scholarly journals METS-IR, a novel score to evaluate insulin sensitivity, is associated with the urinary albumin–creatinine ratio in Chinese adults: A cross-sectional REACTION study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanlu Su ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Songyan Yu ◽  
Kang Chen ◽  
Wenhua Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Urinary Albumin ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Creatinine Ratio ◽  
Discriminative Ability ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Albumin Creatinine Ratio

Abstract BackgroundThe metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR) is a novel noninsulin-based metabolic index used as a substitution marker of insulin resistance. However, whether METS-IR is associated with the urinary albumin–creatinine ratio (UACR) is not well known. Therefore, we explored the associations between METS-IR and UACR and compared the discriminative ability of METS-IR and its components for elevated UACR. MethodsThis study included 37,290 subjects. METS-IR was calculated as follows: (Ln [2 × fasting blood glucose (FBG) + fasting triglyceride level (TG 0 )] × body mass index (BMI))/[Ln (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C))]. Participants were divided into four groups on the basis of METS-IR: <25%, 25%–49%, 50%–74%, and ≥75%. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the associations between METS-IR vs. its components (FBG, TG 0 , BMI, and HDL-C) with UACR. ResultsParticipants with the highest quartile METS-IR presented a more significant trend towards elevated UACR than towards its components (odds ratio [OR]: 1.260, 95% CI: 1.152–1.378, P < 0.001 in all subjects; OR: 1.321, 95% CI: 1.104–1.579, P = 0.002 in men; OR: 1.201, 95% CI: 1.083–1.330, P < 0.001 in women). There were significant associations between METS-IR and UACR in younger participants (<65 years for women and 55–64 years for men). Increased METS-IR was significantly associated with UACR in men with FBG ≥ 5.6 mmol/L or postprandial blood glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/L and systolic blood pressure ≥ 120 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 80 mmHg. The relationships were significant in women with diabetes and hypertension.ConclusionsIncreased METS-IR was significantly associated with elevated UACR, and its discriminative power for elevated UACR was superior to that of its components. This findings support the clinical significance of METS-IR for evaluating renal function damage.

scholarly journals METS-IR, a Novel Score to Evaluate Insulin Sensitivity, is Associated with the Urinary Albumin–Creatinine Ratio in Chinese Adults: A Cross-sectional REACTION Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanlu Su ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Songyan Yu ◽  
Kang Chen ◽  
Wenhua Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Urinary Albumin ◽  
Creatinine Ratio ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Albumin Creatinine Ratio

Abstract Background: The metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR) is a novel noninsulin-based metabolic index used as a substitution marker of insulin resistance and for cardiovascular disease evaluation. However, whether METS-IR is associated with the urinary albumin–creatinine ratio (UACR) is not well known. Therefore, we explored the age- and sex-related associations between METS-IR and UACR and compared the discriminative ability of the METS-IR index and its components for elevated UACR. Methods: This study included 37,290 subjects from the REACTION study (Risk Evaluation of cAncers in Chinese diabeTic Individuals: a IONgitudinal study). METS-IR was calculated as follows:(Ln[2×fasting blood glucose{mg/dL}+fasting triglyceride level{mg/dL}]×body mass index)/(Ln [high-density lipoprotein cholesterol{mg/dL}]). Participants were divided into four groups on the basis of METS-IR: <25%, 25%–49%, 50%–74%, and ≥75%. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the associations between METS-IR vs. its components{(fasting blood glucose(FBG), fasting triglyceride level, body mass index, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol} with UACR. Results: Participants with the highest quartile METS-IR, particularly men,presented a more significant trend towards elevated UACR than towards its components (odds ratio [OR]: 1.260, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.152–1.378, P<0.001 in all subjects; OR: 1.321, 95% CI: 1.104–1.579, P=0.002 in men; OR: 1.201, 95% CI: 1.083–1.330, P < 0.001 in women). There were significant associations between METS-IR and UACR in younger participants (<65 years for women and 55–64 years for men) and those with an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2. Increased METS-IR was significantly associated with UACR in men with FBG ≥ 5.6 mmol/L or postprandial blood glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/L and systolic blood pressure ≥ 120mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 80 mmHg. The relationships were significant in women with diabetes and hypertension. Conclusions: Increased METS-IR was significantly associated with elevated UACR, and its discriminative power for elevated UACR was superior to that of its components. The findings support the clinical significance of METS-IR for evaluating the cardiometabolic risk and renal function damage among Chinese adults.

