scholarly journals ROOT CONDUCTANCE AND MORPHOLOGY OF SOLUTION- AND SAND-CULTURED HONEY LOCUST SEEDLINGS OF DIFFERENT AGES

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1069c-1069
Author(s):  
William R. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Root Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
State Water ◽  
Honey Locust ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Root Conductance

Root hydraulic conductance is often expressed on the basis of dry weight or surface area of leaves or roots of plants produced in solution or aggregate culture. In this study, biomass partitioning and its influence on the interpretation of root hydraulic conductance data were compared in 21- to 63-day-old Gleditsia triacanthos inermis Willd. (honey locust) seedlings grown in solution and sand cultures. The ratio of lamina to root dry weight decreased as seedlings aged but was always greater for solution-grown plants than for sand-grown plants. Expressed on the basis of root dry weight, steady-state water fluxes at applied pressures ≥ 0.28 MPa and hydraulic conductivity coefficients declined with root system age, with a sharp decrease among solution-grown plants between ages 21 and 35 days. Such a difference was not detected using data expressed on lamina surface area or dry weight, illustrating that caution must be exercised when reporting and comparing the conductance of roots cultured in different media.

scholarly journals Concentrated Exogenous Abscisic Acid Drenches Reduce Root Hydraulic Conductance and Cause Wilting in Tomato

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1640-1645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel G. Astacio ◽  
Marc W. van Iersel
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Root Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Cumulative Volume ◽  
Effective Transport ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Root Conductance

Previous work has shown that exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) applications can reduce transpiration, delay wilting, and thereby extend the shelf life of unwatered plants. Paradoxically, we have seen that drenches with concentrated ABA solutions may actually induce wilting. These wilting symptoms occur despite the presence of ample water in the substrate, suggesting that ABA may interfere with the ability of roots to take up water. Our objective was to develop a better understanding of this wilting effect using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as a model. In the first study, ABA drenches (125–2000 mg·L−1) reduced transpiration and water use compared with the control plants, yet the relative water content (RWC) of the leaves of ABA-treated plants was lower than that of control plants at 24 h after the ABA drench. Control plants had a leaf RWC of 97%, whereas plants treated ABA had a RWC of 57% to 62%. ABA concentrations of 500 mg·L−1 or higher caused the plants to wilt within 24 h despite the presence of ample water in the substrate. Leaf ABA concentrations 24 h after the ABA application ranged from 2.6 (control) to 62.6 nmol·g−1 fresh weight (FW) in the 2000-mg·L−1 ABA treatment, indicating effective transport of ABA from the roots to the leaves. The reduced leaf RWC suggests that ABA drenches are limiting water transport through the roots to the leaves. The effects of ABA on the hydraulic conductance of the roots and stems of tomatoes were quantified to determine if ABA drenches limit water transport through the roots. The cumulative volume of water conducted by the root systems during a 4-day period ranged from 36.7 mL in the control treatments to 8.1 mL in roots systems drenched with 1000 mg·L−1 ABA, a reduction of 78%. When the conductance study was repeated using decapitated roots and excised stems, root water flux was again reduced by ABA, but water flux through internodal stem sections did not show an ABA effect. Results suggest that ABA-induced wilting is caused by a reduction in root conductance and we hypothesize that ABA affects aquaporins in the roots, limiting water uptake.

scholarly journals The Response of Spring Wheat Cultivars to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization under Salinity Stresses

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daishu Yi ◽  
Timothy Schwinghamer ◽  
Yolande Dalpé ◽  
Jaswinder Singh ◽  
Shahrokh Khanizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Mutualistic Symbiosis ◽  
Root Dry Weight

