scholarly journals Self-Directed Passive Aggressive Behaviour as an Essential Component of Depression: Findings from two observational studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Günter Schanz ◽  
Monika Equit ◽  
Sarah Katharina Schäfer ◽  
Tanja Michael
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Attributional Style ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Dysfunctional Attitudes ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Passive Aggression ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Self-directed passive aggressive behaviour is defined as self-harm by inactivity or omission. Based on the self-control model of depression suggesting depressive symptoms to derive from distorted self-monitoring, self-evaluation and reduced self-reward as well as increased self-punishment and reduced self-reward, a relationship between self-directed passive aggressive behaviour and depression had been assumed. First evidence for this notion derives form a recent study, demonstrating a correlation between self-directed passive aggressive behaviour and depressive symptoms. However, it remains unclear if patients with depressive disorders report more self-directed passive aggressive behaviour than patients without depressive disorders and if self-directed passive aggression mediates the associations between distorted self-monitoring and self-evaluation with depressive symptoms.Methods Study 1 compared self-directed passive aggressive behaviour levels between 220 psychotherapy outpatients with (n = 140; 67.9% female; Mage = 40.0) and without (n = 80; 65.0% female; Mage = 36.2) depressive disorders. Diagnoses were made based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV. Study 2 examined self-directed passive aggressive behaviour as mediator of the relationship between distorted self-monitoring and self-evaluation and depressive symptoms in 200 Psychology students.Results Compared to outpatients without depressive disorders, outpatients with depressive disorder reported significantly more self-directed passive aggression (d = 0.51). Furthermore, Study 2 verified self-directed passive aggressive behaviour as partial mediator of the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes (abcs = .22, 95%-CI = .14 − .31), attributional style (abcs = .20, 95%-CI = .13 − .27), ruminative response style (abcs = .15, 95%-CI = .09 − .21) and depressive symptoms.Conclusion Self-directed passive aggressive behaviour partially mediates the association between distorted self-monitoring and self-evaluation with depressive symptoms and might represent a core component of depressive disorders.Trial registration: Both studies were preregistered at the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS000140051 and DRKS000190201).

Depressive Disorder in Primary Care

1987 ◽  
Vol 150 (6) ◽  
pp. 737-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. V. R. Blacker ◽  
A. W. Clare
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Disturbance ◽  
Collaborative Studies ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Precise Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

Since the pioneering study of psychiatric morbidity in primary care by Shepherdet alin 1966, it has become increasingly apparent that a substantial proportion (between 20% and 25%) of patients consulting their GP are suffering from some form of psychiatric disturbance (Goldberg & Blackwell, 1970; Hoeperet al,1979). The composition of this psychiatric morbidity has been shown to be almost wholly affective in nature and largely mild in degree. In their important review Jenkins & Shepherd (1983) recently summarised the now extensive findings relating to overall minor psychiatric morbidity in primary care. However, recent collaborative studies between psychiatrists and GPs have identified that within this dilute pool of minor disorders, lurks a significant but poorly served population of patients suffering from depressive disorders which are by no means minor in degree. A number of crucial issues regarding this depression in primary care emerge which the present paper aims to review. In particular, how common is it, and how severe? How does it present and what, if any, are its special characteristics? What is the precise relationship between depressive symptoms and depressive illness presenting to the GP and what is the relationship between physical illness and depression? And finally, what is the course and outcome of depression in this setting and what are the indications for and effect of treatment?

Do as I Say, Not as I Do? Examining Possible Individual-Level Moderators in the Relationship Between Criminal Attitudes and Offending

2021 ◽  
pp. 009385482110389
Author(s):  
Cashen M. Boccio
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Delinquent Behavior ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Criminological Theories ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Research Studies

Several criminological theories and numerous research studies suggest that criminal attitudes are related to delinquency and criminal behavior. In contrast, there is also an emerging body of literature that suggests that the behavior of many individuals is not consistent with their attitudes. This study addresses this contradiction in the literature by examining two possible individual-level moderators (i.e., self-control and depressive symptoms) that may explain why some adolescents may be involved in delinquent behavior when they report having attitudes disapproving of delinquency. The findings reveal that attitudes disapproving of delinquency are negatively associated with delinquent involvement; however, many respondents with attitudes of disapproving of delinquency still engaged in delinquent behavior. In addition, the findings suggest that self-control and depressive symptoms may moderate the association between attitudes disapproving of delinquency and delinquent involvement.

