scholarly journals Alternatives to Remdesivir: Drug repurposing for inhibition of SARSCoV2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumar Sharp
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
World Health ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Rna Dependent Rna Polymerase ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Even after more than a year of the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, a specific treatment for the disease has not been discovered. Vaccination programmes are being rolled out as the fastest pace possible but achievement of herd immunity will take time.[1] Many drugs like favipiravir, remdesivir and tocilizumab are being used for the treatment of this disease but reports published by the World Health Organization and the New England Journal of Medicine shows that they do not produce any significant clinical results. In this study, by molecular docking a large set of drugs has been used to replace remdesivir in RdRp protein so that they can produce the same action and therefore provide suitable alternatives for clinical trials and emergency use. The drugs identified in the study are saquinavir, cefoperazone, gliquidone, nelfinavir, 5-methyltetrahyrofolate among various others.

scholarly journals Vaccination Coverage for Routine Vaccines and Herd Immunity Levels against Measles and Pertussis in the World in 2019

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
Pedro Plans-Rubió
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
The World ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Global Vaccine Action Plan with the objective to promote essential vaccinations in all countries and achieve at least 90% vaccination coverage for all routine vaccines by 2020. The study assessed the mean percentages of vaccination coverage in 2019 for 13 routine vaccines, vaccination coverage variation from 2015 to 2019, and herd immunity levels against measles and pertussis in 2019 in countries and regions of WHO. In 2019, the mean percentages of vaccination coverage were lower than 90% for 10 (78.9%) routine vaccines. The mean percentages of vaccination coverage also decreased from 2015 to 2019 for six (46.2%) routine vaccines. The prevalence of individuals with vaccine-induced measles immunity in the target measles vaccination population was 88.1%, and the prevalence of individuals with vaccine-induced pertussis immunity in the target pertussis vaccination population was 81.1%. Herd immunity against measles viruses with Ro = 18 was established in 63 (32.5%) countries but not established in any region. Herd immunity against pertussis agents was not established in any country and in any region of WHO. National immunization programs must be improved to achieve ≥90% vaccination coverage in all countries and regions. Likewise, it is necessary to achieve ≥95% vaccination coverage with two doses of measles vaccines and three doses of pertussis vaccines in all countries and regions.

scholarly journals A Bibliometric Analysis of Coronavirus Research in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (13) ◽  
pp. 99-119
Author(s):  
Ali Mustafa Qamar ◽  
Rehan Ullah Khan ◽  
Suliman Alsuhibany
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
New England ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Gulf Cooperation Council ◽  
World Health ◽  
King Saud University ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by World Health Organization in March 2020. Since then, it has attracted the enormous attention of researchers from around the world. The world has gone through previous instances of corona-viruses such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome. Nevertheless, none was of these were of this serious nature as COVID-19. In this research, we carry out a bibliometric analysis of coronavirus research using the Scopus database. However, we restricted ourselves to the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, comprising Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The analysis was performed using Biblioshiny software. We analyzed 4288 articles written by 24226 researchers from 1994 till 2021, published in 1429 sources. The number of authors per publication is 5.65. A bulk of the research (more than 68%) appeared in the form of articles. More than 43% of the publications appeared in 2020 and more than 44% in 2021. Saudi Arabia appears the most-cited country, followed by Qatar. Journal of Infection and Public Health published the most number of papers, whereas New England Journal of Medicine is the most-cited one. Memish, Z.A. wrote the maximum number of papers. The top source, according to the H-index, is the Journal of Virology. Furthermore, the two most prolific universities are King Saud University and King Abdulaziz University, both from Saudi Arabia. The research uncovered deep learning as a niche theme used in recent publications. The research landscape continues to alter as the pandemic keeps on evolving.

