scholarly journals Selenium Promotes Sunflower Resistance to Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum by Regulating Redox Homeostasis and Hormonal Signaling Pathways

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiying Chen ◽  
Huiying Sun ◽  
Ting Hu ◽  
Zehao Wang ◽  
Wenliang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Pathogen Infection ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Plant Genes ◽  
Infection Stage

Abstract Sclerotinia wilt of sunflower caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating disease causing serious loss. Selenium (Se) has a benefit effect to plant in stress tolerance. In this study, sunflower leaves treated by foliar application of Se were inoculated with S. sclerotiorum. Pathogenesis on the inoculated leaves and transcript levels of plant genes involved in redox homeostasis and hormonal signaling pathways were examined. Se could be detected after the foliar application and was mainly transformed to selenomethionine in sunflower. Consequently, Se pretreatment delayed the necrosis development caused by S. sclerotiorum and alleviated the adverse effects derived from pathogen infection by differentially balancing the regulation of enzymes involved in the redox homeostasis. Specially, the cat expression increased to alleviate its downregulation responded to pathogen infection at the earlier infection stage (12 hour post inoculation, hpi) while the pod, gpx, apx, and nox expressions decreased to alleviate their responsive upregulation at the later infection stages (24 and 36 hpi). Se pretreatment enhanced the regulation of genes involved in hormonal signaling pathways, in which the AOC and PAL expressions increased to enhance its upregulation induced by pathogen infection for improving resistant responses at the earlier infection stage (12 hpi), as well as the AOC and PDF expressions increased at the later infection stages (24 hpi). Besides, the EIN2 expression increased to alleviate its downregulation at all of infection stages. Our results suggested that Se plays the beneficial effect on the resistant responses to S. sclerotiorum infection. This study provided a clue to improve the sustainable management of Sclerotinia wilt on sunflower by Se foliar application.

Efficacy of three greenhouse screening methods for the identification of physiological resistance to white mold in dry bean

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Terán ◽  
S P Singh
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Physiological Resistance ◽  
Nueva Granada

White mold (WM) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is the most devastating disease of common bean (dry and snap or garden bean) (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in North America. The use of a reliable screening method (SM) in common bean is crucial to improve physiological resistance to WM. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of three SM to identify physiological resistance in dry bean genotypes with different evolutionary origins and levels of resistance. Screening methods tested were: (i) the modified straw test or cut–stem (CSM); (ii) infected bean flower (IFL); and (iii) infected oat seed (IOS). A 195, ICA Bunsi, Othello, and VCW 54 dry bean were tested with the three SM. The experimental design was a split plot in randomized complete blocks with three replications in 2007 and 2008. Two independent inoculations 1 wk apart for each SM were made. The WM reaction was scored at 16, 23, and 33 d post-inoculation (DPI) using a 1 to 9 scale. There were highly significant differences between SM and its interaction with years. The CSM and IFL were the most consistent and highly correlated (r > 0.70, P < 0.01). Interspecific breeding line VCW 54 consistently had the highest WM resistance across years, SM, and evaluation dates, followed by A 195. White mold scores increased with delayed evaluations. Thus, CSM or IFL with disease assessed 33 DPI should be used for identifying common bean genotypes with high levels of physiological resistance to WM.Key words: Common bean, growth habit, race Mesoamerica, race Nueva Granada, Phaseolus vulgaris, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Interactions Between Leukotriene C4 and Interleukin 13 Signaling Pathways in a Mouse Model of Airway Disease

2006 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-446
Author(s):  
Jaime Chavez ◽  
Hays W. J. Young ◽  
David B. Corry ◽  
Michael W. Lieberman
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Airway Disease ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Airway Responsiveness ◽  
Leukotriene C4 ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Interleukin 13 ◽  
Deficient Mice ◽  
Intranasal Instillation