Wheat is an important crop, playing inevitable roles in human life, ranging from major food resource to raw material for biofuel. However, due to the dramatically reduced available arable areas and increasingly severe abiotic and biotic stresses, wheat production nowadays faces extreme challenges.. Many approaches have been explored to increase wheat yield including development of new cultivars. One of the most promising approaches is the application of the naturally existent arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), a mutualistic symbiosis originated over 400 million years ago. AM have long been known to form mutualistic symbiosis with various plants to enhance yield production and to improve stress tolerance, especially drought and salinity. But the benefits vary among AM strains and plant species. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate the influence of four AM strains colonized on four selected spring wheat varieties under three salt concentrations (0, 50, 100 mmol/L). The results demonstrated that wheat inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal strains Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizoglomusirregulare mitigated yield losses caused by increased salinity stresses as well as strengthened root growth in comparison with non-inoculated plant controls. Salinity stress, however, had non-significant negative effects on most variables, except for grain yield, root surface area and root dry weight, in which a significant decrease was observed in root surface area and root dry weight with the increasing of saline concentration.

scholarly journals (122) Simulation of Poor Quality Irrigation Waters in Subirrigation and Top-watering using Mixture Experiments

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1084E-1085
Author(s):  
Matthew W. Kent ◽  
David W. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Mixture Experiments ◽  
Equal Concentration ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Leaching Fraction ◽  
Ion Effects

The effects of cations vs. anions in salinity studies cannot be separated by traditional means. Analysis of mixture experiments allows ionic ef-fects to be analyzed individually by varying proportions of ions without changing their total concentrations. A series of mixture experiments were performed in the greenhouse to determine the effects of the anions bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate, given a constant and equal concentration of the cation sodium, on vinca `Pacifica Red' grown with different irrigation systems and leaching fractions. In subirrigation, increasing total ion concentrations from 30 to 60 meq/L total ion concentrations (TIC) caused a general decrease in shoot fresh and dry weights, with bicarbonate contributing to the greatest degree of reduction, and sulfate the least. Root dry weight was similarly decreased with increasing TIC, but the differences between individual ion effects were more subtle. SPAD data, an indication of chlorophyll concentration, showed a sharp decrease with increase in bicarbonate, but not with sulfate or chloride. Medium pH increased as TIC increased, being influenced primarily by bicarbonate. Conversely, growing medium EC was influenced most by sulfate and chloride, and least by bicarbonate with increasing TIC. At 30 meq/L TIC, top-watered treatments with a leaching fraction (LF) of 5% generally had reduced shoot and root dry weight without regard to ion species, while a leaching fraction of 35% produced results more similar to those of subirrigation. While medium EC and pH varied with layer and irrigation method, bicarbonate generally affected EC least and pH most.

scholarly journals Measuring Root Hydraulic Parameters of Container-grown Herbaceous and Woody Plants Using the Hydraulic Conductance Flow Meter

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley A. Judd ◽  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
William C. Fonteno ◽  
Jean-Christophe Domec
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Hydraulic Parameters ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Root Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Flow Meter ◽  
Root Conductance ◽  
Intact Roots

Root hydraulic conductance and conductivity are physiological traits describing the ease with which water can move through the belowground vascular system of a plant, and are used as indicators of plant performance and adaptability to a given environment. The ability to measure hydraulic conductance of container-grown herbaceous and semiwoody plants with soft conductive tissue was tested using a hydraulic conductance flow meter (HCFM). Although the HCFM is a hydraulic apparatus that has been used on woody plants to measure hydraulic conductance of intact roots, it has never been reportedly used on container-grown horticultural plants. Two herbaceous species, Chrysanthemum L. and Solenstemon scutellarioides Thonn., were grown in containers and hydraulic parameters were measured, including root conductance and root conductivity, as well as physical traits such as stem diameter and dry root mass. The HCFM was easily connected to intact roots even on herbaceous stems and was used to determine hydraulic conductance and conductivity directly on container-grown plants with minimal disturbance on the root system. Chrysanthemums, Buddleja davidii Franch., and Hibiscus moscheutos L. were grown in three different substrates, and both root mass and root hydraulic parameters were determined. Chrysanthemums showed a positive response with increasing root hydraulic conductance with increasing root mass. The substrates used in these studies only had an effect on root biomass of chrysanthemums, but substrates had no differential effect on root hydraulic conductivity.

