scholarly journals Wage Differentials And Educational Attainment In Germany. How Do Job Profiles Affect Earnings?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
Maria Popova

This paper presents the results of an empirical analysis on the issue of wage differentials occurring within education levels. The main purpose of the research is to investigate the extent to which job profiles, classified as routine and non-routine tasks can explain wage differentials within educational levels in Germany. Systematization of the literary sources and approaches for solving the problem of wage differentials indicates that in line with technological advancement witnessed over the past decades, earnings are largely determined by the nature of tasks carried out within the workplace. The relevance of this scientific problem decision is that educational systems have to keep up with advancing digitization and the rapidly changing labour market requirements. Investigation of the impact job profiles have on earnings, in the paper is carried out in the following logical sequence: firstly, a brief overview on previous research in the field is given, followed by an outline of the dataset analysed, proposed hypotheses, applied methodology and results concluding with a discussion. Methodological tools of the research methods were descriptive statistics along with OLS regression techniques. Based on German cross-sectional employee survey data from 2018 two hypotheses are tested by classifying 23 selected work activities into routine and non-routine tasks linked to the highest education level attained. In accordance with the German education system four educational levels are specified: no occupational degree, in-company or school-based vocational training, advanced vocational training degree and university degree. The results indicate that non-routine activities are on average remunerated at a higher rate compared to routine activities and non-routine analytical work is paid at a higher rate than non-routine craftmanship. Additionally, higher wages for computer assisted work activities is found. The OLS regression model results confirm both hypotheses implying increasing returns to educational attainments resulting in larger hourly pay and higher pay for those performing non-routine tasks. Pursuant to the traditional Mincer human capital approach on returns to schooling the research empirically confirms higher wages for employees completing advanced vocational training and those holding a university degree. The results of the research can be useful for policymakers in the education sector, fostering and improving analytical, data literacy and organizational skills.

Author(s):  
V. Lysenko

The social order posed by the society to the training of highly qualified personnel for the strategic needs of the labor market is associated with the changes in the economy, including the processes of its computerization and digitalization. Transformations in the digital economy determine new requirements for specialists’ training, their competences and qualification. The rapid changes in socio-economic conditions cause the need to transform the system of vocational training in order to meet the demands for competencies that correspond to the current technologic trends and methods of production. The reforms of vocational education system can be significant in resolving contradictions between the quality of training, on the one hand, and public and employers’ demands, on the other hand. Close cooperation of professional educational institutions, employers and social partners through their joint design and development of teaching technologies and methods for advanced vocational training of qualified specialists can be considered as one of the most efficient factors and conditions for resolving the above mentioned contradictions. These new conditions have already been created in the Centers for Advanced Vocational Training (CAVT), which can be characterized as a new type of infrastructural solution to the problem of aggregation of advanced vocational training programs and material and technical resources owned by science, education, production. The article focuses on some features of interaction and cooperation among vocational educational institutions, employers and social partners (social and public-private partnerships, networking cooperation, educational and technological cluster), which are taken into account in the performance of the Center for Advanced Vocational Training of the Kemerovo region.


Finisterra ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (79) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucília Caetano

Although the educational level of the population has improved considerably over the last decades, Portugal still lags far behind the other European countries. Premature school drop-out, along with high retention rates, appear to be the main reasons for this. Consequently, Portugal is the EU country with the largest percentage of workers with low educational levels, and the Central Region of Portugal is the one with the least favourable record. Indeed, in spite of the positive evolution egistered among the youngest, it is still disturbing to find that only 27.1% (61.8% in the EU) of the economically active young peoplebetween the ages of 15 and 24 finished their secondary education or pursued vocational training and that 3% did not even finish the first cycle of basic education. This situation inevitably hinders the formation of human capital, prevents the expansion of productivity and curbs the competitiveness of the productive fabric,as well as economic growth.


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Rohrbach-Schmidt

The demand for skills has changed throughout recent decades, favouring high-skilled workers that perform abstract, problem-solving tasks. At the same time, research shows that occupation-specific skills are beneficial for labour market success. This article explores (1) how education, workplace characteristics and occupations shape job task requirements, (2) how within-occupation job task content relates to wages, and (3) whether these relationships vary across types of tasks due to their presumably varying degrees of occupational specificity. Using worker-level data from Germany from 2011–2012 the article shows that a large part of task content is determined by occupations, but that task requirements also differ systematically within occupations with workers’ educational levels and workplace characteristics. Moreover, differences in task usage within occupations are robust predictors of wage differences between workers. Finally, the results suggest that non-routine manual tasks have a higher occupational specificity than abstract and routine tasks, and that manually skilled workers can generate positive returns on their skills in their specific fields of activity.