Abstract Context.—During an asthmatic episode, leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and interleukin 13 (IL-13) are released into the airways and are thought to be central mediators of the asthmatic response. However, little is known about how these molecules interact or affect each other's signaling pathway. Objective.—To determine if the LTC4 and IL-13 signaling pathways interact with each other's pathways. Design.—We examined airway responsiveness, cysteinyl LTs (Cys-LTs), and Cys-LT and IL-13 receptor transcript levels in wild-type mice and in mice that were deficient in γ-glutamyl leukotrienase (an enzyme that converts LTC4 to LTD4), STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 [a critical molecule in IL-13 signaling]), and IL-4Rα (a subunit of the IL-13 receptor). Results.—Wild-type (C57BL/129SvEv) and γ-glutamyl leukotrienase–deficient mice showed increased airway responsiveness after intranasal instillation of IL-13; similar results were observed after intranasal instillation of IL-13 or LTC4 in a second wild-type strain (BALB/c). Interleukin 13 treatment reduced levels of Cys-LTs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. This change was unaccompanied by changes in other arachidonic acid metabolites or in RNA transcript levels of enzymes associated with Cys-LT synthesis. Interleukin 13 treatment also increased transcript levels of the Cys-LT 1 and Cys-LT 2 receptors, while LTC4 increased transcript levels of the α1 chain of the IL-13 receptor. Furthermore, IL-4Rα–deficient mice had increased airway responsiveness to LTC4 but not to IL-13, whereas STAT6-deficient mice failed to respond to either agonist. Conclusions.—These findings indicate that LTC4 and IL-13 are dependent on or signal through STAT6 to increase airway responsiveness and that both agonists regulate expression of each other's receptors.

scholarly journals Transcriptional regulation of structural and functional adaptations in a developing adulthood myocardium

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sini Sunny ◽  
Anil Kumar Challa ◽  
Joseph Barchue ◽  
Muralidharan T. Ramamurthy ◽  
David K Crossman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Cycle Growth ◽  
Myocardial Development ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Structural Adaptations

AbstractThe development of the heart follows a synergic action of several signaling pathways during gestational, pre- & postnatal stages. The current study aimed to investigate whether the myocardium experiences transcriptional changes during the transition from post-natal to adult hood stages. Herein, we used C57/Bl6/J mice at 4 (28-days; post-natal/PN) and 20 weeks (adulthood/AH) of ages and employed the next generation RNAseq (NGS) to profile the transcriptome and echocardiography analysis to monitor the structural/functional changes in the heart. NGS-based RNA-seq revealed that 1215 genes were significantly upregulated and 2549 were down regulated in the AH versus PN hearts, indicating a significant transcriptional change during this transition. A synchronized cardiac transcriptional regulation through cell cycle, growth hormones, redox homeostasis and metabolic pathways was noticed in both PN and AH hearts. Echocardiography reveals significant structural and functional (i.e. systolic/diastolic) changes during the transition of PN to adult stage. Particularly, a progressive decline in ejection fraction (EF) and cardiac output was observed in AH hearts. These structural adaptations are in line with critical signaling pathways that drive the maturation of heart during AH. Overall, we have presented a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis along with structural-functional relationship during the myocardial development in adult mice.

scholarly journals The Role of Acrolein and NADPH Oxidase in the Granulocyte-Mediated Growth-Inhibition of Tumor Cells

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morana Jaganjac ◽  
Tanja Matijevic Glavan ◽  
Neven Zarkovic
Keyword(s):  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Peroxidation Of Lipids ◽  
Tlr4 Expression ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Reactive Aldehydes

: Although granulocytes are the most abundant leukocytes in human blood, their involvement in the immune response against cancer is not well understood. While granulocytes are known for their “oxidative burst” when challenged with tumor cells, it is less known that oxygen-dependent killing of tumor cells by granulocytes includes peroxidation of lipids in tumor cell membranes, yielding formation of reactive aldehydes like 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and acrolein. In the present work, we investigate the role of reactive aldehydes on cellular redox homeostasis and surface toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression. We have further study the granulocyte-tumor cell intercellular redox signaling pathways. The data obtained show that granulocytes in the presence of 4-HNE and acrolein induce excessive ROS formation in tumor cells. Acrolein was also shown to induce granulocyte TLR4 expression. Furthermore, granulocyte-mediated antitumor effects were shown to be mediated via HOCl intracellular pathway by the action of NADPH oxidase. However, further studies are needed to understand interaction between TLR4 and granulocyte-tumor cell intercellular signaling pathways.