scholarly journals Peter Chew Formular for calculate Covid-19 Vaccine efficiency

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter chew
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
New England ◽  
Target Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Worker ◽  
The Public ◽  
1 Peter ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) said the situation in India was a "devastating reminder" of what the coronavirus could do. India shifts from mass vaccine exporter to importer, worrying the world. Every country needs to vaccinate its citizens faster, vaccination can reduce viral load. This results in vaccination that can reduce transmission, preventing serious illness and death'. Therefore, Countries with higher levels of vaccination can prevent them from becoming "Second India".Preprint study, Vaccination Education App (1). [Peter Chew, 2021] shows that most people do not take the covid-19 vaccine because they question the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine. Therefore, it is important to create a simple formula for calculate the efficiency of the covid-19 vaccine. The purpose of creating this calculation formula is to allow the public to calculate the efficiency of the covid-19 vaccine by themselves, so that they can understand the effectiveness of the vaccine and decide to take the vaccine. This helps to get a high response to COVID vaccinationMethods: Use the Data publish at The New England JOURNAL of MEDICINE, Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine [Fernando P. Polack et all , 2020]. Calculate of Pfizer BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine efficiency by using normal formular and Peter Chew Formular , show that the same result are obtain, which is 95.0599 %. In addition, By using public news information, the public can use the Peter Chew formula to easily calculate Covid-19 vaccine efficacy. This is to ensure public can do the calculation themselves. A calculation of relative risk is also provided to provide more information to persuade the public to take the vaccine.Results: The efficiency of Pfizer BioNTech's COVID-19 vaccine for Malaysian medical worker calculated by using the Peter Chew formula is 95.0599 %. In addition, the calculation of Peter Chew's formula also shows that before the vaccination, about 12 medical staff were infected every day, but after the full vaccination, only about one medical worker was infected every two days. The calculation of relative risk can also make it easier for the public to know that people who are not vaccinated with Pfizer BioNTech's COVID-19 vaccine are 22 times more likely to be infected than people who are fully vaccinated. The above results can convince those who easily question the effectiveness of vaccination.Conclusions: Peter Chew Formular easy to calculate, and the data required for the Peter Chew Formular calculation easy to obtain from public news. This is to ensure that the public can calculate the efficacy of the vaccine by themselves. The information on the calculation can let public compare the average target group get infected every day before and after fully vaccination is also an advantage to let public know the effectiveness of vaccination. One of the advantage of Peter Chew formulator is that we can assume a high target population of vaccination with k = 100, such as the medical worker group When k = 100, the Peter Chew formular calculation becomes very simple. The Proof of Peter Chew Formular must also be shown.

scholarly journals Are the Objectives Proposed by the WHO for Routine Measles Vaccination Coverage and Population Measles Immunity Sufficient to Achieve Measles Elimination from Europe?

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Pedro Plans-Rubió
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Measles Elimination ◽  
Reproduction Numbers ◽  
The World ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Measles Vaccination Coverage

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) proposed two-dose measles vaccination coverage of at least 95% of the population and percentages of measles immunity in the population of 85%−95% in order to achieve measles elimination in Europe. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the measles vaccination coverage required to establish herd immunity against measles viruses with basic reproduction numbers (Ro) ranging from 6 to 60, and (2) to assess whether the objectives proposed by the WHO are sufficient to establish herd immunity against measles viruses. Methods: The herd immunity effects of the recommended objectives were assessed by considering the prevalence of protected individuals required to establish herd immunity against measles viruses with Ro values ranging from 6 to 60. Results: The study found that percentages of two-dose measles vaccination coverage from 88% to 100% could establish herd immunity against measles viruses with Ro from 6 to 19, assuming 95% measles vaccination effectiveness. The study found that the objective of 95% for two-dose measles vaccination coverage proposed by the WHO would not be sufficient to establish herd immunity against measles viruses with Ro ≥ 10, assuming 95% measles vaccination effectiveness. By contrast, a 97% measles vaccination coverage objective was sufficient to establish herd immunity against measles viruses, with Ro values from 6 to 13. Measles immunity levels recommended in individuals aged 1−4 years (≥85%) and 5−9 years (≥90%) might not be sufficient to establish herd immunity against most measles viruses, while those recommended in individuals aged 10 or more years (≥95%) could be sufficient to establish herd immunity against measles viruses with Ro values from 6 to 20. Conclusion: To meet the goal of measles elimination in Europe, it is necessary to achieve percentages of two-dose measles vaccination coverage of at least 97%, and measles immunity levels in children aged 1−9 years of at least 95%.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Drug Discovery Using Intensive Approaches

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayumu Asai ◽  
Masamitsu Konno ◽  
Miyuki Ozaki ◽  
Chihiro Otsuka ◽  
Andrea Vecchione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
World Health ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Since the infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in China during December 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread on a global scale, causing the World Health Organization (WHO) to issue a warning. While novel vaccines and drugs that target SARS-CoV-2 are under development, this review provides information on therapeutics which are under clinical trials or are proposed to antagonize SARS-CoV-2. Based on the information gained from the responses to other RNA coronaviruses, including the strains that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronaviruses and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), drug repurposing might be a viable strategy. Since several antiviral therapies can inhibit viral replication cycles or relieve symptoms, mechanisms unique to RNA viruses will be important for the clinical development of antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. Given that several currently marketed drugs may be efficient therapeutic agents for severe COVID-19 cases, they may be beneficial for future viral pandemics and other infections caused by RNA viruses when standard treatments are unavailable.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of COVID-19: What have we learnt until now?

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Tatjana Pekmezović
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
World Health ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Health Organization

The first case in the outbreak of atypical pneumonia of unknown etiology, later confirmed as disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, was described in Wuhan (China) on December 8, 2019. The rapid expansion of COVID-19 cases prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a global health emergency, and on March 11, 2020, COVID-19 was officially classified as a pandemic disease by the WHO. It is generally accepted that both genders and all ages in the population are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Data from the real life also show difficulties in reaching the threshold of herd immunity. Thanks to the vaccination, some populations are approaching the theoretical threshold of immunity, but the spread of the virus is still difficult to stop. If we add to that the fact that we still do not know how long immunity lasts after the infection, the conclusion is that vaccination is unlikely to completely stop the spread of the virus, and that we must think about it. Vaccines certainly significantly reduce the hospitalization rate and mortality rate, and the assumption is that the virus will not disappear soon, but the severity of the disease and its fatality will be of marginal importance. The development of the epidemiological situation related to the COVID-19 is constantly changing and it significantly differs in various parts of the world, which is affected by differences in financial resources, health infrastructure and awareness of prevention and control of the COVID-19. Attempts are being made to make dynamically adjusted strategies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, that is, the new normality.

