scholarly journals Applied causal inference methods for sequential mediators

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Zugna ◽  
Maja Popovic ◽  
Barbara Heude ◽  
Francesca Fasanelli ◽  
Ghislaine Scelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Reproductive Outcomes ◽  
Causal Pathway ◽  
Small Joint ◽  
Inference Methods ◽  
Imputation Approach

Abstract Background: Mediation analysis aims at estimating to what extent the effect of an exposure on an outcome is explained by a set of mediators on the causal pathway between the exposure and the outcome. The total effect of the exposure on the outcome can be decomposed into an indirect effect, i.e. the effect explained by the mediators jointly, and a direct effect, i.e. the effect unexplained by the mediators. However finer decompositions are possible in presence of independent or sequential mediators. Methods: We review four statistical methods to analyse multiple sequential mediators , the inverse odds ratio weighting approach, the inverse probability weighting approach, the imputation approach and the extended imputation approach. These approaches are compared and implemented using a case-study with the aim to investigate the role of adverse reproductive outcomes and infant respiratory infections on infant wheezing in the Ninfea birth cohort. Results: Using the inverse odds ratio weighting approach, the direct effect of maternal depression or anxiety in pregnancy is equal to a 59% (95% CI: 27%-94%) increased prevalence of infant wheezing and the mediated effect through adverse reproductive outcomes is equal to a 3% (95% CI:-6%-12%) increased prevalence of infant wheezing. When including infant lower respiratory infections in the mediation pathway, the direct effect decreases to 57% (95% CI: 25%-92%) and the indirect effect increases to 5% (95% CI:-5%,15%). The estimates of the effects obtained using the weighting and the imputation approaches are similar. The extended imputation approach suggests that the small joint indirect effect through adverse reproductive outcomes and lower respiratory infections is due entirely to the contribution of infant lower respiratory infections, independently from the increased prevalence of adverse reproductive outcomes. Conclusions: The use of these methods allows the study of multiple mechanisms underlying the association between an exposure and an outcome and provides a solution for the problem of intermediate confounding by considering the intermediate confounder as a sequential mediator. The choice of the method may depend on what is the effect of main interest, the nature of the variables involved in the analysis and the truthfulness of the underlying assumptions.

scholarly journals Applied causal inference methods for sequential mediators

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Popovic ◽  
Lorenzo Richiardi ◽  
Ghislaine Scelo ◽  
Francesca Fasanelli ◽  
Barbara Heude ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Probability Weighting ◽  
Inverse Probability ◽  
Causal Pathway ◽  
Inference Methods ◽  
Imputation Approach

Abstract Mediation analysis aims at estimating to what extent the effect of an exposure on an outcome is explained by a set of mediators on the causal pathway between the exposure and the outcome. In this context, the total effect of the exposure on the outcome can be decomposed into the natural indirect effect, i.e. the effect explained by the mediators jointly, and the natural direct effect, i.e. the effect unexplained by the mediators. However finer decompositions are also possible in presence of independent or sequential mediators. As sequential mediation analysis is increasingly common in epidemiology, applied researchers have to interface with difficulties related to the application, implementation, and interpretation of the methods pro- posed in literature. We review four statistical methods to analyse multiple sequential mediators, all based on the counterfactual framework: the inverse odds ratio weight- ing approach, the inverse probability weighting approach, the imputation approach and the extended imputation approach. These approaches are described, compared and implemented using a case-study with the aim to investigate the role of adverse reproductive outcomes and infant respiratory infections on infant wheezing in the Ninfea birth cohort.

scholarly journals FLOW EXPERIENCE AND CONSUMERS’ WILLINGNESS TO PAY IN ONLINE MASS CUSTOMIZATION PROCESSES

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Product Design ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Mass Customization ◽  
Perceived Value ◽  
Flow Experience ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Design Experience

This research aims to identify the effects of perceived product value and flow experience during product design on willingness to pay (WTP) and purchase probability in online mass customization. The participants were asked to design shoes to their taste in a custom shoe website. After the design experience, the participants were asked to complete the questionnaire. The analyses suggest that flow experience has a direct effect on consumers’ WTP and an indirect effect on purchase probability through the mediating role of perceived value of mass customized products. Furthermore, perceived value of a mass customized product has a significant effect on purchase probability and no effect on WTP found in the analyses.