The importance of the type and time of inoculation and assessment in the determination of resistance in Brassia napus and B. juncea to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. X. Li ◽  
Hua Li ◽  
A. B. Siddique ◽  
K. Sivasithamparam ◽  
P. Salisbury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Myceliogenic Germination ◽  
Variable Impact ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Mycelial Suspension

Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) is a significant agricultural problem worldwide. Finding sources of resistance is crucial to the ongoing search for better management of this disease. Brassica germplasm from Australia, China and India was screened for resistance to SSR under Western Australian field conditions following stem inoculation, application of a spray of mycelial suspension, or as a consequence of myceliogenic germination originating from sclerotia resident in soil. Significant differences in response were observed among 53 genotypes using each of the three screening methods. There was a variable impact of the time of inoculation on the disease level depending upon time of assessment post-stem inoculation. However, this impact could be reduced to an insignificant level provided the assessment after stem inoculation was delayed until 3 weeks post-inoculation. The results of these studies indicate that the use of appropriate inoculation and assessment methods could significantly reduce variability in the responses commonly observed in screening for resistance in crop plants against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

scholarly journals Host-Induced Gene Silencing of a Multifunction Gene Sscnd1 Enhances Plant Resistance Against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yijuan Ding ◽  
Yangui Chen ◽  
Baoqin Yan ◽  
Hongmei Liao ◽  
Mengquan Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Tobacco Rattle Virus ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Appressorium Formation ◽  
Stem Loop ◽  
Infection Stage

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating necrotrophic fungal pathogen and has a substantial economic impact on crop production worldwide. Magnaporthe appressoria-specific (MAS) proteins have been suggested to be involved in the appressorium formation in Magnaporthe oryzae. Sscnd1, an MAS homolog gene, is highly induced at the early infection stage of S. sclerotiorum. Knock-down the expression of Sscnd1 gene severely reduced the virulence of S. sclerotiorum on intact rapeseed leaves, and their virulence was partially restored on wounded leaves. The Sscnd1 gene-silenced strains exhibited a defect in compound appressorium formation and cell integrity. The instantaneous silencing of Sscnd1 by tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) resulted in a significant reduction in disease development in tobacco. Three transgenic HIGS Arabidopsis lines displayed high levels of resistance to S. sclerotiorum and decreased Sscnd1 expression. Production of specific Sscnd1 siRNA in transgenic HIGS Arabidopsis lines was confirmed by stem-loop qRT-PCR. This study revealed that the compound appressorium-related gene Sscnd1 is required for cell integrity and full virulence in S. sclerotiorum and that Sclerotinia stem rot can be controlled by expressing the silencing constructs of Sscnd1 in host plants.

scholarly journals Crosstalk of DNA Methylation Triggered by Pathogen in Poplars With Different Resistances

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dandan Xiao ◽  
Ke Zhou ◽  
Xiaoqian Yang ◽  
Yuzhang Yang ◽  
Yudie Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Pathogen Infection ◽  
Methylation Ratio

DNA methylation plays crucial roles in responses to environmental stimuli. Modification of DNA methylation during development and abiotic stress responses has been confirmed in increasing numbers of plants, mainly annual plants. However, the epigenetic regulation mechanism underlying the immune response to pathogens remains largely unknown in plants, especially trees. To investigate whether DNA methylation is involved in the response to infection process or is related to the resistance differences among poplars, we performed comprehensive whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of the infected stem of the susceptible type Populus × euramerican ‘74/76’ and resistant type Populus tomentosa ‘henan’ upon Lonsdalea populi infection. The results revealed that DNA methylation changed dynamically in poplars during the infection process with a remarkable decrease seen in the DNA methylation ratio. Intriguingly, the resistant P. tomentosa ‘henan’ had a much lower basal DNA methylation ratio than the susceptible P. × euramerican ‘74/76’. Compared to mock-inoculation, both poplar types underwent post-inoculation CHH hypomethylation; however, significant decreases in mC and mCHH proportions were found in resistant poplar. In addition, most differentially CHH-hypomethylated regions were distributed in repeat and promoter regions. Based on comparison of DNA methylation modification with the expression profiles of genes, DNA methylation occurred in resistance genes, pathogenesis-related genes, and phytohormone genes in poplars during pathogen infection. Additionally, transcript levels of genes encoding methylation-related enzymes changed during pathogen infection. Interestingly, small-regulator miRNAs were subject to DNA methylation in poplars experiencing pathogen infection. This investigation highlights the critical role of DNA methylation in the poplar immune response to pathogen infection and provides new insights into epigenetic regulation in perennial plants in response to biotic stress.