A Multi-Session Attribution Modification Program for Children with Aggressive Behaviour: Changes in Attributions, Emotional Reaction Estimates, and Self-Reported Aggression

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 538-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanos P. Vassilopoulos ◽  
Andreas Brouzos ◽  
Eleni Andreou
Keyword(s):  
Attributional Style ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Behaviour Changes ◽  
Aggressive Children ◽  
Bias Modification ◽  
Hostile Attributions

Background: Research suggests that aggressive children are prone to over-attribute hostile intentions to peers. Aims: The current study investigated whether this attributional style can be altered using a Cognitive Bias Modification of Interpretations (CBM-I) procedure. Method: A sample of 10–12-year-olds selected for displaying aggressive behaviours was trained over three sessions to endorse benign rather than hostile attributions in response to ambiguous social scenarios. Results: Compared to a test-retest control group (n = 18), children receiving CBM-I (n = 16) were less likely to endorse hostile attributions and more likely to endorse benign attributions in response to a new set of ambiguous social situations. Furthermore, aggressive behaviour scores reduced more in the trained group than in the untrained controls. Children who received attribution training also reported less perceived anger and showed a trend to report more self-control than those in the control group. Conclusions: Implications of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Features of the relationship between severity of macrosocial maladaptation and anxiety-depressive symptoms in women with different genesis depressive disorders

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-141
Author(s):  
R. I. Isakov
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Patient Population ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Endogenous Depression ◽  
Direct Association ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pathological Anxiety

Background. The leading position in the structure of the pathology of the psyche today is convincingly held by depressive disorders. In recent years, the number of publications showing a combination of the frequency of depression and psychosocial maladaptation, which acts both as a derivative in the clinic of depressive disorders and as an independent phenomenon that provokes and aggravates their course, has increased. Objective – to study the correlation of the structure and severity of the manifestations of macrosocial maladaptation and anxiety-depressive symptoms in women with depressive disorders of various genesis, in order to further determine the targeted points for differentiated psychosocial rehabilitation of this patient population. Materials and methods. 252 women with a diagnosis of depressive disorder were examined: 94 women with depressive disorder of psychogenic genesis (F43.21), 83 women with endogenous depression, (F32.0, F32.1, F32.2, F32.3, F33.0, F33. 1, F33.2, F33.3, F31.3, F31.4, F31.5) and 75 women with depressive disorder of organic genesis (F06.3). According to the results of assessing the degree of macrosocial maladaptation, two groups were distinguished: women without signs of maladaptation were assigned to the first group (n=48); the second group (n=204) consisted women with identified signs of maladaptation. We used such research methods: clinical-psychopathological, psychodiagnostic, statistical. Results. The regularities between the genesis of depression and the severity of signs of macrosocial maladaptation and anxiety are established and described. Macrosocial maladaptation of various severity occurs in the vast majority of patients with depression of any genesis. The severity and variability of pathological anxiety is the lowest in women with psychogenic depression with no or mild macrosocial disadaptation, and high in severe maladaptation, meanwhile in patients with endogenous depression the severity of anxiety is highest with mild maladaptation and low with severe macrosocial maladaptation. Conclusions. The severity of macrosocial maladaptation does not demonstrate a direct association with the severity of depressive phenomena and a clear comparability with the genesis of depressive disorder. Anxiety is less dependent on the genesis of depression, and is more determined by the degree of maladaptation. Received data should be taken into account when developing diagnostic, treatment and rehabilitation measures for women with depressive disorders.

Parental Criticism and Adolescent Depression: Does Adolescent Self-Evaluation Act as a Mediator?

