scholarly journals Speciation and Bioaccessibility of Arsenic in Rice and Its Implication in Risk Assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meihui Li ◽  
Xiaoyuan Guo ◽  
Nihong Wen ◽  
Zijun Gan ◽  
Yanru Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Cooking Method ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Cooked Rice ◽  
As Species ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk Assessment ◽  
Rice Samples

Abstract Numerous studies have studied the health risk assessment of human exposure to As or bioaccessible As via rice intake, however, the bioaccessibility of different As species in rice is seldom reported. In the present study, 31 rice samples were collected from markets or individual growers to investigate the speciation and bioaccessibility of As. Five different species (AsⅢ, AsV, DMA, MMA and AsB) were detected in rice samples from different regions, among which AsⅢ accounted for the largest proportion (62.95% in average), followed by DMA and AsV. In addition, the cooking method could facilitate the release of As from rice into gastric and intestinal juice, and subsequently increase the bioaccessibility of As. The bioaccessibility of inorganic As in cooked rice ranged from 71.83% to 100%, and that of organic As ranged from 31.69% to 61.04%. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessment of children and adults exposure to As via rice intake considering the bioaccessibility of cooked rice was carried out. The hazard quotient (HQ) of iAs and total As for children ranged from 0.21 to 1.61 and 0.48 to 2.26, respectively, while those for adults ranged from 0.12 to 0.88 and 0.26 to 1.23, respectively. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for children and adults ranged from 9.57 × 10-5 to 7.25 × 10-4 and 5.21 × 10-5 to 3.95 × 10-4, respectively. The results of risk assessment indicated that children would face a higher health risk than adults when they took the same type of rice as their staple food.

scholarly journals Concentration of cadmium, arsenic, and lead in rice (Oryza sativa) and probabilistic health risk assessment: A case study in Hormozgan province, Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Leila Rezaei ◽  
Vali Alipour ◽  
Parisa Sharafi ◽  
Hamidreza Ghaffari ◽  
Amene Nematollahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Graphite Furnace ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Rice Samples

Background: The presence of toxic heavy metals in cereal grains like rice is one of the main human and environmental health concerns. Their importance is because of their non-biodegradability nature, high half-time, and bioaccumulation ability in the human body. Among heavy metals, cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) are most critical, so their concentrations in rice were evaluated in this study. Methods: In this study, the concentration of Cd and Pb was determined by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GF-AAS), while the concentration of As was measured by atomic spectrum poll after acid digestion of the milled rice samples. The probabilistic health risk assessment of Cd, As, and Pb through consumption of different types of rice including local rice and two types imported from India (IND) and Pakistan (PAK), was estimated for the adults in Hormozgan province using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique. Results: It was revealed that the concentrations of all Cd, As, and Pb in the local rice samples were lower than those in the PAK and IND samples. The average concentration of As, Pb, and Cd in the rice samples were 0.045, 0.057, and 0.022 mg/kg, respectively. The estimated total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) for this population was lower than 1, representing negligible non-carcinogenic risk through rice consumption. However, total carcinogenic risk (TCR) via As intake showed a considerable carcinogenic risk (TCR > 1E-4) for this population. Conclusion: According to the results, it is necessary to perform continuous monitoring for concentration of Cd, As, and Pb especially in the imported rice samples.

scholarly journals Health risk assessment by trace elements in an aquatic system in midwestern Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e398101019037
Author(s):  
Raylane Pereira Gomes ◽  
Thais Reis Oliveira ◽  
Aline Rodrigues Gama ◽  
Fernando Santos Lima ◽  
José Daniel Gonçalves Vieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Risk Indices ◽  
Daily Dose

Water is an important asset for the maintenance of life and socioeconomic development. Aquatic environments have been anthropized, receiving a large polluting load, mainly from trace elements.This study investigates the occurrence of health risks caused by 15 trace elements in the surface water of João Leite stream. Health risk indices were evaluated as average daily dose (ADD), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index and carcinogenic risk. The risk analysis to human health of the stream João Leite water, indicated that the ADDingestion for the adults had the highest for Fe 1.86E-00 µg/kg/day and lower value for Be 8.0E-05 µg/kg/day. On the other hand, of ADDdermal the highest value was for Fe 5.02E-02 µg/kg/day and, the smallest for Sb 1.54E-05 µg/kg/day. For children to ADDingestion obtained was obtained the highest Fe value 2.60E-00 µg/kg/day and smaller for Be 1.12E-04 µg/kg/day. For ADDdermal the highest value was for Fe 8.58E-02 µg/kg/day and smaller for Sb 2.64E-05 µg/kg/day. HQ for adults ranged from 1.61E-05 to 2.97E-01 for HQingestion and 7.71E-06 to 1.01E-01 for HQdermal. For children 2.25E-05 to 3.74E-01 for HQingestion and 1.32E-05 to 1.73E-01 for HQdermal. The health risk assessment showed that for children, the trace elements present in water have a potentially adverse effect on non-carcinogenic health. The carcinogenic risks were unacceptable for both children and adults. Thus, it is recommended that the use of these waters be limited and that measures be taken to minimize pollution by trace elements.

