scholarly journals Identification and characterization of a natural polymorphism in FT-A2 associated with increased number of grains per spike in wheat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Glenn ◽  
Junli Zhang ◽  
Gina Brown-Guedira ◽  
Noah DeWitt ◽  
Jason P. Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Positive Effects

Abstract Increases in wheat grain yield are necessary to meet future global food demands. A previous study showed that loss-of-function mutations in FLOWERING LOCUS T2 ( FT2 ) increase spikelet number per spike (SNS), an important grain yield component. Unfortunately, associated reductions in fertility offset potential increases in grain number. Here, we report a natural mutation resulting in an aspartic acid to alanine change at position 10 (D10A) associated with significant increases in SNS and no negative effects on fertility. Using a high-density genetic map, we delimited the SNS candidate region to a 5.2 Mb region on chromosome 3AS including 28 genes. Among them, only FT-A2 showed a non-synonymous polymorphism (D10A) present in two different populations segregating for the SNS QTL on chromosome arm 3AS. These results, together with the known effect of the ft-A2 mutations on SNS, suggest that variation in FT-A2 is the most likely cause of the observed differences in SNS. We validated the positive effects of the A10 allele on SNS, grain number, and grain yield per spike in near-isogenic tetraploid wheat lines and in an hexaploid winter wheat population. The A10 allele is present at very low frequency in durum wheat and at much higher frequency in hexaploid wheat, particularly in winter and fall-planted spring varieties. These results suggest that the FT-A2 A10 allele may be particularly useful for improving grain yield in durum wheat and fall planted common wheat varieties.

scholarly journals Identification and characterization of a natural polymorphism in FT-A2 associated with increased number of grains per spike in wheat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Glenn ◽  
Junli Zhang ◽  
Gina Brown-Guedira ◽  
Noah DeWitt ◽  
Jason P. Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike

Abstract Key message We discovered a natural FT-A2 allele that increases grain number per spike in both pasta and bread wheat with limited effect on heading time. Abstract Increases in wheat grain yield are necessary to meet future global food demands. A previous study showed that loss-of-function mutations in FLOWERING LOCUS T2 (FT2) increase spikelet number per spike (SNS), an important grain yield component. However, these mutations were also associated with reduced fertility, offsetting the beneficial effect of the increases in SNS on grain number. Here, we report a natural mutation resulting in an aspartic acid to alanine change at position 10 (D10A) associated with significant increases in SNS and no negative effects on fertility. Using a high-density genetic map, we delimited the SNS candidate region to a 5.2-Mb region on chromosome 3AS including 28 genes. Among them, only FT-A2 showed a non-synonymous polymorphism (D10A) present in two different populations segregating for the SNS QTL on chromosome arm 3AS. These results, together with the known effect of the ft-A2 mutations on SNS, suggest that variation in FT-A2 is the most likely cause of the observed differences in SNS. We validated the positive effects of the A10 allele on SNS, grain number, and grain yield per spike in near-isogenic tetraploid wheat lines and in an hexaploid winter wheat population. The A10 allele is present at very low frequency in durum wheat and at much higher frequency in hexaploid wheat, particularly in winter and fall-planted spring varieties. These results suggest that the FT-A2 A10 allele may be particularly useful for improving grain yield in durum wheat and fall-planted common wheat varieties.

scholarly journals Morphological and Physiological Root Traits and Their Relationship with Nitrogen Uptake in Wheat Varieties Released from 1915 to 2013

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1149
Author(s):  
Guglielmo Puccio ◽  
Rosolino Ingraffia ◽  
Dario Giambalvo ◽  
Gaetano Amato ◽  
Alfonso S. Frenda
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Root System ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Positive Effects

