Lengthening of Warm Periods Increased the Intensity of Warm-season Marine Heatwaves Over the Past Four Decades

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.21203/rs.3.rs-700862/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xinru Li ◽

Simon Donner

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Coral Reefs ◽

Thermal Structure ◽

Warm Season ◽

Marine Ecosystems ◽

Marine Conservation ◽

Heating Rates ◽

Thermal Thresholds ◽

The Past ◽

Peak Intensity

Abstract Marine heatwaves (MHWs), periods of anomalously warm sea surface temperature (SST) which can have significant impacts on marine ecosystems, have increased in frequency and severity over recent decades. Many coastal systems (e.g. coral reefs) are particularly vulnerable to warm-season heat stress when temperature can exceed organisms’ thermal thresholds and lead to mass mortality. While many studies have examined the change of the warm-season heat stress occurrence over time, e.g., for coral reefs, there has been less analysis of the thermal structure of heat stress events. Here we examined the trend in the characteristics of warm-season heat stress (referred to as warm-season MHWs) at the global-scale from 1985 to 2019, using multiple metrics for each of duration, peak intensity, accumulated heat stress, heating rates and level of intensity. The results showed that warm-season MHWs have become more frequent, longer-lasting, featured higher peak intensity and accumulated heat stress across most of the ocean over the past four decades. Furthermore, decomposition of the trends in warm-season MHWs structure showed that the increased accumulated heat stress was predominantly driven by the increased duration rather than the increased intensity, especially in the western and central equatorial Pacific. The results contribute to improving the understanding of warm-season MHWs, which may help inform the prediction of their impacts on marine ecosystems as well as marine conservation and management under climate change.

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Coral Reefs: Challenges, Opportunities and Evolutionary Strategies for Surviving Climate Change in the Caribbean

Journal of Mason Graduate Research ◽

10.13021/g8b013 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Ron Mahabir

Keyword(s):

Coral Reefs ◽

Evolutionary Strategies ◽

Temperature Sensitive ◽

Live Coral ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Thermal Thresholds ◽

Marine Plants ◽

The Past ◽

The Caribbean ◽

The Relationship

Coral reefs are some one of the most diverse marine ecosystems on Earth. They are renowned hotspots of species biodiversity and provide home to a large array of marine plants and animals. Over the past 100 years in many tropical regions sea surface temperatures have increased by almost 1°C and are currently increasing at about 1–2°C per century. Corals have very specific thermal thresholds beyond which their temperature sensitive symbiot Zooxanthellae becomes affected and causes corals to bleach. Mass bleaching has already caused significant losses to live coral in many parts of the world. This paper looks at the key role that temperature plays in affecting the health and spatial distribution of coral in the Caribbean. The relationship between coral and symbiot is examined, in addition to some of the evolutionary strategies necessary to ensure the future survival of coral with changing climate.

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The Mauritius Oil Spill: What’s Next?

Pollutants ◽

10.3390/pollutants1010003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 18-28

Author(s):

Davide Seveso ◽

Yohan Didier Louis ◽

Simone Montano ◽

Paolo Galli ◽

Francesco Saliu

Keyword(s):

Indian Ocean ◽

Coral Reefs ◽

Oil Spill ◽

Local Population ◽

Marine Ecosystems ◽

Mangrove Forests ◽

Biological Impact ◽

Marine Oil ◽

Restoration Techniques

In light of the recent marine oil spill that occurred off the coast of Mauritius (Indian Ocean), we comment here the incident, the containment method used by the local population, the biological impact of oil spill on two sensitive tropical marine ecosystems (coral reefs and mangrove forests), and we suggest monitoring and restoration techniques of the impacted ecosystems based on recent research advancements.

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First record ofPhormia regina(Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from mummies at the Sant’Antonio Abate Cathedral of Castelsardo, Sardinia, Italy

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.4176 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. e4176 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Giorgia Giordani ◽

Fabiola Tuccia ◽

Ignazio Floris ◽

Stefano Vanin

Keyword(s):

Warm Season ◽

First Record ◽

Phormia Regina ◽

Calliphora Vicina ◽

Single Specimen ◽

The Past ◽

Human Decomposition ◽

The Family ◽

The Moment ◽

Biodiversity Changes

The studies of insects from archaeological contexts can provide an important supplement of information to reconstruct past events, climate and environments. Furthermore, the list of the species present in an area in the past allows the reconstruction of the entomofauna on that area at that time, that can be different from the nowadays condition, providing information about biodiversity changes. In this work, the results of a funerary archaeoentomological study on samples collected from mummified corpses discovered during the restoration of the crypt of the Sant’Antonio Abate Cathedral of Castelsardo (Sardinia, Italy) are reported. The majority of the sampled specimens were Diptera puparia, whereas only few Lepidoptera cocoons and some Coleoptera fragments were isolated. Among Diptera, Calliphoridae puparia were identified asPhormia regina(Meigen, 1826) andCalliphora vicina, (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) both species typical of the first colonization waves of exposed bodies. Three puparia fragments were also identified as belonging to aSarcophagaMeigen, 1826, species (Sarcophagidae). Several Muscidae puparia of the speciesHydrotaea capensis(Weidmermann, 1818), a late colonizer of bodies, and typical of buried bodies were also collected. The few moth (Lepidoptera) cocoons were identified as belonging to the family Tineidae. This family comprises species feeding on dry tissues and hair typical of the later phases of the human decomposition. Among Coleoptera a single specimen in the family Histeridae,Saprinus semistriatus(Scriba, 1790) and a single elytra, potentially of a species in the family Tenebrionidae, were also collected. Overall, the samples collected indicated an initial colonization of the bodies in an exposed context, mainly in a warm season. This research allows the finding of elements indicating the presence, at least in the past, ofP. reginain Sardinia. This species at the moment seems extinct from Sardinia while it is quite common in the continent.