Author(s):  
Виктор Геннадьевич Лысенко

Введение. Современные вызовы системе среднего профессионального образования связаны, в первую очередь, с созданием безопасной цифровой образовательной среды, с появлением новых форм и технологий обучения, переобучения, повышения квалификации специалистов, в том числе с использованием современных информационных систем, сервисов и баз данных (цифровой платформы). Учитывая вышеизложенное, актуальным и востребованным в современной социокультурной ситуации является создание цифровой платформы в условиях деятельности центра опережающей профессиональной подготовки. Цель – определить роль цифровой платформы в реализации программ опережающей подготовки специалистов. Материал и методы. Методологической основой исследования является идея опережения, получившая развитие и распространение в различных науках, в том числе в отечественной педагогике и психологии. Изучение лучшего мирового опыта международного движения WorldSkills, нормативно-правовых, стратегических документов развития профессионального образования и запросов работодателей способствовало систематизации и обобщению знаний в области цифровизации среднего профессионального образования. Результаты и обсуждение. Выполнение теоретических установок и концептуальных подходов к системе опережающей профессиональной подготовки, в том числе авторских, опыт Сибирского политехнического техникума, реализующего программы подготовки, переподготовки и повышения квалификации не только своих обучающихся, но и выпускников учреждений среднего профессионального образования, незанятого населения, лиц, потерявших работу, в условиях обострения социально-экономической ситуации, являются востребованными, особенно в сфере IT-технологий, связанных с трансформацией экономики и социальной сферы регионов. Представлены подходы коллектива центра опережающей профессиональной подготовки Сибирского политехнического техникума по решению первоочередных задач по моделированию цифровой платформы и использованию конструктора компетенций как необходимого условия, обеспечивающего слушателю индивидуальную образовательную траекторию обучения и дальнейшего профессионального развития. Заключение. Описаны первоначальные результаты работы центра опережающей профессиональной подготовки по созданию цифровой платформы, представляющие практическую значимость для руководителей профессиональных образовательных организаций, заинтересованных в подготовке высококвалифицированных специалистов, востребованных на региональном рынке труда. Introduction. Modern challenges that the system of secondary vocational education faces are associated, first of all, with the creation of a safe digital educational environment. New educational environment includes new forms and technologies of teaching, retraining, advanced training supported by modern information systems, services and databases (digital platforms). Therefore, the creation, operation and maintenance of the digital platform in the condition of the advanced vocational training center is relevant, and crucial in the modern socio-cultural situation. The aim of the work is the determination of the digital platform role in the implementation of program for specialist advanced vocational training. Material and methods. As the methodological basis serves the concept of advancing (keeping ahead), which was developed in various sciences, including Russian pedagogy and psychology and then spread all over the world. The study of the best world experience of the international movement Worldskills and regulatory, strategic documents referred to the development of vocational education, as well as the awareness of the employers’ needs, contributes to systematization and generalization of knowledge in the field of digitalization of secondary vocational education. Results and discussion. The implementation of theoretical objectives and conceptual provisions of the advanced vocational training system, including the authors’ contribution; the experience of the Siberian Polytechnic School reflected in its training, retraining and advanced training programs used for training students, graduates of secondary vocational education institutions, and the unemployed people who lost their jobs due to aggravated socio-economic situation. These are the main drives for designing a new digital platform able to ensure the transformation of the regional economy and social sphere. The article describes the approaches used by the staff of the advanced vocational training center of the Siberian Polytechnic College to solve the priority tasks concerning a digital platform modeling and application of the competence constructor that are employed as a prerequisite for providing the listener with an individual educational trajectory within their training and further professional development. Conclusion. Thus, the article presents the initial outcomes of the performance and activities of the advanced vocational training center aimed at creating a digital platform. The design and development of this platform is considered as practical significance for the heads and top managers of professional educational organizations who are interested in training highly qualified specialists being the most popular on the regional labor market.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
V. Lysenko

The study of Russian as well as foreign experience concerning the effective practices for performing learners’ vocational training and self-determination allows the educators to extrapolate the most adequate ideas, principles, technologies, approaches to the development and implementation of career guidance and vocational training programs intended for specialists. The acquired knowledge can be further used for analysis, comprehension and application of the best practices in the system of advanced vocational training. The article considers the features of the dual secondary vocational training system of Germany and focuses on the career guidance experience in schools and colleges in the UK. It also presents approaches that are not widespread and less known in Russia than in other countries to apply them to the dual higher education system. Some elements of effective foreign practices of vocational training, self-determination and career guidance can be used in advanced vocational training centers as well as in institutions involved in general secondary, secondary vocational and additional education.