scholarly journals Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Water Resources of North East of Iran in 2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdi Sadeghi ◽  
Mina Noroozi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
North East

Introduction: Contamination of water with heavy metals has turned into a health concern, particularly in the developing countries. In this study, concentration of heavy metals and associated carcinogenic and non- carcinogenic risk was investigated in water samples collected from Gonbad-e Kavus, a high-risk area for cancer. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from Gorgan River, Golestan reservoir and wells around villages with high prevalence in 2018. Samples were analysed through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. After determining the concentration of heavy metals in water samples from different sources, health risk assessment was carried out according to the Environmental Protection Agency.  Results: Arsenic in samples 6-9 was higher than 10 µg/L, calcium and magnesium in sample 5 was higher than 200 mg/L and 150 mg/L respectively, and sodium in all samples was higher than 50 mg/L.  According to the findings, these concentrations were higher than the maximum allowed limit in most water samples. Hazard quotient (HQ) in samples 8 and 9 were associated with arsenic and health risk in sample 1 was related to antimony. Furthermore, since all samples contained high amounts of lithium, water from this area better should not be consumed by children older than one year. Conclusion: Given the high rate of arsenic contamination, consumption of water in the study area could be health threatening for all individuals and is not recommended for children. This highlights the need for taking immediate actions to review the water treatment process and ensure safety of the drinking water in this area.

scholarly journals Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment due to Fluoride Exposure from Tea Consumption in Iran Using Monte Carlo Simulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (21) ◽  
pp. 4261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Amin Karami ◽  
Yadollah Fakhri ◽  
Shahabaldin Rezania ◽  
Abdol Azim Alinejad ◽  
Ali Akbar Mohammadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Fluoride Exposure

Excessive intake of fluoride can cause adverse health effects. Consumption of tea as a popular drink could be a potential source of fluoride exposure to humans. This research aimed to evaluate the fluoride concentration in tea among the Iranian people using the available data in the literature and to assess the health risk related to the consumption of tea in men, women, and children. The health risk assessment was conducted using the chronic daily intake and hazard quotient according to the approach suggested by the Environmental Protection Agency. The fluoride content in published studies varied noticeably, ranging from 0.13 to 3.27 mg/L. The results revealed that the hazard quotient (HQ) in age groups of women (21–72 years) and children (0–11 years) was within the safe zone (HQ < 1) which showed that there was no potential of non-carcinogenic risk associated with drinking tea in these groups. However, in one case of the men (21–72 years), the HQ > 1 which shows a probable risk of fluorosis. The order of non-carcinogenic health risks in the studied groups was in the order of men > women > children. The results of this can be useful for organizations with the responsibility of human health promotion.

scholarly journals Non-carcinogenic risk assessment of groundwater in South Gobi, Mongolia

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1009-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koyomi Nakazawa ◽  
Osamu Nagafuchi ◽  
Kanji Okano ◽  
Ken'ichi Osaka ◽  
Etsuji Hamabata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Livestock Waste ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Oxygen Stable Isotopes ◽  
Northern Mongolia ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk Assessment ◽  
Sheep Wool

Thirty-nine groundwater samples were collected from wells near the Tavan Tolgoi and Oyu Tolgoi mines in Mongolia and at a relatively pristine site in northern Mongolia during August to September 2013, and analyzed for the concentrations of F−, NO3−, Hg, As, Al, V, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, Cd, Sb, and Pb. A probabilistic risk assessment found that &gt;95% of the population in the areas was at risk from drinking well water. The hazard index (HI) was &gt;1, indicating a non-carcinogenic risk to human health. At Oyu Tolgoi, the hazard quotient (HQ) of the As concentration (mean 6.63 μg/L) was &gt;1. At the northern site, the 95th percentile HQ was &lt;1 but the 95th percentile HI was &gt;1. The ratios of nitrogen and oxygen stable isotopes indicated that NO3− contamination of groundwater at Oyu Tolgoi and Tavan Tolgoi was caused by livestock waste. Mercury accumulation in livestock was examined from concentrations in livestock forage and in hair and wool samples from livestock in the South Gobi region. Sheep wool had the same level of mercury as in Japan, but camel, horse, and goat hair had high levels.