scholarly journals Association between obesity and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio in the middle-aged and elderly population of Southern and Northern China: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e040214
Author(s):  
Shan Qin ◽  
Anping Wang ◽  
Shi Gu ◽  
Weiqing Wang ◽  
Zhengnan Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urinary Albumin ◽  
Creatinine Ratio ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
The South ◽  
Northern Population ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Albumin Creatinine Ratio

ObjectiveThe relationship between obesity and albuminuria has not been clarified. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between obesity and the urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) in Southern and Northern China.DesignA descriptive, cross-sectional study.SettingEight regional centres in REACTION (China’s Risk Evaluation of cAncers in Chinese diabeTic Individuals, a lONgitudinal study), including Dalian, Lanzhou, Zhengzhou, Guangzhou, Guangxi, Luzhou, Shanghai and Wuhan.ParticipantsA total of 41 085 patients who were not diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and had good compliance were selected according to the inclusion criteria. Patients who were diagnosed with CKD, who had other kidney diseases that could lead to increased urinary protein excretion, who were using angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers and whose important data were missing were excluded.ResultsParticipants with both, central and peripheral obesity, had a higher risk of elevated UACR, even after adjusting for multiple factors (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.12, p<0.001), and the risk of high UACR in the South was more prominent than that in the North (OR South: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.11 to 1.34; OR North: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.22, p<0.001). The risk was also elevated in the male population, hypertensive individuals, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c)≥6.5% and age ≥60 years in the South. Besides the above groups, diabetes was also a risk factor for the Northern population.ConclusionsIn China, people with both central and peripheral obesity are prone to a high UACR, and the southern population has a higher risk than northern population. Factors such as male sex, hypertension, HbA1c≥6.5% and an age ≥60 years are also risk factors for CKD.

scholarly journals Correlation of Serum Vitamin D and Metabolic Disturbances in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
Shasya Aniza Santoso ◽  
◽  
Tita Husnitawati Madjid ◽  
Anita Rachmawati
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Serum Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Levels

Objective: This study was aimed to determine the correlation between vitamin D and insulin resistance in women with PCOS. Method: This study was correlational analytic with cross-sectional approach to 34 women diagnosed with PCOS based on ultrasonography. Waist circumference and fasting blood glucose (FBG) represented insulin resistance. Women with hormonal therapy and vitamin D supplementation were not included to this study. This study used consecutive sampling method. Result: The average of age was 25.6±6.1 years old. Waist circumference and fasting blood glucose (FBG) represented insulin resistance. The average of waist circumference and FBG were 87.6±12.4 cm and 86.2±27.9 mg/dl, respectively. The mean of vitamin D levels was 11,5±3,6 ng/ml. According to Spearman’s correlation, vitamin D levels were weak negative correlated with waist circumference (r=-0.2; p>0.05) and FBG (r= -0,1; p>0,05), it statistically was not significant. Conclusion: There is weak negative correlation between vitamin D and metabolic syndrome in PCOS patients.

scholarly journals Fasting Blood Glucose Predicts Incidence of Hypertension Independent of HbA1c Levels and Insulin Resistance in Middle-Aged Japanese: The Saku Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 1178-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukako Tatsumi ◽  
Akiko Morimoto ◽  
Kei Asayama ◽  
Nao Sonoda ◽  
Naomi Miyamatsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Impaired Insulin Secretion ◽  
Impaired Insulin ◽  
Hba1c Levels

