scholarly journals Cowpea Aphid Resistance In Cowpea Line CB77 Functions Primarily Through Antibiosis And Eliminates Phytotoxic Symptoms of Aphid Feeding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob R. MacWilliams ◽  
Quentin Chesnais ◽  
Paul Nabity ◽  
Kerry Mauck ◽  
Isgouhi Kaloshian
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Graph Analysis ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Cowpea Resistance ◽  
Cowpea Aphid ◽  
Semiarid Areas ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
Weak Surface

Abstract Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is one of the most important crops in semiarid areas of the world, where it thrives in hot, dry conditions. While cowpea is able to withstand abiotic stresses, it suffers serious losses from biotic antagonists, including infestation by the cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora). Cowpea aphid infestations are highly destructive, especially on young plants. However, it is unclear whether cowpea aphid damage is the result of aphids having phytotoxic effects on their hosts, or simple density effects. To better understand cowpea aphid damage and the potential for resistance traits to mitigate aphid impacts, we evaluated phenotypic changes in cowpea in response to variable aphid densities and systemic versus local infestations. Low aphid densities induced leaf distortions and pseudogalling, suggesting that cowpea aphids are phytotoxic to cowpea. Resistance to the cowpea aphid has been previously identified in an African cowpea germplasm, and near isogenic lines (NILs) containing resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) were generated in the California blackeye cultivar background. Using a series of performance assays, we determined that resistance conferred by the two QTL counteracts aphid phytotoxicity and severely limits aphid growth and fecundity. Using choice assays, a preference by cowpea aphids for the susceptible NIL was observed. Electrical penetration graph analysis revealed that the resistance phenotype includes weak surface level deterrence and strong phloem based resistance that manifests during the sap ingestion phase. Our study provides evidence of phytotoxic traits in A. craccivora while identifying a viable means of counteracting aphid damage and reproductive potential through resistance.

Pyriproxyfen Ingested With Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits Is Carried by the Feces and Reduces the Reproductive Potential of Adult Female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarsis Tamar Pereira Silva ◽  
Aurea Vieira Teixeira ◽  
Alexandre de Almeida e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Aqueous Conditions ◽  
New Strategies

Abstract In the search for new strategies to control Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae), several studies have successfully related pyriproxyfen (PPF) tarsal transference to breeding sites (autodissemination), as well as the sterilization potential of females exposed to PPF. Potential PPF autodissemination by mosquito feces after the ingestion of sugar baits has also been proposed. Therefore, the present work evaluated several parameters, e.g., fecal production, residuality under dry and aqueous conditions, PPF excretion affecting emergence inhibition (EI) by fecal deposits of Ae. aegypti fed with attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSBs) containing PPF as well as their reproductive potential. Females were fed with ATSBs offered as droplets and the feces were collected using filter paper and transferred to plastic cups with L3 larvae to evaluate EI. The residual effect of feces in aqueous and dry conditions and PPF excretion on EI was obtained by keeping the feces in water or dried for different time intervals and using feces collected at 24-h intervals, respectively. Females received a bloodmeal after feeding on ATSBs, eggs and larval counting expressed the reproductive potential. The fecal mass was not affected by PPF concentration, but EI increased from 33 to 54% as the PPF concentration increased. The PPF excretion in the feces exceeded 96 h. The residual effect in the EI for feces kept in water was reduced by more than 60% after 30 d but was not affected under dry conditions. The fecundity and fertility of the females were reduced up to 51% and 97%, respectively.

scholarly journals Modulation of Aphid Vector Activity by Potato virus Y on In Vitro Potato Plants

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Boquel ◽  
C. Delayen ◽  
A. Couty ◽  
P. Giordanengo ◽  
A. Ameline
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Potato Virus ◽  
Potato Virus Y ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Vector Activity ◽  
Aphid Feeding

The effects of the infection of potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants by the nonpersistent Potato virus Y (PVY) were studied on the host plant colonization behavior of different colonizing (Myzus persicae) and noncolonizing (Aphis fabae, Brevicoryne brassicae, and Sitobion avenae) aphid species. The underlying questions of this study were to know how aphids respond when faced with PVY-infected plants and whether plant infection can modify the aphid behavior involved in PVY spread. Short-range orientation behavior was observed using a dual-choice set-up and aphid feeding behavior was monitored using the electrical penetration graph technique. None of the aphid species discriminated between healthy and PVY-infected plants. Nevertheless, most individuals of M. persicae landed on and probed only in one plant whereas noncolonizing aphid species exhibited interplant movements. Study of the aphid feeding behavior showed that PVY infection essentially modified phloem and xylem ingestion. M. persicae and S. avenae exhibited an increased duration of phloem phases on PVY-infected plants whereas A. fabae showed a decreased duration of phloem phases that benefited from an increased duration of xylem ingestion phases. None of these parameters were changed in B. brassicae. These data present evidence that aphids can respond to plants infected by nonpersistent viruses. Such behavioral modifications are discussed within the context of PVY spread in potato crops.

