Pelatihan Pembuatan Sabun Cuci Tangan Anti Bakteri Berbasis Eco Enzym dari Limbah Buah-Buahan dan Sayuran

The behavior of washing hands with soap is an important component to break the chain of spread and transmission of the corona virus. Antiseptic hand soap that has been circulating in the market contains chemical disinfectant ingredients as a powerful component to kill various pathogenic microorganisms including the corona virus. Frequent and long-term use of hand soap will have side effects on the skin in the area of ​​use. Eco enzyme is a product in the form of a liquid from the fermentation of organic waste from vegetables and fresh fruits. The content of eco enzyme is acetic acid (H3COOH) which can kill germs, viruses and bacteria. The selection of eco enzyme as the basic ingredient for making hand soap because it utilizes organic kitchen waste from the remnants of vegetables and fruits as well as the content of eco enzyme that can kill germs, viruses and bacteria and is environmentally friendly. This activity aims to increase public knowledge about eco enzymes and create innovative products by utilizing organic waste that functions for health and is environmentally friendly. The training method used is to provide material in lectures, discussions, demonstrations and assistance in making hand soap. The participants of the activity were people from RW 10, Keputran sub-district, Tegalsari sub-district, Surabaya, totaling 20 people. Evaluation was carried out directly at the end of the activity by discussing and seeing the results of hand washing soap production. Eco-enzyme-based hand soap still requires further development, especially as an anti-covid hand soap

Optimizing Operating Parameters of Electric Ultra-Low Volume Sprayer with Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Solution for Efficient Virucidal Activity on Environmental Surfaces

Recently, and considering the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a growing consensus that the disinfection of surfaces contaminated with pathogenic viral particles is essential. Chemical disinfectant sprays are effective at preventing the spread of infectious human noroviruses (Hu-NoVs) in healthcare and public areas. We assessed the virucidal activity of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) spray on fomite surfaces. A multivariate statistical assessment that combined a response surface methodology (RSM) and a Box–Behnken design (BBD) was performed to define the optimal parameters of, and correlations among, experimental conditions. Spraying SAEW disinfectant (oxidation-reduction potential: 1123 mV, pH range: 5.12, available chlorine concentration: 33.22 ppm) resulted in the successful decontamination of Hu-NoV, with a 4-log reduction in viral particles on polyvinyl chloride, stainless steel, ceramic tile, and glass surfaces. Our experimental data revealed optimized treatment conditions for decontaminating Hu-NoV GI.6 and GII.4, using the numerical multiple optimized method (spraying rate: 218 mL/min, spraying time: 4.9 s, spraying distance: 0.9 m). These findings offer significant insights for designing optimal strategic control practices to prevent infectious disease, particularly Hu-NoV, transmission.

Bacteriophage treatment before chemical disinfection can enhance removal of plastic surface-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Opportunistic pathogens can linger on surfaces in hospital and building plumbing environments, leading to infections in at-risk populations. Further, biofilm-associated bacteria are protected from removal and inactivation protocols, such as disinfection. Bacteriophages show promise as tools to treat antibiotic resistant infections. As such, phages may also be useful in environmental applications to prevent newly acquired infections. In the current study, the potential of synergies between bacteriophage and chemical disinfection of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa was assessed under various conditions. Specifically, surface-associated P. aeruginosa was treated with various concentrations of phages (P1 or JG004), chemical disinfectant (sodium hypochlorite or benzalkonium chloride), or combined sequential treatments under three distinct attachment models (spot inoculations, dry biofilms, and wet biofilms). Phages were very effective at removing bacteria in spot inoculation (>3.2 log 10 removal) and wet biofilms (up to 2.6 log 10 removal), while phages prevented regrowth of dry biofilms in the application time. In addition, phage treatment followed by chemical disinfection inactivated more P. aeruginosa under wet biofilm conditions better than either treatment alone. This effect was hindered when chemical disinfection was applied first, followed by phage treatment, suggesting additive benefits of combination treatments are lost when phage is applied last. Further, we confirm prior evidence of greater phage tolerance to benzalkonium chloride relative to sodium hypochlorite, informing choices for combination phage-disinfectant approaches. Overall, this paper further supports the potential of using combination phage and chemical disinfectant treatments to improve inactivation of surface-associated P. aeruginosa . Importance Phages are already utilized in the healthcare industry to treat antibiotic resistant infections, such as on implant-associated biofilms and in compassionate care cases. Phage treatment could also be a promising new tool to control pathogens in the built environment, preventing infections from occurring. This study shows that phage can be combined effectively with chemical disinfectants to improve removal of wet biofilms and bacteria spotted onto surfaces while preventing regrowth in dry biofilms. This has the potential to improve pathogen containment within the built environment and drinking water infrastructure to prevent infections of opportunistic pathogens.