scholarly journals Insights on Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Possible Treatment of COVID-19 infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHASHANK KUMAR MAURYA ◽  
Amit Bhattacharya ◽  
Pooja Shukla ◽  
RAJNIKANT MISHRA
Keyword(s):  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Review Article ◽  
World Health ◽  
Specific Drug ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
Primary Transmission

COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 virus of the coronavirus family, created worldwide infectious outbreak affecting millions of people across the globe showing mild to severe symptoms of pneumonia and acute respiratory distress. Absence of precise information on primary transmission, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics for patients with COVID-19 makes prevention and control tough. Treatment of millions of COVID19 patients without any specific drug is one of the biggest challenge, many existing antiviral drugs are in use as an alternative treatment and hunting is still on the way to develop COVID19 specific drug and vaccine. Being the world second largest populated country, fluctuating climatic condition at every 4 months, India is also at the high risk for spread of COVID19 infection. This review article has been intended to discuss biology of COVID-19, mechanism of COVID-19 infection in humans, epidemiology, possible effect of COVID19 infection on pregnancy, nervous system, individuals diabetes and cardiovascular disease, drug repurposing strategy as an alternative line of treatment and clinical practices recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) and other government agencies followed by situation and measures taken by Indian government to minimize the spread of COVID19 in India.

scholarly journals Vaccines and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 364-369
Author(s):  
Pyoeng Gyun Choe
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rna Dependent Rna Polymerase ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Polymerase Inhibitor ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Health Organization

In December 2019, a new strain of betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in Wuhan, China. Subsequently, the virus quickly spread worldwide and the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. In response to the pandemic, many researchers are working on repurposing existing drugs to alter the course of severe COVID-19, and are testing experimental treatments. Among antiviral agents, remdesivir, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, showed clinical benefit in a randomized clinical trial. In October 2020, the Food and Drug Administration approved remdesivir for treating hospitalized patients with COVID-19, making it the first drug approved for the disease. The race to produce safe, effective vaccines is also progressing at unprecedented speed, with over 200 under development and 45 candidates already being tested in human clinical trials (as of October 2020).

Safe Use of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) to Deactivate SARS-CoV-2: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review

Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashok Kumar ◽  
Waseem Ahmad Ansari ◽  
Tanveer Ahamad ◽  
Mohammad Saquib ◽  
Mohammad Faheem Khan
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Dodecyl Sulfate ◽  
Chemical Disinfectant ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Simplex Virus

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has now morphed into the most serious healthcare challenge that the world has faced in a century. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was declared as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on January 30, 2020, and a pandemic on March 11 by the World Health Organization (WHO). The number of cases and the death toll are rapidly increasing day by day because of its fast transmission from human to human through droplets, contaminated hands or body, and inanimate surfaces. Objective: SDS has been found to exhibit broad-spectrum and effective microbicidal and viral inactivation agents through the denaturation of both envelope and non-envelop proteins. Method: Viable SARS-COV-2 particles may also be found on contaminated sites such as steel surfaces, plastic surfaces, stainless steel, cardboard, and glass surfaces that can serve as a source of virus transmission. We reviewed the available literature about the SARS-CoV-2 persistence on inanimate surfaces as well as the decontamination strategies of corona and other viruses by using Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as well as other cleaning chemicals and disinfectants. Result: The efficacy of SDS has been amply demonstrated in several studies involving human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV). SDS has also been found as deactivator of SARSCoV-2. In toxic profile, up to 1% concentration of SDS is safe for humans and showed no toxic effect if ingested. Conclusion: Since no specific treatment is available as yet so containment and prevention continue to be important strategies against COVID-19. In this context, SDS can be an effective chemical disinfectant to slow and stop the further transmissions and spread of COVID-19.

Covid-19 Vaccine Benefits and Concerns: Nigerian Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olorunfemi Ayeotan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Poor Understanding ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization reported 162,184,263 cases of COVID-19 and about 3,364,446 deaths globally with Nigeria statistics at 165,709 reported cases and 2,066 deaths as of May 16 2021. This increase in reported cases and deaths globally can be drastically reduced when significant number of the population of the world becomes vaccinated. Researchers have developed different COVID-19 vaccines in a bid to control the morbidity and mortality rate as well as mitigate disease severity. Popular concerns about the vaccine in Nigeria and Africa ranges from effectiveness and side effects, poor understanding of the virus, lack of trust in the government, fear of the vaccine being used as a bioweapon designed by advanced countries to reduce the population of the poor ones by causing infertility, and lack of appropriate infrastructure for safe storage of the vaccine. Howbeit, the vaccine has been proven to be safe and effective. Nationwide delivery and acceptance will confer herd immunity and curb the menace of drug resistance.

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