scholarly journals Phosphoproteomics of Cold Stress-Responsive Mechanisms in Rhododendron Chrysanthum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunbo Liu ◽  
Ziyao Zhang ◽  
Hang Fan ◽  
Yun Tan ◽  
Xiaofu Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Measurement ◽  
Plant Resource ◽  
Ros Homeostasis ◽  
Clusters Of Orthologous Groups ◽  
Cold Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract As an alpine plant，Rhododendron chrysanthum (R. chrysanthum) has evolved cold resistance mechanisms and become a valuable plant resource with the responsive mechanism of cold stress. In my study, we adopt the phosphoproteomic and proteomic analysis combining with physiological measurement to illustrate the responsive mechanism of R. chrysanthum seedling under cold (4℃) stress. After chilling for 12 h, 350 significantly changed proteins and 274 significantly changed phosphoproteins were detected. Clusters of Orthologous Groups（COG）analysis showed that significantly changed proteins and phosphoproteins were mainly involved in signal transduction and energy production and conversion under cold stress. The results indicated photosynthesis was inhibited under cold stress, but cold induced calcium-mediated signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and other transcription regulation factors could protect plants from the destruction caused by cold stress. These results provide a detailed insight into the cold stress response and defense mechanisms of R. chrysanthum leaves at the phosphoproteome level.

scholarly journals Phosphoproteomics of Cold Stress-Responsive Mechanisms in Rhododendron Chrysanthum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
yunbo liu ◽  
Ziyao Zhang ◽  
Hang Fan ◽  
Yun Tan ◽  
Xiaofu Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Physiological Measurement ◽  
Plant Resource ◽  
Ros Homeostasis ◽  
Cold Resistance Mechanisms

Abstract Background: As an alpine plants，Rhododendron chrysanthum (R. chrysanthum) has evolved cold resistance mechanisms and become a valuable plant resource with the responsive mechanism of cold stress. Results: In my study, we adopt the phosphoproteomic and proteomic analysis combining with physiological measurement to illustrate the responsive mechanism of R. chrysanthum seedling under cold (4℃) stress. After chilling for 12 h, 350 significantly changed proteins and 274 significantly changed phosphoproteins were detected. COG analysis showed that significantly changed proteins and phosphoproteins were mainly involved in signal transduction and energy production and conversion under cold stress. The results indicated photosynthesis was inhibited under cold stress, but cold induced calcium-mediated signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and other transcription regulation factors could protect plants from destruction caused by cold stress. Conclusions: These data constitute a cold stress-responsive metabolic atlas in R. chrysanthum, which will springboard further investigations into the complex molecular mechanisms of plant cold adaptation.

scholarly journals Deciphering the Role of Autophagy in Treatment of Resistance Mechanisms in Glioblastoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1318
Author(s):  
Imran Khan ◽  
Mohammad Hassan Baig ◽  
Sadaf Mahfooz ◽  
Moniba Rahim ◽  
Busra Karacam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Cellular Energy ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Insight Into

Autophagy is a process essential for cellular energy consumption, survival, and defense mechanisms. The role of autophagy in several types of human cancers has been explicitly explained; however, the underlying molecular mechanism of autophagy in glioblastoma remains ambiguous. Autophagy is thought to be a “double-edged sword”, and its effect on tumorigenesis varies with cell type. On the other hand, autophagy may play a significant role in the resistance mechanisms against various therapies. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms deriving the autophagy-mediated therapeutic resistance and designing improved treatment strategies for glioblastoma. In this review, we discuss autophagy mechanisms, specifically its pro-survival and growth-suppressing mechanisms in glioblastomas. In addition, we try to shed some light on the autophagy-mediated activation of the cellular mechanisms supporting radioresistance and chemoresistance in glioblastoma. This review also highlights autophagy’s involvement in glioma stem cell behavior, underlining its role as a potential molecular target for therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals SMFC as a tool for the removal of hydrocarbons and metals in the marine environment: a concise research update

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edvige Gambino ◽  
Kuppam Chandrasekhar ◽  
Rosa Anna Nastro
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Microbial Fuel Cells ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Sediment Remediation ◽  
Marine Food Chain ◽  
Marine Food ◽  
Accumulation Of Pollutants ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractMarine pollution is becoming more and more serious, especially in coastal areas. Because of the sequestration and consequent accumulation of pollutants in sediments (mainly organic compounds and heavy metals), marine environment restoration cannot exempt from effective remediation of sediments themselves. It has been well proven that, after entering into the seawater, these pollutants are biotransformed into their metabolites, which may be more toxic than their parent molecules. Based on their bioavailability and toxic nature, these compounds may accumulate into the living cells of marine organisms. Pollutants bioaccumulation and biomagnification along the marine food chain lead to seafood contamination and human health hazards. Nowadays, different technologies are available for sediment remediation, such as physicochemical, biological, and bioelectrochemical processes. This paper gives an overview of the most recent techniques for marine sediment remediation while presenting sediment-based microbial fuel cells (SMFCs). We discuss the issues, the progress, and future perspectives of SMFC application to the removal of hydrocarbons and metals in the marine environment with concurrent energy production. We give an insight into the possible mechanisms leading to sediment remediation, SMFC energy balance, and future exploitation.

scholarly journals Leptin signaling regulates physiological damage and host-pathogen cooperation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina K. Sanchez ◽  
Katia Troha ◽  
Sarah Stengel ◽  
Janelle S. Ayres
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Far East ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
Leptin Signaling ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Cooperative Defense ◽  
Additional Level