Inhibition of Biofilm Formation and Related Gene Expression of Listeria monocytogenes in Response to Four Natural Antimicrobial Compounds and Sodium Hypochlorite

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of four natural antimicrobial compounds (cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, resveratrol and thymoquinone) plus a control chemical disinfectant (sodium hypochlorite) in inhibiting biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes CMCC54004 (Lm 54004) at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and sub-MICs. Crystal violet staining assay and microscopic examination were employed to investigate anti-biofilm effects of the evaluated compounds, and a real-time PCR assay was used to investigate the expression of critical genes by Lm 54004 biofilm. The results showed that five antimicrobial compounds inhibited Lm 54004 biofilm formation in a dose dependent way. Specifically, cinnamaldehyde and resveratrol showed better anti-biofilm effects at 1/4 × MIC, while sodium hypochlorite exhibited the lowest inhibitory rates. A swimming assay confirmed that natural compounds at sub-MICs suppressed Lm 54004 motility to a low degree. Supporting these findings, expression analysis showed that all four natural compounds at 1/4 × MIC significantly down-regulated quorum sensing genes (agrA, agrC, and agrD) rather than suppressing the motility- and flagella-associated genes (degU, motB, and flaA). This study revealed that sub-MICs of natural antimicrobial compounds reduced biofilm formation by suppressing the quorum sensing system rather than by inhibiting flagella formation.

In vitro effectiveness of an aqueous extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaves on bacteria causing healthcare associated infection in Valledupar

Background: Globally, the need to address strategies for preventing infections associated with health care has increased worldwide. In the city of Valledupar, Colombia, reports of bacteria resistant to chemical or enzymatic biocides in hospital environments and surfaces are increasingly frequent, evidencing the importance of conducting studies aimed at identifying alternative active ingredients for disinfectant products. Objective: Evaluate the in vitro effectiveness of Neem leaves extract over bacteria strains isolated from different areas and surfaces of a health institution in Valledupar, compared to disinfectants for hospital use, an enzymatic detergent, and a commercial chemical disinfectant. Methods: Biocidal activities on bacteria isolated from hospital surfaces, such as Acinetobacter baumanni, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus sp, and Stenotrophomonas malthophila were analyzed. The Neem leaves extract was evaluated at concentrations of 3, 4, and 5 % for each bacterium during 15-minute contact time, incubated at 37 °C for 18 hours. We compared two antimicrobial chemicals, a disinfectant (based on formaldehyde, cetrimide, and glutaraldehyde), and an enzymatic detergent (based on protease, lipase, and amylase). Results: The aqueous Neem extract did not show significant differences with the other treatments with 99.48 to 100% inhibition against bacteria of the species Acinetobacter baumanni, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Micrococcus sp.; Bacillus subtilis, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains were the most resistant strains inhibited by enzymatic detergent and disinfectant, respectively. None of the products evaluated were effective against all in vitrostrains. Conclusions: These data show Neem’s bacteriostatic properties, its potential in in-hospital products, and the need to combine different active ingredients in a disinfection plan.

Safe Use of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) to Deactivate SARS-CoV-2: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has now morphed into the most serious healthcare challenge that the world has faced in a century. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was declared as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on January 30, 2020, and a pandemic on March 11 by the World Health Organization (WHO). The number of cases and the death toll are rapidly increasing day by day because of its fast transmission from human to human through droplets, contaminated hands or body, and inanimate surfaces. Objective: SDS has been found to exhibit broad-spectrum and effective microbicidal and viral inactivation agents through the denaturation of both envelope and non-envelop proteins. Method: Viable SARS-COV-2 particles may also be found on contaminated sites such as steel surfaces, plastic surfaces, stainless steel, cardboard, and glass surfaces that can serve as a source of virus transmission. We reviewed the available literature about the SARS-CoV-2 persistence on inanimate surfaces as well as the decontamination strategies of corona and other viruses by using Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as well as other cleaning chemicals and disinfectants. Result: The efficacy of SDS has been amply demonstrated in several studies involving human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV). SDS has also been found as deactivator of SARSCoV-2. In toxic profile, up to 1% concentration of SDS is safe for humans and showed no toxic effect if ingested. Conclusion: Since no specific treatment is available as yet so containment and prevention continue to be important strategies against COVID-19. In this context, SDS can be an effective chemical disinfectant to slow and stop the further transmissions and spread of COVID-19.