Identifying genotypes with a greater ability to absorb nitrogen (N) may be important to reducing N loss in the environment and improving the sustainability of agricultural systems. This study extends the knowledge of variability among wheat genotypes in terms of morphological or physiological root traits, N uptake under conditions of low soil N availability, and in the amount and rapidity of the use of N supplied with fertilizer. Nine genotypes of durum wheat were chosen for their different morpho-phenological characteristics and year of their release. The isotopic tracer 15N was used to measure the fertilizer N uptake efficiency. The results show that durum wheat breeding did not have univocal effects on the characteristics of the root system (weight, length, specific root length, etc.) or N uptake capacity. The differences in N uptake among the studied genotypes when grown in conditions of low N availability appear to be related more to differences in uptake efficiency per unit of weight and length of the root system than to differences in the morphological root traits. The differences among the genotypes in the speed and the ability to take advantage of the greater N availability, determined by N fertilization, appear to a certain extent to be related to the development of the root system and the photosynthesizing area. This study highlights some variability within the species in terms of the development, distribution, and efficiency of the root system, which suggests that there may be sufficient grounds for improving these traits with positive effects in terms of adaptability to difficult environments and resilience to climate change.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Priming Treatments on Seed Germination Properties, Yield Components and Grain Yield of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faruk TOKLU
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Peg 6000 ◽  
Positive Effects

An experiment was conducted under laboratory and field conditions in order to evaluate the effects of different priming treatments, specifically KNO3 (1%), KCl (2%), KH2PO4 (1%), ZnSO4 (0.05%), PEG-6000 (20%), IBA (100 ppm), Mannitol (4%), GA3 (100 ppm) and distilled water, on seed germination properties and several agro-morphological plant characteristics of red lentil. Seeds not primed were used as a control. GA3 treatment increased shoot length. The control (non-primed seeds) treatment resulted in increased seedling root number and length. Distilled water, ZnSO4 and control treatments increased germination rate and percentage. In the pot experiments, GA3 treatment increased plant height and seedling emergence rate, whereas KCl treatment improved the number of nodules, as well as root and shoot dry weight when compared to the control. ZnSO4 treatment increased yield components and grain yield in field conditions. The results of this study showed that ZnSO4, GA3 and PEG-6000 seed priming treatments may be useful tools due to their positive effects on germination rate, germination percentage, yield component and grain yield of lentil.

scholarly journals Expected genetic advance for thousand grain weight and grain number per spike of bread wheat and durum wheat

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-125
Author(s):  
Gordana Brankovic ◽  
Dejan Dodig ◽  
Desimir Knezevic ◽  
Vesna Kandic ◽  
Jovan Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Genetic Advance ◽  
Thousand Grain Weight ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike

The research was aimed at examining variability, variance components, broadsense heritability (h2), expected genetic advance of thousand grain weight (TGW) and grain number per spike (GNS) of 15 genotypes of bread wheat and 15 genotypes of durum wheat. Field trials were carried out during 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 growing seasons at the three sites: Rimski Sancevi, Zemun Polje and Padinska Skela. Results of this investigation showed that the genetic component of variance (?2 g) was predominant for TGW of bread and durum wheat and for GNS of bread wheat. The genotype ? environment interaction (?2 ge) component of phenotypic variance was 8.72 times higher than ?2 g for GNS of durum wheat and pointed to the greater instability of durum wheat genotypes. h2 was very high (>90%) for TGW and GNS of bread wheat, high for TGW of durum wheat - 87.3% and low for GNS of durum wheat - 39.5%. Considering the high values obtained for h2 - 96.4% and the highest value for expected genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM) - 19.3% for TGW of bread wheat, the success of selection for desired values of this yield component can be anticipated. The success of selection cannot be predicted for GNS of durum wheat due to low values obtained for h2 and GAM of 39.5% and 2.8%, respectively.