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Bolton ◽  
Christine Barrowclough ◽  
Rachel Calam
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Parental Criticism ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Adolescent Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
The Relationship

Background: A better understanding of relationships between adolescent depression and family functioning may help in devising ways to prevent development of depression and design effective therapeutic interventions. Aims: This study explored the relationship of parental emotional attitudes, (perceived criticism and expressed emotion) to adolescent self-evaluation and depression. Methods: A sample of 28 clinic-referred adolescents and their mothers participated. The Five Minute Speech Sample was used to measure parental expressed emotion, and the adolescents completed the Children's Depression Inventory, Self-Perception Profile for Children global self-worth scale, a self-criticism scale and a perceived parental criticism scale. Results: There was partial support for a model of adolescent negative self-evaluation as a mediator in the relationship between parental emotional attitudes and adolescent depressive symptoms. The data also supported an alternative hypothesis whereby adolescent depressive symptoms are related to negative self-evaluation. Conclusions: The overall pattern of results emphasizes the significance of adolescents' perceptions of parental criticism, rather than actual levels, in understanding the relationship between parental emotional attitudes and adolescent depressive symptoms.

Comparison of Cognitive and Behavioral Self-Control Treatments of Depression

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 975-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Randy Thomas ◽  
Robert A. Petry ◽  
Jacquelin R. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Group Treatment ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Cognitive Treatment ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Treatment Of Depression

A self-control treatment of depression was evaluated against a cognitive treatment of depression. 30 depressed female volunteer subjects were randomly assigned to one of two 6-wk. group treatment conditions. The self-control treatment focused on self-monitoring, self-evaluation and self-reinforcement. The cognitive treatment emphasized identifying and altering irrational thoughts. The self-control treatment was as effective as the cognitive treatment in producing significant reductions in depression. Results remained stable at a 6-wk. follow-up. Discussion focused on the efficacy of the self-control model and implications for research.

The relationship between burnout and depressive symptoms in patients with depressive disorders

2015 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 361-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily Y.L. Chiu ◽  
Kurtis Stewart ◽  
Cindy Woo ◽  
Lakshmi N. Yatham ◽  
Raymond W. Lam
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Self-Control, Self-Management and Entrepreneurship in Brazilian Creative Industries

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (63) ◽  
pp. 25-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro F. Bendassolli ◽  
Jairo Eduardo Borges-Andrade ◽  
Sonia Maria Guedes Gondim
Keyword(s):  
Cross Validation ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Three Factor

Abstract Creative entrepreneurship has gained ground in recent years with the advent of creative industries. The capabilitiesto set targets and individually self-regulate have been indicated as predictors of entrepreneurship. This study aims to identify validity characteristics of a self-regulation scale and to test if score differences are related to whether or not one is an entrepreneur, personalcharacteristics, or the activity sector. A total of 596 professionals from creative industries in Brazil participated in this study. The self-control and self-management scale (SCMS) has been applied; it has been translated and adapted to Portuguese. Cross-validation analysis has been done. The results support the three-factor structure of the scale. Entrepreneurs tended to indicate higher means in the self-evaluation factor than non-entrepreneurs. Activity sector, gender and schooling demonstrated a significant difference in the self-monitoring factor.

Dysphoric Mood and Preference for Immediate versus Delayed Monetary Reinforcement

1999 ◽  
Vol 84 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1281-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott T. Gaynor ◽  
Ashley P. Thomas ◽  
P. Scott Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Systematic Difference ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Management Skills ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Dysphoric Mood

It has been proposed that depression is the product of deficits in self-management skills: self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement. While interventions based on this theory have shown promise, some of the basic tenets upon which the theory is based lack empirical support. The present experiment tested one such tenet—the claim that depressed individuals select smaller more immediate reinforcers (an impulsive choice) at the expense of larger more delayed reinforcers (a self-control choice). Currently, empirical support for this notion is sparse and contradictory. This study addressed several methodological problems in earlier studies by creating divergent groups based on Beck Depression Inventory scores, employing a task requiring multiple responses and applying a quantitative model to determine reinforcer value. Analyses indicated no systematic difference between participants in the dysphoric and nondysphoric groups in ability to delay reinforcement. Thus, the current results provide no support for the hypothesis that the 36 dysphoric individuals were unable to delay reinforcement relative to the 21 nondysphoric individuals. Because respondents across the sample as a whole showed a self-control preference, however, the data are consistent with findings in the experimental study of choice responding with adult human subjects. Interpretations in terms of sensitivity and pseudosensitivity to the experimental contingencies are explored.

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