Antibiotic and Disinfectant Resistance in Tap Water Strains – Insight into the Resistance of Environmental Bacteria

Although antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) have been isolated from tap water worldwide, the knowledge of their resistance patterns is still scarce. Both horizontal and vertical gene transfer has been suggested to contribute to the resistance spread among tap water bacteria. In this study, ARB were isolated from finished water collected at two independent water treatment plants (WTPs) and tap water collected at several point-of-use taps during summer and winter sampling campaigns. A total of 24 strains were identified to genus or species level and subjected to antibiotic and disinfectant susceptibility testing. The investigated tap water ARB belonged to phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes. The majority of the isolates proved multidrug resistant and resistant to chemical disinfectant. Neither seasonal nor WTP-dependent variabilities in antibiotic or disinfectant resistance were found. Antibiotics most effective against the investigated isolates included imipenem, tetracyclines, erythromycin, and least effective – aztreonam, cefotaxime, amoxicillin, and ceftazidime. The most resistant strains originate from Afipia sp. and Methylobacterium sp. Comparing resistance patterns of isolated tap water ARB with literature reports concerning the same genera or species confirms intra-genus or even intra-specific variabilities of environmental bacteria. Neither species-specific nor acquired resistance can be excluded.

Role of interfering substances in the survival of coronaviruses on surfaces and their impact on the efficiency of hand and surface disinfection

Contaminated environmental surfaces are considered to represent a significant vector for hospital-acquired viral infections. In this study, we have evaluated the impact of interfering substances on SARS-CoV-2 surface stability and virucidal efficiency of hand sanitizers and surface disinfectant. To this end, surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 was measured on stainless steel in different experimental conditions, with or without an artificial mucus/saliva mixture and compared against that of human coronavirus HCoV-229E and feline coronavirus FCoV. The impact of the mucus/saliva mixture on the virucidal efficiency of 3 commercial alcohol hand sanitizers and 1 surface chemical disinfectant against SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-229E and FCoV was then measured. Our results indicate that mucus/saliva mixture did not demonstrate a beneficial effect on the surface survival of tested viruses, with temperature being an important parameter. In addition, we demonstrated that interfering substances may play an important role in the virucidal efficacy of hand sanitizers and disinfectants, highlighting the need for adapted testing protocols that better reflect current - real life -conditions of use.

The Best Commercial Chemical Disinfectant for Swimming Pools Environments Contaminated With Fungi

Background: Swimming pools are contaminated with different microorganisms. This study aimed to investigate the fungal contamination of the swimming pools and detect the susceptibility of the isolated fungi to routinely used disinfectants.Methods: Surface and water samples were collected from different parts of 13 indoor swimming pools. Isolated fungal species were identified based on respective colony morphology, microscopic examination, and RFLP-PCR. Susceptibilities of fungal species to common disinfectants used in swimming pools were investigated, according to M38-A and M27A3 protocols.Results: Of the 795 collected specimens, 2211 isolates from 35 fungal species were identified. The most isolated fungi were filamentous hyaline hyphomycetes (especially Aspergillus spp.), and dematiaceous (especially Cladosporium spp.), followed by Mucorales, Candida species and dermatophyte species. The most contaminated places were shoes changing and dressing rooms. Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) and chloroxylenol (Dettol) were found to be effective against all isolated fungi after 2.5 and 5 minutes, respectively. Isopropyl alcohol (Afrooz disinfectant solution) was not an effect on Aspergillus spp., dematiaceous fungi, and Candida spp. after 10 minutes’ exposure. The efficacy of hydrochloric acid (liqueur de Javel) showed the most fungicidal activity against dermatophytes at all times. Conclusions: For efficient cleaning, the disinfectant must remain on the surfaces for an appropriate period. Sodium hypochlorite was efficient antifungal activity in a shorter time for killing all species of fungi. Given the different sensitivity and resistance profile of fungi to disinfectants, regular assessment of the disinfectants used for cleaning the pools is suggested.

Chlorine-based DUWL disinfectant leads to a different microbial composition of water derived biofilms compared to H2O2-based chemical disinfectants in vitro

Background Biofilm formation in dental unit waterlines (DUWL) may lead to health risks for dental staff and patients. Therefore, dental unit waterlines need to be disinfected, for instance by using chemical disinfectants. However, the application of chemical disinfectants may lead to the selection of specific microorganisms. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the microbial composition of water-derived biofilms, after a continuous exposure to maintenance doses of commercially available chemical disinfectants, in vitro. Methods The AAA-model was used to grow water derived biofilms. The biofilms were subjected to the maintenance dose of each disinfectant. To determine the microbial composition, the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced. The sequences were clustered in operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Results The bacterial composition of biofilms in all treatment groups differed significantly (PERMANOVA F = 4.441, p = 0.001). Pairwise comparisons revealed Anoxyl treated biofilms were significantly different from all groups (p = 0.0001). In the Anoxyl-treated biofilms, the relative abundance of Comamonadaceae and Sphingopyxis was high compared to the Dentosept, Green and Clean and Oxygenal groups. Conclusion We concluded that exposure to low doses of the chlorine-based chemical disinfectant Anoxyl led to a substantially different composition of water derived biofilms compared to biofilms exposed to H2O2-based chemical disinfectants.