Effect of coworker ostracism on newcomer socialization: A self-control perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Pan Liu ◽  
Yihua Zhang ◽  
Mingyu Zhang ◽  
Wen Wu
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Proactive Personality ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Strength Model ◽  
Newcomer Socialization ◽  
Workplace Ostracism ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
Practical Implications

Researchers have consistently reported the negative role of workplace ostracism, and the importance of newcomers to an organization. However, none have examined the effect of coworker ostracism on newcomer socialization. Drawing on the strength model of self-control, we empirically tested the effect of coworker ostracism on newcomer socialization via the mediator of state self-control. Participants were 155 matched supervisor–subordinate dyads. Results show that coworker ostracism toward newcomers was negatively related to newcomer socialization and that this relationship was mediated by state self-control. Further, the direct effect of coworker ostracism on state self-control and the indirect effect of coworker ostracism on newcomer socialization were moderated by proactive personality. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Marital status and suicidal ideation among Australian older adults: the mediating role of sense of belonging – CORRIGENDUM

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne McLaren ◽  
Rapson Gomez ◽  
Peter Gill ◽  
Jessica Chesler
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Moderated Mediation Model

The authors regret errors in the reporting of the confidence intervals in the Results section. In relation to the first simple mediation model, the sentence “In this analysis, the β (95% CI) values of the direct effect and indirect effect of marital status on sense of belonging were 1.32 (−2.70, −0.05) and 0.72 (−1.43, −0.01), respectively.” Should read: “In this analysis, the β (95% CI) values of the direct effect and indirect effect of marital status on sense of belonging were 1.32 (−2.70, 0.05) and 0.72 (−1.43, 0.01), respectively.” In relation to the hypothesized mediation model, the sentence “The β (95% CI) values of the direct effect and indirect effect of marital status on suicidal ideation were 0.19 (−0.06, −0.43) and 0.22 (0.11, −0.35), respectively” should read: “The β (95% CI) values of the direct effect and indirect effect of marital status on suicidal ideation were 0.19 (−0.06, 0.43) and 0.22 (0.11, 0.35), respectively.” In relation to the moderated mediation model, the text “The relation between marital status and sense of belonging was significant for men as its bootstrapped 95% CI did not include zero (0.20, −0.67). In contrast, this relation was not significant for women as its bootstrapped 95% CI included zero (−0.03, −0.25)” should read: “The relation between marital status and sense of belonging was significant for men as its bootstrapped 95% CI did not include zero (0.20, 0.67). In contrast, this relation was not significant for women as its bootstrapped 95% CI included zero (−0.03, 0.25).”

scholarly journals Modeling the Effect of Family Atmosphere, School Atmosphere, and Social Support on Aggressiveness and Addiction Preparedness Among Students: The Mediating Role of Extroversion

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 365-374
Author(s):  
Zohre Shahriari Shaghaghi ◽  
◽  
Afsaneh Ghanbaripanah ◽  
Parisa Tajalli ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Perceived Social Support ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
The Family

Background: The increased rates of aggression and drug abuse among students are considered an important health issue. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the emotional atmosphere of the family, the school climate, perceived social support, aggressive behavior, and preparedness for addiction among students, considering the mediating role of extroversion. Methods: This research used the analytical-correlative method. Also, the statistical population included all high school students in Tehran, during the academic year of 2017-2018. Results: The school environment had a significant direct effect on the preparedness for addiction. Besides, we identified the indirect effect of the school environment on irregular drug addiction. The hypothesized model showed the full effect and the nonsignificant direct effect of perceived social support on aggressive behavior. Moreover, there was a significant indirect effect between perceived social support and aggressive behavior. However, there was no direct or indirect effect between perceived social support and preparedness for addiction and the existence of extroversion’s mediating function. Conclusion: Thus, teachers and school administrators are recommended to discuss the psychological environment of the family, the school atmosphere, and perceived social support.

scholarly journals Meaning in Life Mediates Between Emotional Deregulation and Eating Disorders Psychopathology: A Research From the Meaning-Making Model of Eating Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose H. Marco ◽  
Montserrat Cañabate ◽  
Cristina Martinez ◽  
Rosa M. Baños ◽  
Verónica Guillen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Meaning In Life ◽  
Body Satisfaction ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Depression Symptoms