Abstract BACKGROUND Relationships between blood glucose (BG) levels and insulin action, and incidence of hypertension have not been well known epidemiologically. This study aimed to investigate the association between indices of diabetes and the incidence of hypertension and compare the predictive powers of these indices in middle-aged Japanese. METHODS This 5-year cohort study included 2,210 Japanese aged 30–64 years without hypertension. Hazard ratios of high fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, high post-loaded BG levels, high glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, insulin resistance (defined by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]) and impaired insulin secretion at baseline for the incidence of hypertension were estimated using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mm Hg or receiving antihypertensive treatment. RESULTS During the follow-up, 456 participants developed hypertension. After adjustment for HbA1c and HOMA-IR, FBG was independently and significantly associated with hypertension. The hazard ratio of participants with FBG ≥ 7.0 mmol/l was 1.79 compared with those with FBG < 5.6 mmol/l. Even among those with HbA1c < 6.5%, HOMA-IR < 2.5, body mass index < 25 kg/m2, age < 55 years old, blood pressure < 130/80 mm Hg or non- and moderate drinking, the results were similar. High 120-minute BG level and impaired insulin secretion did not increase the risk for hypertension. CONCLUSIONS FBG was a predictable index for future incidence of hypertension in middle-aged Japanese men and women. This is the first study comparing predictive powers of indices of diabetes for the incidence of hypertension.

scholarly journals Relation between Blood Pressure Management and Renal Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Diabetic Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Kazuo Kobayashi ◽  
Masao Toyoda ◽  
Noriko Kaneyama ◽  
Nobuo Hatori ◽  
Takayuki Furuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Urinary Albumin ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Creatinine Ratio ◽  
Pressure Management ◽  
Albumin Creatinine Ratio ◽  
Blood Pressure Management ◽  
Sodium Glucose Cotransporter ◽  
Covariance Models

Aim. The renoprotective effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors is thought to be due, at least in part, to a decrease in blood pressure. The aim of this study was to determine the renal effects of these inhibitors in low blood pressure patients and the dependence of such effect on blood pressure management status. Methods. The subjects of this retrospective study were 740 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease who had been managed at the clinical facilities of the Kanagawa Physicians Association. Data on blood pressure management status and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio were analyzed before and after treatment. Results. Changes in the logarithmic value of urinary albumin-creatinine ratio in 327 patients with blood pressure<130/80 mmHg at the initiation of treatment and in 413 patients with BP above 130/80 mmHg were −0.13±1.05 and −0.24±0.97, respectively. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups by analysis of covariance models after adjustment of the logarithmic value of urinary albumin-creatinine ratio at initiation of treatment. Changes in the logarithmic value of urinary albumin-creatinine ratio in patients with mean blood pressure of <102 mmHg (n=537) and those with ≥102 mmHg (n=203) at the time of the survey were −0.25±1.02 and −0.03±0.97, respectively, and the difference was significant in analysis of covariance models even after adjustment for the logarithmic value of urinary albumin-creatinine ratio at initiation of treatment (p<0.001). Conclusion. Our results confirmed that blood pressure management status after treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors influences the extent of change in urinary albumin-creatinine ratio. Stricter blood pressure management is needed to allow the renoprotective effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors.

Microalbuminuria Measured by three Different Methods, Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Elderly Swedish Males

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 117739010800300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gösta Florvall ◽  
Samar Basu ◽  
Johanna Helmersson ◽  
Anders Larsson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Creatinine Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Albumin Creatinine Ratio ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Urine Albumin ◽  
Similar Information ◽  
Study Population