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Holocene Climatic Variations Inferred from Treeline Fluctuations in the White Mountains, California

Quaternary Research ◽

10.1016/0033-5894(73)90035-5 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 632-660 ◽

Cited By ~ 156

Author(s):

Valmore C. LaMarche

Keyword(s):

Great Basin ◽

Warm Season ◽

White Mountains ◽

North American Cordillera ◽

Climatic Variations ◽

The Past ◽

The North ◽

Pinus Longaeva ◽

Bristlecone Pine ◽

Dry Conditions

AbstractRemains of dead bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva Bailey) are found at altitudes up to 150 m above present treeline in the White Mountains. Standing snags and remnants in two study areas were mapped and sampled for dating by tree-ring and radiocarbon methods. The oldest remnants represent trees established more than 7400 y.a. Experimental and empirical evidence indicates that the position of the treeline is closely related to warm-season temperatures, but that precipitation may also be important in at least one of the areas. The upper treeline was at high levels in both areas until after about 2200 B.C., indicating warm-season temperatures about 3.5°F higher than those of the past few hundred years. However, the record is incomplete, relative warmth may have been maintained until at least 1500 B.C. Cooler and wetter conditions are indicated for the period 1500 B.C.-500 B.C., followed by a period of cool but drier climate. A major treeline decline occurred between about A.D. 1100 and A.D. 1500, probably reflecting onset of cold and dry conditions. High reproduction rates and establishment of scattered seedlings at high altitudes within the past 100 yr represents an incipient treeline advance, which reflected a general climatic warming beginning in the mid-19th century that has lasted until recent decades in the western United States. This evidence for climatic variation is broadly consistent with the record of Neoglacial advances in the North American Cordillera, and supports Antevs' concept of a warm “altithermal age” in the Great Basin.

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Coral mortality induced by the 2015–2016 El-Niño in Indonesia: the effect of rapid sea level fall

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-14-817-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 817-826 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Eghbert Elvan Ampou ◽

Ofri Johan ◽

Christophe E. Menkes ◽

Fernando Niño ◽

Florence Birol ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coral Reefs ◽

Sea Level ◽

El Niño ◽

Reef Flat ◽

El Nino ◽

Differential Mortality ◽

Altimetry Data ◽

Bathymetric Range ◽

The Past ◽

Coral Genus

Abstract. The 2015–2016 El-Niño and related ocean warming has generated significant coral bleaching and mortality worldwide. In Indonesia, the first signs of bleaching were reported in April 2016. However, this El Niño has impacted Indonesian coral reefs since 2015 through a different process than temperature-induced bleaching. In September 2015, altimetry data show that sea level was at its lowest in the past 12 years, affecting corals living in the bathymetric range exposed to unusual emersion. In March 2016, Bunaken Island (North Sulawesi) displayed up to 85 % mortality on reef flats dominated by Porites, Heliopora and Goniastrea corals with differential mortality rates by coral genus. Almost all reef flats showed evidence of mortality, representing 30 % of Bunaken reefs. For reef flat communities which were living at a depth close to the pre-El Niño mean low sea level, the fall induced substantial mortality likely by higher daily aerial exposure, at least during low tide periods. Altimetry data were used to map sea level fall throughout Indonesia, suggesting that similar mortality could be widespread for shallow reef flat communities, which accounts for a vast percent of the total extent of coral reefs in Indonesia. The altimetry historical records also suggest that such an event was not unique in the past two decades, therefore rapid sea level fall could be more important in the dynamics and resilience of Indonesian reef flat communities than previously thought. The clear link between mortality and sea level fall also calls for a refinement of the hierarchy of El Niño impacts and their consequences on coral reefs.

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East Asian warm season temperature variations over the past two millennia

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-018-26038-8 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Huan Zhang ◽

Johannes P. Werner ◽

Elena García-Bustamante ◽

Fidel González-Rouco ◽

Sebastian Wagner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

East Asian ◽

Warm Season ◽

Temperature Variations ◽

The Past

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Mechanism of S. aureus ATCC 25923 in response to heat stress under different water activity and heating rates

Food Control ◽

10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106837 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 108 ◽

pp. 106837 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lihui Zhang ◽

Lixia Hou ◽

Shuang Zhang ◽

Xiaoxi Kou ◽

Rui Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Water Activity ◽

Heating Rates

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Avian Stress-Related Transcriptome and Selenotranscriptome: Role during Exposure to Heavy Metals and Heat Stress

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8070216 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 216 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Isidoros Seremelis ◽

Georgios P. Danezis ◽

Athanasios C. Pappas ◽

Evangelos Zoidis ◽

Kostas Fegeros

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Antioxidant Status ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Stress Increase ◽

The Past ◽

Antioxidant Proteins ◽

Inflammatory Proteins ◽

Molecular Effects

Selenium, through incorporation into selenoproteins, is one of the key elements of the antioxidant system. Over the past few years there has been increased interest in exploring those molecular mechanisms in chicken, responsible for the development of this protection system. In more detail, Cd/Pb poisoning and heat stress increase oxidation, mRNA levels of inflammatory proteins, and apoptotic proteins. Selenium seems to enhance the antioxidant status and alleviates these effects via upregulation of antioxidant proteins and other molecular effects. In this review, we analyze avian transcriptome key elements with particular emphasis on interactions with heavy metals and on relation to heat stress.

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