Emotional dysregulation, age, gender, and obesity are transdiagnostic risk factors for the development and maintenance of eating disorders (EDs). Previous studies found that patients with ED had less meaning in life than the non-clinical population, and that meaning in life acted as a buffer in the course of ED; however, to the data, there are no studies about the mediator role of meaning in life in association between the emotional dysregulation and the ED psychopathology.Objective: To analyze the mediating role of meaning in life in the relationship between emotional dysregulation and the ED psychopathology in three samples with diverse risk factors for ED.Method: Sample 1, n = 153 undergraduate young women; sample 2, n = 122 participants with obesity; and sample 3, n = 292 participants with ED. Multiple mediation analysis was performed.Results: Sample 1: meaning in life showed a mediation effect between emotional dysregulation and the ED psychopathology (direct effect β = 0.390, p < 0.05) (indirect effect β = 0.227, p < 0.05), body satisfaction (direct effect β = −0.017, p < 0.05) (indirect effect β = −0.013, p < 0.01), and depression symptoms (direct effect β = 1.112, p < 0.001) (indirect effect β = 0.414, p < 0.001); sample 2: meaning in life showed a mediation effect between emotional dysregulation and binge eating and purging behaviors (direct effect β = 0.194, p < 0.01) (indirect effect β = 0.054, p < 0.05) and depression symptoms (direct effect β = 0.357, p < 0.001) (indirect effect β = 0.063, p < 0.05); sample 3: meaning in life showed a mediation effect between emotional dysregulation and the ED psychopathology (direct effect β = 0.884, p < 0.001) (indirect effect β = 0.252, p < 0.007), body satisfaction (direct effect β = −0.033, p < 0.05) (indirect effect β = −0.021, p < 0.001), borderline symptoms (direct effect β = 0.040, p < 0.001) (indirect effect β = 0.025, p < 0.001), and hopelessness (direct effect β = 0.211, p < 0.001) (indirect effect β = 0.087, p < 0.001).Conclusions: These studies suggest the importance of considering meaning in life as a variable in the onset and maintenance of ED.

scholarly journals The Role of Collaboration Breadth Attributes in Research Project and Innovation: The Example of National Funded Projects in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1362
Author(s):  
Zhenhua Yang (Alamo) ◽  
Yanmei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Innovation Output ◽  
Positive Direct ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Research Resources

Collaboration is regarded as an effective approach to improve the efficiency of research resources and reduce risks in innovation activities. Collaboration breadth is an important feature of collaborative extent. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse its role between R&D subsidy and innovation and to explore its direct and indirect ties to innovation. The paper is based on government-funded research projects, and the results show that R&D subsidy and collaboration breadth of organizations have positive direct effect on innovation output. Meanwhile, R&D subsidy has positive effect to collaboration breadth. However, the linkage of collaboration breadth of researchers on innovation output is uncertainty. That is, the direct effect is positive, while the indirect effect is negative. It may suggest that collaboration breadth of researchers and innovation output may be affected by other factors, such as knowledge sharing or diffusion. Our contribution is to extend the theory of collaboration breadth and to suggest discussion of the role of knowledge in collaboration breadth.

Temporal Differences in the Role of Marketing Communication in New Product Categories

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sridhar Narayanan ◽  
Puneet Manchanda ◽  
Pradeep K. Chintagunta
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
New Product ◽  
Random Coefficients ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Marketing Communication ◽  
Temporal Differences

The authors investigate the changing role of marketing communication over the life cycle of a new product category. They postulate two effects of marketing communication on consumers' choices: an “indirect effect” through reduction of uncertainty about product quality and a “direct effect” (i.e., more is better). The authors expect that the indirect effect is relatively larger in the early, postlaunch stages. They develop a structural model of demand that allows for such temporal differences in the roles of marketing communication. They use a random coefficients discrete choice model with a Bayesian learning process to model physician learning about new drugs and market-level data for the prescription antihistamines category. They find that marketing communication has a primarily indirect effect 6–14 months after introduction but that the direct effect subsequently dominates. The results suggest that firms should follow a pattern of heavier communication at the introduction phase followed by lower levels.

scholarly journals Dissecting causal pathways using Mendelian randomization with summarized genetic data: application to age at menarche and risk of breast cancer

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Burgess ◽  
Deborah J Thompson ◽  
Jessica MB Rees ◽  
Felix R Day ◽  
John R Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Age At Menarche ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
Causal Pathway