Microalbuminuria is associated with hypertension and is a strong risk factor for subsequent chronic disease, both renal and coronary heart disease (CHD), Presently there are several methods available for measurement of microalbuminuria. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the three different methods gave similar information or if one of the assays were superior to the others. Blood pressure, inflammatory markers and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity were correlated with urine albumin analysed with a point-of-care testing (POCT) instrument, nephelometric determination of albumin and albumin/creatinine ratio in elderly males. The study population consisted of 103 diabetic and 603 nondiabetic males (age 77 years) in a cross-sectional study. We analyzed urine albumin with a HemoCue® Urine Albumin POCT instrument and a ProSpec® nephelometer and albumin/creatinine ratio. There were strong correlations between both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and all three urine albumin methods (p < 0.0001). There were also significant correlations between the different urine albumin measurements and serum amyloid A component, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. The three different urine albumin methods studied provided similar information in relation to cardiovascular disease. There was a strong correlation between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and microalbuminuria in both the whole study population and in nondiabetic males emphasizing the role of hypertension in glomerular damage. The good correlation between the studied urine albumin measurements show that all three methods can be used for monitoring urine albumin excretion.

scholarly journals Association of normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria with the components of metabolic syndrome in Bangladeshi adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-158
Author(s):  
Muntakim Mahmud Saadi ◽  
Farida Akhter Tania ◽  
Manindra Nath Roy ◽  
Rubena Haque ◽  
Farzana Akonjee Mishu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Urinary Albumin Excretion ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Urinary Albumin ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Low Hdl

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is clustering of metabolic abnormalities characterized by obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance that collectively increases the risk of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke and overall mortality. Microalbuminuria is associated with diabetes mellitus, hypertention, obesity all are components of metabolic syndrome. Microalbuminuria and MetS have both been linked to chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Before development of microalbuminuria there is a wide normal range for urinary albumin excretion. By comparing the strength of the association between MetS and its components with normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria, we can assess the risk of cardiovascular and renal diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the association of normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria with the components of MetS in Bangladeshi adult subjects. Methods: It was a cross-sectional analytical study, carried out in the Department of Biochemistry of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period of March 2017 to January 2018. Total 175 patients with MetS attending the outpatient department of Medicine and Endocrinology of Mitford Hospital were included. Collected data was checked, edited and analyzed with the help of software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 22. Results: This study showed, among the total 175 study subjects, 125 subjects were with normoalbuminuria (71.43%) and 50 subjects had microalbuminuria (28.57%). With an average age 42.4 years, female were 52% in this study. There was also female predominance among microalbuminuric subjects (13.71% vs 14.75%). Participants with microalbuminuria were more likely to have higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) than those with normoalbuminuria. The albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) of study subjects ranged from 3.00 to 270.39 mg/g and mean ACR was 27.14 mg/g. The mean ACR for participants with three (n=34), four (n=72) and five (n=69) components of MetS were 14.73, 19.94 and 40.77 mg/g respectively and corresponding prevalence of microalbuminuria was 10%, 32% and 58% respectively. Normal range of urinary albumin excretion rate (normoalbuminuria) were classified into four quartiles according to their ACR values and ranges for Q1, Q2, Q3 & Q4 were respectively Q1 = 3.00 to 5.1, Q2 = 5.1 to 8.2, Q3 = 8.2 to 13.89, Q4 = 13.89 to 28.1mg/g. The means of elevated DBP, SBP, FBG and tri-acyl glycerol (TAG) among the components of MetS showed increasing trend from lower to upper quartiles within normal range. Q1 was considered as base line in comparison to other quartiles. Odds of elevated WC, FBG, TAG, BP and low HDL-C were high across increasing quartiles of ACR (1.00 vs 1.33 vs 2.24 vs 1.79 respectively for central obesity; 1.00 vs 1.07 vs 1.97 vs 2.07 respectively for elevated fasting blood glucose; 1.00 vs 1.51 vs 1.69 vs 1.69 respectively for elevated TAG; 1.00 vs 6.86 vs 3.87 vs 2.88 respectively for elevated BP and 1.00 vs 1.35 vs 2.79 vs 2.79 respectively for low HDL-C; p-values <0.05 for all). Among the components of MetS, most significant relationship was observed between elevated BP and increasing ACR quartile within normal range. Conclusions: In conclusion, we demonstrated that microalbuminuria was strongly associated with MetS and its components. Microalbuminuria should be reconsidered as a component of MetS as it shows incremental effect with severity of MetS. Even upper normal range of albuminuria (higher normoalbuminuria) is strongly associated with elevated BP, FBG and TAG among the components of MetS. So, normal range of albuminuria should be rearranged after performing large scale population study in this regard. Birdem Med J 2020; 10(3): 152-158