ASSESSING THE COMBINING ABILITY OF RICE GENOTYPES IN F1 GENERATION USING COMPLETE DIALLEL CROSS

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140
Author(s):  
I. A. Odhano ◽  
H. B. Bozdar ◽  
M. A. Sial
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Short Stature ◽  
Combining Ability ◽  
Panicle Length ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Cross Combination ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Days To Heading

A complete diallel analysis was carried out to determine combining ability of Shandar, NIA-Mehran, NIA-19/A, KS-282 and Shua-92 rice varieties in F1 during 2017. The objective of the study was to identify potential recombinants for future rice breeding program. The research was conducted at Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tandojam. Genotypic mean squares were significant (P ?0.01) for all of the traits i.e.; days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, number of tillers plant-1, panicle length, grains panicle-1 and grain yield plant-1 indicating genetic variation. Importance of both additive and non-additive gene action was found with preponderance of additive genetic effects in expression of traits studied. Showing negative GCA effects, NIA-Mehran, NIA-19/A and Shua-92 proved better parent varieties for developing early maturity. While, NIA-Mehran, KS-282 and Shua-92 for developing short stature genotypes. While, Shandar remained the best combiner for yield and yield associated traits with higher positive GCA effects. Cross combination of Shandar × KS-282 was the best with higher negative effects for days to heading and maturity and higher positive effects for grain yield plant-1. NIA-Mehran × Shua-92 gave the highest negative SCA effects indicating best combination for short stature. In case of number of tillers plant-1 and grains panicle-1, the cross NIA-19/A × KS-282 was the better combination with the highest positive SCA effects. Shandar × NIA-Mehran manifested the highest value for panicle length. Findings of reciprocal SCA  revealed that the reciprocal cross combination of Shua-92 × Shandar was fruitful illustrating negative effects for days to heading and maturity. While, KS-282 × NIA-Mehran was the best reciprocal combination for yield and yield associated traits. It is concluded that rice varieties Shandar and NIA-Mehran could be used to improve yield contributing traits in rice, while, NIA-Mehran and KS-282 may be used to improve early maturity and short stature in rice crop.

scholarly journals Field Evaluation of Yield and Yield Component Traits of Breeding Lines of Maize over Two Seasons in Derived Savannah Agro-Ecology

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-574
Author(s):  
Charles U. UBA ◽  
Christian U. AGBO ◽  
Uchechukwu P. CHUKWUDI ◽  
Andrew A. EFUSIE ◽  
Stella O. MUOJIAMA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Positive Effects

The understanding of yield and the interaction with its components is very important for selection in early generations of crop breeding. Twelve maize genotypes were collected from International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) along with seven landraces in order to identify the contribution of different traits to yield improvement. The experiments were carried out in two different seasons (March/April-early and July/August- late) in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Early season planting had a higher grain yield than late season planting. The difference in grain yield between early and late season was 3.92 tons/ha. This represents a 27.8% increase in grain yield during the early season over the late season planting. Number of ears per plant and shelling percentage were not influenced by seasonal effects. Ear weight and days to tasselling showed the highest direct positive effects of 0.972 and 0.665, respectively on grain yield, during early season. Furthermore, ear weight, followed by shelling percentage, exerted the highest direct positive effect on grain yield in late season. Higher indirect positive effects were obtained for ear diameter, ear length, ear height and plant height via ear weight in both seasons. Ear weight, days to tasselling and ear length were identified as the major traits affecting yield of maize in both seasons in the derived Savannah agro-ecology.

scholarly journals Estimation of genetic erosion on Ethiopian tetraploid wheat landraces using different approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Alemayehu Zemede Lemma ◽  
Firew Mekbib ◽  
Kebebew Assefa Abebe ◽  
Zewdie Bishaw
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Central Ethiopia ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Field Assessment ◽  
Loss Of Diversity ◽  
Local Farmers

The demand and use of improved crop varieties by farmers has increased in the central highlands of Ethiopia, where continuous loss of local traditional varieties has been occurring in the last two to three decades. The objectives of the study were to assess the extent of genetic erosion and perception of farmers and associated causes for the reduction of traditional farmers' varieties. Direct field assessment covering 56 wheat farms and a survey in which 149 farmers participated were carried out in three districts of central Ethiopia. Based on data collected during direct farm assessment, the loss of genotypes was found to be 88% in Ada followed by 80% and 60% in Lume and Gimbichu districts, respectively. The farmer survey indicated an even greater loss of diversity of100% in Ada followed by Lume (93%) and Gimbichu (67%). Diseases and pests as well as shorter growing seasons associated with climate change were identified as main causes for farmers to switch to modern varieties. The expansion of high yielding improved bread and durum wheat varieties also contributed to gradually replace local durum wheat varieties by local farmers of these districts. Overall, genetic erosion of tetraploid wheat varied among the three districts of central Ethiopia. Reductions in the number of farmers and area coverage in the study districts could be used as good indicators for the existence of genetic erosion.