AbstractMendelian randomization is the use of genetic variants as instrumental variables to estimate causal effects of risk factors on outcomes. The total causal effect of a risk factor is the change in the outcome resulting from intervening on the risk factor. This total causal effect may potentially encompass multiple mediating mechanisms. For a proposed mediator, the direct effect of the risk factor is the change in the outcome resulting from a change in the risk factor keeping the mediator constant. A difference between the total effect and the direct effect indicates that the causal pathway from the risk factor to the outcome acts at least in part via the mediator (an indirect effect). Here, we show that Mendelian randomization estimates of total and direct effects can be obtained using summarized data on genetic associations with the risk factor, mediator, and outcome, potentially from different data sources. We perform simulations to test the validity of this approach when there is unmeasured confounding and/or bidirectional effects between the risk factor and mediator. We illustrate this method using the relationship between age at menarche and risk of breast cancer, with body mass index (BMI) as a potential mediator. We show an inverse direct causal effect of age at menarche on risk of breast cancer (independent of BMI) and a positive indirect effect via BMI. In conclusion, multivariable Mendelian randomization using summarized genetic data provides a rapid and accessible analytic strategy that can be undertaken using publicly-available data to better understand causal mechanisms.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF DESTINATION IMAGE AND TRAVEL EXPERIENCE TOWARDS REVISIT INTENTION IN YOGYAKARTA AS TOURIST DESTINATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-39
Author(s):  
Ghoitsa Rohmah Nurazizah ◽  
Sri Marhanah
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Destination Image ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Revisit Intention ◽  
Intention To Revisit ◽  
Special Region

ABSTRAKCitra yang baik tentang destinasi wisata dapat menyebabkan wisatawan merespons secara positif dengan mengunjungi kembali niat dan juga menarik lebih banyak wisatawan potensial. Yogyakarta sebagai Provinsi Daerah Istimewa adalah tujuan wisata terbesar kedua setelah Bali di Indonesia. Peluncuran slogan "Jogja Istimewa" diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran destinasi khusus dan pengalaman wisata yang menciptakan emosi positif bagi wisatawan sehingga mereka nantinya dapat mempengaruhi keputusan mereka untuk berkunjung lagi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh gambar tujuan dan pengalaman perjalanan pada niat untuk mengunjungi kembali Destinasi Wisata. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dan verifikatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan gambar objektif (X1) dari niat perilaku secara langsung lebih besar daripada efek tidak langsung. Efek langsung dari gambar tujuan (X1) adalah 0,114, sedangkan efek tidak langsung adalah -0,005. Oleh karena itu, peran variabel intervening (kepuasan bepergian Y) tidak signifikan untuk memperkuat pengaruh citra tujuan pada niat perilaku. pengaruh pengalaman bepergian (X2) pada niat perilaku (Z) secara langsung lebih besar dari efek tidak langsung. Efek langsung dari pengalaman bepergian (X2) adalah 0,808, sedangkan efek tidak langsung adalah -0,022. Oleh karena itu, peran variabel intervening (kepuasan bepergian Y) tidak signifikan untuk memperkuat efek pengalaman bepergian pada niat perilaku. Kata Kunci: Citra Destinasi, Niat Berkunjung Kembali, Pengalaman Perjalanan ABSTRACTA good image of the tourist destination can cause tourists to respond positively by revisit intention and also attracting more potential tourists. Yogyakarta as a Special Region Province is the second largest tourist destination after Bali in Indonesia. The launching of the slogan "Jogja Istimewa" is expected to provide an image of special destinations and tourist experiences that create positive emotions for tourists so that they can later influence their decision to visit again. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of destination images and travel experiences on the intention to revisit Tourism Destinations. The method used in this research was descriptive and verification research. The results showed the objective picture (X1) of the behavioral intention was directly greater than the indirect effect. The direct effect of the destination image (X1) is 0.114, while the indirect effect is -0.005. Therefore, the role of the intervening variable (satisfaction of traveling Y) is not significant to strengthen the influence of the goal image on behavioral intention. the effect of traveling experience (X2) on behavioral intention (Z) is directly greater than the indirect effect. The direct effect of the traveling experience (X2) is 0.808, while the indirect effect is -0.022. Therefore, the role of the intervening variable (satisfaction of traveling Y) is not significant to strengthen the effect of the traveling experience on behavioral intention.Keywords: Destination Image, Revisit Intention, Travel Experiences  

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