scholarly journals LIGHT-ROASTED GREEN COFFEE EXTRACT IMPROVED ADIPONECTIN, INSULIN RESISTANCE, AND METABOLIC PROFILE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME RAT MODEL

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mifetika Lukitasari ◽  
Dwi Adi Nugroho ◽  
Mohammad Saifur Rohman ◽  
Nur Ida Panca Nugrahini ◽  
Teguh Wahyu Sardjono
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Adiponectin Level ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Green Coffee

  Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of light-roasted green coffee bean extract (GCE) administration for 7 weeks on the improvement of metabolic profile, adiponectin level, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index in metabolic syndrome (MS) rat model.Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by a combination of high sucrose and high-fat diet for 8 weeks and streptozotocin injection in the 2nd week. The MS was confirmed by NCEP-ATP III criteria. They were divided into six weight-matched groups (n=5), normal control, MS, metformin and simvastatin-treated group (DMS), 100 and 200/body weight (bw) GCE (GCE 100 and GCE 200, respectively). The extracts were given through oral gavage daily for 7 weeks. The effect of GCE on body weight, serum glucose, triglyceride, (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was analyzed by colorimetric method. HOMA-IR index and adiponectin were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods.Result: Fasting blood glucose, TG, and systolic blood pressure decreased significantly (p<0.05) in both GCE groups. Moreover, after 7 weeks, those parameters were significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to that of MS group. Only GCE 100 group that showed a significant decrease in HDL level. GCE 100 mg/bw and 200 mg/bw group showed significantly higher adiponectin level compared to that of MS and DMS group. Furthermore, GCE 100, GCE 200, and DMS group showed a significant lower HOMA-IR index compared to that of MS group.Conclusion: 7 weeks GCE administration could decrease fasting blood glucose, profile lipid, blood pressure, and improved adiponectin level and HOMA-IR index.

scholarly journals Association between metabolic parameters and risks of anemia and electrolyte disturbances among stages 3–5 chronic kidney disease patients in Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adi Lukas Kurniawan ◽  
Ya-Lan Yang ◽  
Chien-Yeh Hsu ◽  
Rathi Paramastri ◽  
Hsiu-An Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Metabolic Parameters ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Electrolyte Disturbances

Abstract Background Anemia and electrolyte disturbances are adverse outcomes of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study explored the association between metabolic parameters with anemia and electrolyte and mineral disorders among CKD patients in Taiwan. Methods This cross-sectional study with a total of 2176 CKD stages 3–5 patients were collected from the Department of Nephrology at Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University through the “Chronic Kidney Disease Common Care Network” database from December 2008 to April 2019. A multivariable-adjusted logistic regression expressed as odd ratios (OR) was performed to assess the association of metabolic parameters with anemia and electrolyte and mineral disorders. Results Elevated diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were associated with presence of anemia. Similarly, elevated fasting blood glucose and HbA1c were associated with hyponatremia (OR = 1.59 and 1.58, P for both < 0.01) and hypercalcemia (OR = 1.38 and 1.33, P for both < 0.05). There was no significant association in serum lipid levels with presence of anemia. However, total triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were only associated with presence of hypercalcemia (OR = 1.43, 1.95 and 3.08, respectively, P for all < 0.05). Conclusions Elevated diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c and blood lipids are associated with anemia or electrolyte and mineral disorders in CKD patients.

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