scholarly journals First report of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing stem canker on Cannabis sativa L. in Oregon

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Garfinkel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
The United States ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Plant Seed

In August of 2020, plants of Cannabis sativa L. grown in hoop houses at two farms located in Benton County, Oregon exhibited wilting and chlorosis, followed by shoot necrosis. Symptomatic plants had dry, tan-brown lesions or cankers, often accompanied by large, round to irregular or ribbon-shaped, black sclerotia and/or profuse white mycelial growth. Lesions or cankers were observed on the stems at both the plant crown (soil) level and higher in the canopy; flower infections were not observed. Sclerotia were removed from two infected plants and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at room temperature. Fast-growing, pure white, largely appressed, sterile mycelium grew radially from plated sclerotia. Hyphal tips were transferred to obtain a pure culture. Additional sclerotia, solitary and aggregate, approximately 30 to more than 50 per plate, exhibiting identical features to those observed on plant tissue, formed in culture 6-7 days following transfer and ranged in size from 2 to 11 mm in length or width (n=50). Mycelia were aseptically harvested from cultures for DNA extraction (Quick-DNA Plant/Seed Miniprep Kit, Zymo Research). Primers ITS1-F (Gardes and Bruns 1993) and ITS4 (White et al. 1990) were used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and primers G3PDHfor and G3PDHrev were used to amplify the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) gene (Staats et al. 2005) from a single isolate, LAS01. The ITS region from LAS01 (MW079844) shared 100 to >99% homology to several Sclerotinia species isolates in GenBank. The LAS01 G3PDH gene (MW082601), shared >99% and 100% homology with S. sclerotiorum type specimens strains 484 (GenBank accession no. AJ705044) and 1980 (JQ036048), respectively, and only 97% and 96% sequence identity with S. minor (KF878364) and S. trifoliorum (KF878375), respectively. A phylogenetic tree (presented as an eXtra) identifies LAS01 as S. sclerotiorum. To confirm pathogenicity, isolate LAS01 was grown on PDA at room temperature. After 48 hours, 4mm plugs were cut from the colony and placed mycelium-side down onto the main stems of five healthy C. sativa plants that had been grown for approximately six weeks from rooted cuttings and secured using a minutien pin. Uncolonized PDA plugs placed on the stem of the same plants several leaf nodes away were used as controls. Plants were incubated at room temperature in a grow tent under 24-hour light and 70-95% humidity conditions. Elongate, tan-brown lesions were observed at the inoculation sites 4-5 days post inoculation; stems at mock inoculated sites remained green. After six days, tissue was excised from the margin of each lesion, surface sterilized with 1% NaOCl, rinsed in sterile water, and placed onto PDA. Resultant fungal growth was confirmed to be S. sclerotiorum based on morphology. Isolation attempts were also made from mock inoculations; no fungal growth was observed. Trials were repeated on two additional cultivars with similar results. This report is the first of S. sclerotiorum on C. sativa in Oregon; the only peer-reviewed reports that could be located for S. sclerotiorum on C. sativa in the United States were from host indices in Montana (Anon. 1960; Shaw 1973) and references cited by McPartland (1996). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has been reported in Canada on hemp-type C. sativa (Bains et al. 2000). The economic impact of S. sclerotiorum on the emerging C. sativa industry in Oregon and the United States remains unclear.

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