scholarly journals Influence of different types of sterile cytoplasms (A3, A4, 9E) on the combining ability of CMS lines of sorghum

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 549-556
Author(s):  
O. P. Kibalnik ◽  
L. A. Elkonin
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Combining Ability ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Thermal Coefficient ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Dry Seasons

Investigation of the effect of the cytoplasm on the combining ability (CA) of lines with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is of considerable interest in terms of understanding the genetic functions of the cytoplasm and for practical purposes to create hybrids with improved economically valuable traits. In order to investigate the effect of different types of sterile cytoplasm (A3, A4, 9E) on CA in sorghum, we studied the manifestation of a number of biological and agronomic traits in 54 F1 hybrid combinations obtained using iso-nuclear CMS lines with the nuclear genome of the line Zheltozernoye 10, differing only in the types of sterile cytoplasm (A3, A4 and 9E). Eighteen varieties and lines of grain sorghum developed at the Russian Research and Project-technological Institute of Sorghum and Maize were used as paternal parents. The CA was determined by the topcross method. F1 hybrids and their parents were grown in 2015–2017 in conditions of insufficient (2015–2016: HTC (hydro-thermal coefficient) = 0.32–0.66), or good water availability conditions (2017: HTC = 1.00). On average, for three years of testing, a positive effect of the 9E cytoplasm on the general combining ability (GCA) (0.63) and negative effects of the A3 and A4 cytoplasms (–0.32 and –0.31) for the inflorescence length were noted. In dry seasons, significant positive effects of the 9E cytoplasm on GCA for the length of the largest leaf, and positive effects of the A3 cytoplasm on GCA for the plant height, and negative effects of the A4 cytoplasm on GCA for these traits were observed. No differences were observed during the wet season. The type of CMS did not affect the GCA for the width of the largest leaf and grain yield. The dispersion of specific combining ability (SCA) in the dry seasons was significant for the following traits: leaf length, plant height, panicle length and width, and grain yield, the 9E cytoplasm had the highest SCA dispersion, whereas the A4 cytoplasm had the smallest one. The data obtained indicate that different types of sterile cytoplasm of sorghum make a different contribution to CA under conditions of drought stress.

scholarly journals Effects of increased ammonia on root/shoot ratio, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of two wheat varieties with various N supply

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Li ◽  
Shi-Qing Li ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
Xiao-Li Chen
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
High Water ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Treatment

The effects of elevated atmospheric NH<sub>3</sub> on growth and yield parameters of two winter wheat varieties, the high water and fertilizer-demanding variety Xiaoyan 6 (XY6) and the drought-resistant variety Changhan 58 (CH58), grown with two levels of N fertilization, were studied in Open-Top Chambers. The results showed that in combination with the high N treatment increasing the atmospheric NH<sub>3</sub> concentration to 1000 nl/l from the ambient level of 10 nl/l NH<sub>3</sub> significantly (<I>P</I> < 0.05) reduced the biomass and the root/shoot ratios of the plants, especially in XY6 plants, mainly because it negatively influenced root biomass production at anthesis and mature stages. In addition, the grain yield of XY6 was by 1.51% higher, while that of CH58 was 13.2% lower, following exposure to the elevated atmospheric NH<sub>3</sub> concentration rather than the ambient concentration in combination with the high N treatment. In contrast, in combination with the low N treatment, elevated atmospheric NH<sub>3</sub> had significantly and non-significantly positive effects on the grain yield of XY6 and CH58 plants, respectively. The Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) and related parameters were all lower in plants of both varieties exposed to the high atmospheric NH3 concentration together with either the high or low N treatment.

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