scholarly journals Location, location, location: Feeding site affects aphid performance by altering access and quality of nutrients

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0245380
Author(s):  
Vamsi J. Nalam ◽  
Jinlong Han ◽  
William Jacob Pitt ◽  
Shailesh Raj Acharya ◽  
Punya Nachappa
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Soybean Aphids ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Plant Assays

Aphid feeding behavior and performance on a given host plant are influenced by the plants’ physical and chemical traits, including structural characters such as trichomes and nutritional composition. In this study, we determined the feeding behavior and performance of soybean aphids (Aphis glycines) on the stem, the adaxial (upper), and the abaxial (lower) leaf surfaces during early vegetative growth of soybean plants. Using the electrical penetration graph technique, we found that aphids feeding on the stem took the longest time to begin probing. Once aphids began probing, the sieve elements were more conducive to feeding, as evidenced by less salivation on the stem than either leaf surface. In whole-plant assays, stems harbored higher aphid populations, and aphids had shorter development time on stems than the adaxial and the abaxial leaf surfaces. We compared trichome density and length on the stem, the adaxial, and the abaxial leaf surfaces to investigate whether plant trichomes affected aphid feeding and performance. There were higher density and longer trichomes on stems, which likely resulted in aphids taking a longer time to probe. Still a negative impact on aphid population growth was not observed. Analysis of phloem sap composition revealed that vascular sap-enriched exudates from stems had higher sugars and amino acids than exudates from leaves. In artificial diet feeding assays, the population of aphids reared on a diet supplemented with stem exudates was higher than on a diet supplemented with leaf petiole exudates which is in agreement with results of the whole-plant assays. In summary, our findings suggest that the performance of soybean aphids on a specific plant location is primarily driven by accessibility and the quality of phloem composition rather than structural traits.

scholarly journals Inheritance of cowpea resistance to Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic vírus

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeferson Araújo Silva ◽  
Antonio Félix da Costa ◽  
Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon ◽  
Lílian Margarete Paes Guimarães ◽  
Diego Arruda Huggins de Sá Leitão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Inheritance Of Resistance ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Monogenic Inheritance ◽  
Cowpea Resistance ◽  
Cowpea Aphid ◽  
Chi Square Test

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the inheritance of resistance to Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). The study was performed between parental genotypes IT85F-2687 (resistant) and 'BR-14 Mulato' (susceptible), generating F1, F2, and F7 populations and backcrosses with both parental genotypes. CABMV was inoculated on plants from all generations, which were then evaluated through visual inspection and description of characteristic symptoms. A chi-square test was performed after the phenotypic classification of all plants. A segregation proportion of 1:3 (resistant:susceptible) in population F2 and of 1:1 in population F7 was accepted, showing a recessive monogenic inheritance.

Electronically monitored cowpea aphid feeding behavior on resistant and susceptible lupins

2001 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey W. Zehnder ◽  
Amy J. Nichols ◽  
Owain R. Edwards ◽  
T. James Ridsdill-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Cowpea Aphid ◽  
Aphid Feeding

Does phloem-based resistance to aphid feeding affect host-plant acceptance for reproduction? Parturition of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, on two near-isogenic lines of Medicago truncatula

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 683-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Jung Nam ◽  
G. Powell ◽  
J. Hardie
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Host Recognition ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Isogenic Lines ◽  
Aphid Clone ◽  
Plant Acceptance

