was based on actual energy consumption before and after thermal modernization. Specific sets of important variables characterizing the examined buildings were distinguished. The groups of variables were used to estimate energy consumption in such a way as to obtain a compromise between the effort of obtaining them and the quality of the forecast. This has allowed the construction of a prediction model that allows the use of a fast, relatively simple procedure to estimate the final energy demand rate for heating buildings.

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How Much Energy Efficient are Renewable Energy Sources Cooperatives’ Initiatives?

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13051136 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1136 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nikolaos Sifakis ◽

Tryfon Daras ◽

Theocharis Tsoutsos

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Smart Meters ◽

Green Consumption ◽

Consumption Behavior ◽

The Difference ◽

Actual Energy Consumption

In this paper is provided a systematic, in-depth, behavioral analysis of renewable energy sources cooperatives’ members. The analysis proved that in, on hand, there was a noticeable difference in the portion of affection of each proposed intervention on the actual energy consumption, which may be to even ten times more in some cases, and on the other hand, the difference in energy consumption between the analyzed groups was noticeable as well. So, implementing energy efficiency interventions of various types, such as technical support, special tariffs, energy generation schemes, and smart meters, seems to lead to substantial energy reductions to even more than 10%, cumulatively, and reduces the environmental footprint. Additionally, the majority of energy efficiency interventions applied by the renewable energy sources cooperatives are proved to be effective in achieving their primary goal, sensitizing members, and leading them to a more efficient energy consumption behavior (“greener”). The results of the analysis showed that each proposed intervention had played a different but nonetheless significant role in the diminishing of the energy consumption of the members and that there was a noticeable difference in energy consumption between the analyzed groups. The results of the analysis demonstrated more than 22 GWh totally in green consumption, and almost 4500 tons of CO2 saved.

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An Efficient Radio Access Resource Management Scheme Based on Priority Strategy in Dense mmWave Cellular Networks

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing ◽

10.1155/2020/8891660 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

Jinsong Gui ◽

Jianglin Liu

Keyword(s):

Resource Allocation ◽

Energy Efficiency ◽

Resource Management ◽

Cellular Networks ◽

Resource Allocation Algorithm ◽

Allocation Algorithm ◽

Network Expansion ◽

Radio Access ◽

Directional Transmission ◽

Access Resource

In millimeter wave (mmWave) communication systems, beamforming-enabled directional transmission and network densification are usually used to overcome severe signal path loss problem and improve signal coverage quality. The combination of directional transmission and network densification poses a challenge to radio access resource management. The existing work presented an effective solution for dense mmWave wireless local area networks (WLANs). However, this scheme cannot adapt to network expansion when it is applied directly to dense mmWave cellular networks. In addition, there is still room for improvement in terms of energy efficiency and throughput. Therefore, we firstly propose an efficient hierarchical beamforming training (BFT) mechanism to establish directional links, which allows all the small cell base stations (SBSs) to participate in the merging of training frames to adapt to network expansion. Then, we design a BFT information-aided radio access resource allocation algorithm to improve the downlink energy efficiency of the entire mmWave cellular network by reasonably selecting beam directions and optimizing transmission powers and beam widths. Simulation results show that the proposed hierarchical BFT mechanism has the smaller overhead of BFT than the existing BFT mechanism, and the proposed BFT information-aided radio access resource allocation algorithm outperforms the existing corresponding algorithm in terms of average energy efficiency and throughput per link.

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Renewable Energy-Aware Sustainable Cellular Networks with Load Balancing and Energy-Sharing Technique

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12229340 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (22) ◽

pp. 9340

Author(s):

Md. Sanwar Hossain ◽

Khondoker Ziaul Islam ◽

Abu Jahid ◽

Khondokar Mizanur Rahman ◽

Sarwar Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Load Balancing ◽

Outage Probability ◽

Cellular Networks ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Green Energy ◽

Solar Pv ◽

Wide Range ◽

Energy Sharing

With the proliferation of cellular networks, the ubiquitous availability of new-generation multimedia devices, and their wide-ranging data applications, telecom network operators are increasingly deploying the number of cellular base stations (BSs) to deal with unprecedented service demand. The rapid and radical deployment of the cellular network significantly exerts energy consumption and carbon footprints to the atmosphere. The ultimate objective of this work is to develop a sustainable and environmentally-friendly cellular infrastructure through compelling utilization of the locally available renewable energy sources (RES) namely solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and biomass generator (BG). This article addresses the key challenges of envisioning the hybrid solar PV/WT/BG powered macro BSs in Bangladesh considering the dynamic profile of the RES and traffic intensity in the tempo-spatial domain. The optimal system architecture and technical criteria of the proposed system are critically evaluated with the help of HOMER optimization software for both on-grid and off-grid conditions to downsize the electricity generation cost and waste outflows while ensuring the desired quality of experience (QoE) over 20 years duration. Besides, the green energy-sharing mechanism under the off-grid condition and the grid-tied condition has been critically analyzed for optimal use of green energy. Moreover, the heuristic algorithm of the load balancing technique among collocated BSs has been incorporated for elevating the throughput and energy efficiency (EE) as well. The spectral efficiency (SE), energy efficiency, and outage probability performance of the contemplated wireless network are substantially examined using Matlab based Monte–Carlo simulation under a wide range of network configurations. Simulation results reveal that the proper load balancing technique pledges zero outage probability with expected system performance whereas energy cooperation policy offers an attractive solution for developing green mobile communications employing better utilization of renewable energy under the proposed hybrid solar PV/WT/BG scheme.

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