ABSTRACTTo combat infections, hosts employ a combination of antagonistic and cooperative defense strategies. The former refers to pathogen killing mediated by resistance mechanisms, while the latter refers to physiological defense mechanisms that promote host health during infection independent of pathogen killing, leading to an apparent cooperation between the host and the pathogen. Previous work has shown that leptin, a pleiotropic hormone that plays a central role in regulating appetite and energy metabolism, is indispensable for resistance mechanisms, while a role for leptin signaling in cooperative host-pathogen interactions remains unknown. Using a mouse model of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yptb) infection, the causative agent of Far East scarlet-like fever, we unexpectedly found that genetic inhibition of leptin signaling conferred protection from Yptb infection due to increased host-pathogen cooperation rather than greater resistance defenses. The protection against Yptb infection was not due to differences in food consumption, lipolysis or fat mass. Furthermore, we found that the survival advantage was associated with increased liver damage and dysfunction. Our work reveals an additional level of complexity for the role of leptin in infection defense and suggests that in some contexts, in addition to tolerating the pathogen, tolerating organ damage and dysfunction is more beneficial for survival than preventing the damage.

scholarly journals An Avirulent Strain of Soybean Mosaic Virus Reverses the Defensive Effect of Abscisic Acid in a Susceptible Soybean Cultivar

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazen Alazem ◽  
Kristin Widyasari ◽  
Kook-Hyung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Rna Silencing ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Soybean Mosaic Virus ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Soybean Cultivar ◽  
Avirulent Strain ◽  
Rapid Induction

In soybean cultivar L29, the Rsv3 gene is responsible for extreme resistance (ER) against the soybean mosaic virus avirulent strain G5H, but is ineffective against the virulent strain G7H. Part of this ER is attributed to the rapid increase in abscisic acid (ABA) and callose, and to the rapid induction of several genes in the RNA-silencing pathway. Whether these two defense mechanisms are correlated or separated in the ER is unknown. Here, we found that ABA treatment of L29 plants increased the expression of several antiviral RNA-silencing genes as well as the PP2C3a gene, which was previously shown to increase callose accumulation; as a consequence, ABA increased the resistance of L29 plants to G7H. The effect of ABA treatment on these genes was weaker in the rsv3-null cultivar (Somyungkong) than in L29. Besides, G5H-infection of Somyungkong plants subverted the effect of ABA leading to reduced callose accumulation and decreased expression of several RNA-silencing genes, which resulted in increased susceptibility to G5H infection. ABA treatment, however, still induced some resistance to G7H in Somyungkong, but only AGO7b was significantly induced. Our data suggest that Rsv3 modulates the effect of ABA on these two resistance mechanisms, i.e., callose accumulation and the antiviral RNA-silencing pathway, and that in the absence of Rsv3, some strains can reverse the effect of ABA and thereby facilitate their replication and spread.

scholarly journals Pinus massoniana Introgression Hybrids Display Differential Expression of Reproductive Genes

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaxing Mo ◽  
Jin Xu ◽  
Yuting Cao ◽  
Liwei Yang ◽  
Tongming Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Pinus Massoniana ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Reproductive Process ◽  
Clusters Of Orthologous Groups ◽  
Ripening Rate ◽  
Pine Cones ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

Pinus massoniana and P. hwangshanensis are two conifer species located in southern China, which are of both economic and ornamental value. Around the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, P. massoniana occurs mainly at altitudes below 700 m, while P. hwangshanensis can be found above 900 m. At altitudes where the distribution of both pines overlaps, a natural introgression hybrid exists, which we will further refer to as the Z pine. This pine has a morphological character that shares attributes of both P. massoniana and P. hwangshanensis. However, compared to the other two pines, its reproductive structure, the pinecone, has an ultra-low ripening rate with seeds that germinate poorly. In this study, we aimed to find the reason for the impaired cone maturation by comparing transcriptome libraries of P. massoniana and Z pine cones at seven successive growth stages. After sequencing and assembly, we obtained unigenes and then annotated them against NCBI’s non-redundant nucleotide and protein sequences, Swiss-Prot, Clusters of Orthologous Groups, Gene Ontology and KEGG Orthology databases. Gene expression levels were estimated and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the two pines were mined and analyzed. We found that several of them indeed relate to reproductive process. At every growth stage, these genes are expressed at a higher level in P. massoniana than in the Z pine. These data provide insight into understanding which molecular mechanisms are altered between P. massoniana and the Z pine that might cause changes in the reproductive process.

Intentional reasoning: A developmental study of behaviorally aggressive and normal boys

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne McKeough ◽  
Tim Yates ◽  
Anthony Marini
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
The Social ◽  
Behaviorally Disturbed ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
Maladaptive Thought ◽  
Behavioral Aggression ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThe purpose of this work was to investigate the way in which boys, ages 6, 8, and 10 years, who are behaviorally disturbed, understand motives behind human behavior, compared to normally functioning peers. Four tasks were administered that differed in surface features but that shared an underlying conceptual structure. A structural analysis of response protocols was undertaken to assess the level of cognitive complexity of their productions. Age-appropriate performance required varying degrees of intentional understanding (i.e., the reciprocal causal relations between action and mental states such as feelings and desires). The results of this analysis supported our predictions that behaviorally disturbed children use developmentally naive reasoning in the domain of conflict resolution, compared with their normal peers. Additionally, a thematic analysis of the content of responses was performed. The results of this analysis showed that the two groups' reasoning also differed qualitatively, in that the aggressive boys showed greater evidence of socially maladaptive thought, whereas the comparison group's performance was largely adaptive. We propose that early-formed primitive defense mechanisms may interfere with the aggressive group's construction of prosocial mental models of the social world. The results suggest that this line of research, which integrates developmental and psychoanalytic theory, has the potential to offer insight into the mechanisms underlying behavioral aggression.

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