AbstractProbing behaviour (prior to parturition) and parturition of two clones (PS01 and N116) of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum on two genotypes (near-isogenic lines (NILs)) (Q174_5.13 and Q174_9.10) of Medicago truncatula were investigated using electrical penetration graph (EPG) coupled with simultaneous visual monitoring for parturition. Line Q174_5.13 has been reported to show a phloem-based resistance to feeding in the clone PS01 but to be susceptible to the clone N116, whereas Q174_9.10 has shown to be susceptible to both aphid clones. The time taken to first parturition by clone PS01 was similar on Q174_5.13 and Q174_9.10. Prior to parturition, no aphids on Q174_5.13 contacted phloem, but 5% of the aphids on Q174_9.10 showed phloem salivation (recognized by EPG pattern E1). No phloem contact was observed with aphid clone N116 on either NILs of Medicago before first parturition occurred, and the time taken to first larviposition was similar on Q174_5.13 and Q174_9.10. The results indicate that the initiation of parturition of the clone PS01 and N116 on both NILs does not require the phloem contact and seems unchanged by a phloem-based resistance mechanism to feeding on Medicago. This finding suggests that host recognition and decisions about parturition occur before phloem contact or ingestion, and act independently on R-gene-mediated resistance.

scholarly journals Nicotinamide Inhibits Aphid Fecundity and Impacts Survival

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sampurna Sattar ◽  
Mario T. Martinez ◽  
Andres F. Ruiz ◽  
Wendy Hanna-Rose ◽  
Gary A. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Trpv Channels ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Phloem Feeding

AbstractNicotinamide (NAM) alters behavior in C. elegans and Drosophila, serving as an agonist of TRPV channels affecting sensory neurons and mimicking the mode of action of insecticides used to control phloem-feeding insects. The impact of NAM on green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) behaviors was assessed in artificial diet assays and foliar applications to Arabidopsis plants. Aphids feeding on artificial diets supplemented with NAM impaired stylet movement causing feeding interruptions and ultimately starvation and death. Aphid feeding behaviors were negatively impacted on NAM sprayed plants at concentrations as low as 2.5 mM leading to increased mortality. In choice assays with NAM sprayed leaves aphids showed clear preference for untreated control leaves. NAM is an intermediate in the NAD salvage pathway that should accumulate in nicotinamidase (nic) mutants. LC-MS analysis showed NAM accumulates 60-fold in nic-1-1 Arabidopsis mutants as compared with Col-0. Aphid reproductive potential was significantly decreased on nic-1-1 mutant plants, resulting in a smaller colony size and arrested population development. The results support the hypothesis that dietary NAM causes behavioral changes in aphids, including altered feeding, reduced reproduction, and increased mortality. NAM is thought to bind to TRPV channels causing overstimulation of sensory neurons in the aphid feeding apparatus.

scholarly journals A fitness cost resulting fromHamiltonella defensainfection is associated with altered probing and feeding behaviour inRhopalosiphum padi

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel. J. Leybourne ◽  
Tracy. A. Valentine ◽  
Jorunn. I. B. Bos ◽  
Alison. J. Karley
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Hordeum Spontaneum ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Aphid Feeding

AbstractAphids frequently associate with facultative endosymbiotic bacteria which influence aphid physiology in myriad ways. Endosymbiont infection can increase aphid resistance against parasitoids and pathogens, modulate plant responses to aphid feeding, and promote aphid virulence. These endosymbiotic relationships can also decrease aphid fitness in the absence of natural enemies or when feeding on less suitable plant types. Here, we use the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) technique to monitor feeding behaviour of four genetically-similar clonal lines of a cereal-feeding aphid,Rhopalosiphum padi, differentially infected (+/−) with the facultative protective endosymbiont,Hamiltonella defensa, to understand how physiological processes at the aphid-plant interface are affected by endosymbiont infection. Endosymbiont-infected aphids exhibited altered probing and feeding patterns compared with uninfected aphids, characterised by a two-fold increase in the number of plant cell punctures, a 50% reduction in the duration of each cellular puncture, and a greater probability of achieving sustained ingestion of plant phloem. Feeding behaviour was altered further by host plant identity: endosymbiont-infected aphids spent less time probing into plant tissue, required twice as many probes into plant tissue to reach plant phloem, and showed a 44% reduction in phloem ingestion when feeding on the partially-resistant wild relative of barley,Hordeum spontaneum5, compared with a commercial barley cultivar. These observations might explain reduced growth ofH. defensa-infected aphids on the former host plant. This study is the first to demonstrate a physiological mechanism at the aphid-plant interface contributing to endosymbiont effects on aphid fitness on different quality plants through altered aphid feeding behaviour.SummaryReduced performance of aphids infected with a common facultative endosymbiont on poor quality plants may be explained by changes in aphid probing behaviour and decreased phloem sap ingestion.

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