scholarly journals Probabilistic risk assessment and spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements in groundwater sources in Southwestern Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
PraiseGod Chidozie Emenike ◽  
Imokhai Tenebe ◽  
Nkpa Ogarekpe ◽  
David Omole ◽  
Chidozie Nnaji
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
World Health ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals

Abstract The study investigated the concentration of potentially toxic heavy metals (PTHM) in groundwater sources (hand-dug wells and boreholes), spatial distribution, source apportionment, and health risk impact on local inhabitants in Ogun state. One hundred and eight water samples from 36 locations were analysed for Cr, Ni, Pb, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca and Al. Mean values of 0.013, 0.003, 0.010, 0.088, 0.004 and 3.906 mg/L were obtained for Pb, Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn, and Al respectively at Iju district. Meanwhile, the average values of Pb, Ni, Fe, Mn, and Al concentrations at Atan district were 0.008, 0.0023, 0.011, 0.003, and 1.319 mg/L respectively. Results also revealed that the 44.4% and 11.13% of the borehole and well-water samples surpassed the World Health Organization limits for Pb at Atan. In Iju, the concentration of Pb and Al were relatively high, exceeding the stipulated standard in 100% of the samples. The Multivariate statistical analysis employed produced principal factors that accounted for 78.674% and 86.753% of the variance at Atan and Iju region respectively. Based on this, PTHM were traced to geogenic sources (weathering, dissolution, leaching) and anthropogenic emissions from industrial activities. In addition, the hazard quotient values obtained from the health risk assessment identified potential non-carcinogenic risk due to Pb via ingestion route. Ni was found to have high carcinogenic risk on adult and children, having exceeded the threshold limit. The outcome of the carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that 88.67% (for adults) and 1.12% (for children) of the cancer risk values surpassed the specified limits at Iju, whereas the cancer risk values were considerably lesser at Atan. In conclusion, the report of this study should serve as a beacon that will spark up strategic planning, comprehensive water resource management, and extensive treatment schemes in order to address the health complications linked with environmental pollution.

Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Complex Mixtures

1989 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 851-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Krewski ◽  
T. Thorslund ◽  
J. Withey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Multiple Exposures ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Carcinogenic Substances ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk Assessment ◽  
Potential Use

Although procedures for assessing the carcinogenic risks associated with exposure to individual chemicals are relatively well developed, risk assessment methods for mixtures of chemicals are still in the developmental stage. In this paper, we examine the difficulties in assessing the risks of exposure to complex mixtures, with special reference to the potential for synergistic effects among the compo nents of the mixture. Statistical models for describing the joint action of multiple exposures are reviewed, and their implications for low-dose risk assessment are examined. The potential use of pharmacokinetic models to describe the metabolism of mixtures is also considered. Application of these results in regulating mixtures of carcinogenic substances is illustrated using examples involving multiple contaminants in drinking water and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced from combustion sources.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Chemical Parameters of Urban Drinking Water Quality along with Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study of Ardabil Province, Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5179
Author(s):  
Reza Aghlmand ◽  
Saeed Rasi Nezami ◽  
Ali Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
World Health ◽  
Study Region

In recent years, in addition to water resources’ quantity, their quality has also received much attention. In this study, the quality of the urban water distribution network in northwestern Iran was evaluated using the water quality index (WQI) method. Then, some important trace elements were investigated, and finally, the health risk assessment was evaluated for both carcinogenic elements (Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, and As) and non-carcinogenic elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K, F, NO3, and Cu) using carcinogenic risk (CR) and hazard quotient (HQ), respectively. In the present study, the WQI was calculated based on both World Health Organization (WHO) and Iranian drinking water standards. Comparing the results of these standards revealed that the WQI based on the Iranian standard was slightly higher. Regarding the calculated WQI for the study region, the status of water quality for drinking consumption is in the good water quality class (25 < WQI < 50). It was observed that Cu and Cd have the highest and lowest concentrations in all sampling points, respectively. Hazard Index (HI) results showed that the non-carcinogenic substances studied had a low risk for both adults and children (<1.0). However, the CR results showed that Ni, Cd, and As were above the desired level for both children and adults. The results of this study can be applied for efficient water management and human health protection programs in the study area.

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