Author(s):  
María Del Mar Gálvez-Rodríguez ◽  
Arturo Haro-de-Rosario ◽  
Ana Tatiana García-Pérez

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-98
Author(s):  
Irene López Secanell ◽  
Javier Gené Morales

Objetivo: Esta revisión sistemática tuvo el objetivo de revisar los artículos publicados en los últimos seis años sobre el uso de mindfulness en la educación física de los distintos niveles educativos, así como sus principales conclusiones. Método: Se analizaron los artículos publicados desde 2014 hasta 2020 mediante las bases de datos ERIC, Taylor y Francis, Web of Science y SCOPUS, en base a las pautas de PRISMA y el modelo PICO. La información extraída de los artículos seleccionados fue: Autor y año, país, idioma, nivel educativo y número de participantes, duración, tipo de investigación, objetivos, resultados y programa de mindfulness utilizado. Resultados: Se han incluido 15 artículos. De estos artículos la mayoría fueron publicados en Estados Unidos, sin ninguna representación en el España, y en educación secundaria, con una duración media de las intervenciones de 3 a 10 semanas. Respecto el tipo de investigación destacan las cuantitativas frente a las cualitativas. Los resultados confirman los beneficios del mindfulness en la mejora del desarrollo de la educación emocional, la atención plena, habilidades de conciencia, la autoeficacia, la autorregulación, la disminución del estrés, del rendimiento deportivo y la actividad física. Los programas de mindfulness utilizados fueron MBP, MAC, MMA, MSPE y MMTS. Conclusiones: A pesar de los beneficios corroborados del mindfulness en el ámbito deportivo, en España, en comparación con otros países, las investigaciones sobre mindfulness y educación física escolar son prácticamente inexistentes, especialmente en los niveles de primaria, infantil y formación profesional. Objective: This systematic review aimed to review the articles published in the last six years on the use of mindfulness in physical education at the different educational levels, as well as their main conclusions. Method: Articles published from 2014 to 2020 were analyzed using the ERIC, Taylor and Francis, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases, based on the PRISMA guidelines and the PICO model. The information extracted from the selected articles was: Author and year, country, language, educational level and number of participants, duration, type of research, objectives, results, and mindfulness program used. Results: 15 articles have been included. Most of these articles were published in the United States, without any representation in Spain, and in secondary education, with an average duration of the interventions of 3 to 10 weeks. Regarding the type of research, quantitative versus qualitative stand out. The results confirm the benefits of mindfulness in improving the development of emotional education, mindfulness, awareness skills, self-efficacy, self-regulation, reduction of stress, sports performance and physical activity. The mindfulness programs used were MBP, MAC, MMA, MSPE and MMTS. Conclusions: Despite the corroborated benefits of mindfulness in sports, in Spain, compared to other countries, research on mindfulness and school physical education is practically non-existent, especially at the primary, infant and vocational training levels. Objetivo: Esta revisão sistemática tem como objetivo revisar os artigos publicados nos últimos seis anos sobre o uso da prática de mindfulness em educação física nos diferentes níveis de ensino, assim como as suas principais conclusões. Método: Os artigos publicados de 2014 a 2020 foram analisados nas bases de dados ERIC, Taylor e Francis, Web of Science e SCOPUS, com base nas diretrizes PRISMA e no modelo PICO. As informações extraídas dos artigos selecionados foram: autor e ano, país, idioma, escolaridade e número de participantes, duração, tipo de pesquisa, objetivos, resultados e programa de mindfulness utilizado. Resultados: 15 artigos foram incluídos. A maioria desses artigos foram publicados nos Estados Unidos, sem nenhuma representação em Espanha, e no ensino médio, com duração média das intervenções de 3 a 10 semanas. Quanto ao tipo de pesquisa, se destaca a quantitativa em relação á qualitativa. Os resultados confirmam os benefícios ao nivel da atenção, na melhoria do desenvolvimento da educação emocional, habilidades de consciência, auto-eficácia, auto regulação, redução do stresse, desempenho desportivo e atividade física. Os programas de mindfulness usados foram MBP, MAC, MMA, MSPE e MMTS. Conclusões: Apesar dos benefícios comprovados da mindfulness no âmbito desportivo, em Espanha, em comparação com outros países, as pesquisas sobre mindfulness e educação física escolar são praticamente inexistentes, principalmente nos níveis primário, infantil e profissional.


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