scholarly journals Root Growth of Seedlings and Microcuttings of Western Black Cherry Grown in Compacted Soil

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-457
Author(s):  
Venu G. Oddiraju ◽  
Caula A. Beyl ◽  
Philip A. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Compacted Soil ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Surface Areas

Seedlings and microcuttings taken from two western black cherry (Prunus serotina var. virens Ehrh.) trees, one with profuse roots and one with scant roots, were grown in either normal or compacted soil to determine if the variation in the growth of fine and coarse roots under conditions of compaction could be attributed to genetic factors or method of propagation. An image processing system [Image Capture and Analysis System (ICAS)] was used to classify and measure the roots. There was a significant reduction in the surface area of fine roots, total surface area, and root dry weight after 12 weeks of compaction, but the effect on coarse roots was nonsignificant. Initial differences in the larger surface area of coarse roots of seedlings vs. for those of microcuttings disappeared over the course of the experiment. However, the surface areas of fine roots and the total surface area were significantly larger and root dry weight was higher for seedlings than for microcuttings, even at the end of the 12-week treatment period. The surface areas of fine and coarse roots, total surface area, and dry weight of roots were similar at the end of the experiment, regardless of genotype.

scholarly journals Co-inoculation With Tropical Strains of Azospirillum and Bacillus Is More Efficient Than Single Inoculation for Improving Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake in Maize.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitoria Palhares Ribeiro ◽  
Eliane Aparecida Gomes ◽  
Sylvia Morais de Sousa ◽  
Ubiraci Gomes de Paula Lana ◽  
Antonio Marcos Coelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Maize Growth ◽  
Root Dry Weight

Abstract Usage of Bacillus and Azospirillum as new eco-friendly microbial consortium inoculants is a strategy to increase plant growth and crop yield by improving nutrient availability in agricultural systems. In this study, we designed a multispecies inoculum containing B. thuringiensis (strain B116), B. subtillis (strain B2084) and Azospirillum brasilense (strains A1626 and A2142) to investigate their individual or co-inoculated ability to solubilize and mineralize phosphate, produce indole acetic acid (IAA) and their effect on maize growth promotion in hydroponics and in a non-sterile soil. All strains showed significant IAA production, P mineralization (sodium phytate) and Ca-P, Fe-P (tricalcium phosphate and iron phosphate, respectively) solubilization. In hydroponics, co-inoculation with A1626 x A2142, B2084 x A2142, B2084 x A1626 resulted in higher root total length, total surface area, and surface area of roots with diameter between 0 and 1 mm than other treatments with single inoculant, except B2084. In a greenhouse experiment, maize inoculated with the two Azospirillum strains exhibited enhanced shoot dry weight, shoot P and K content, root dry weight, root N and K content and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities than the other treatments. There was a significant correlation between soil P and P shoot, alkaline phosphatase and P shoot and between acid phosphatase and root dry weight. It may be concluded that co-inoculations are most effective than single inoculants strains, mainly between two selected Azospirillum strains. Thus, they could have synergistic interactions during maize growth, and be useful in the formulation of inoculants to improve the cropping systems sustainable.

scholarly journals Container Size Alters Root Growth of Western Black Cherry as Measured via Image Analysis

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 910-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venu G. Oddiraju ◽  
Caula A. Beyl ◽  
Philip A. Barker ◽  
Gary W. Stutte
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Root Dry Weight

Microcuttings of three western black cherry (Prunus serotina var. virens Ehrh.) phenotypes obtained from seedling trees with profuse or scant root systems were grown in two container sizes to examine the early effects of root constraint. Because manual methods to estimate root length and other characteristics are time consuming and subjective, an image analysis hardware and software system (image capture and analysis system) was used to classify and measure the roots. There was a significant effect of clone on fine-root surface area, coarse: fine root ratio, and root dry weight (P ≤ 0.05), but root characteristics (profuse or scant root development) of the parent material were absent in the vegetative propagules from these lines. Container size had no significant effect on coarse- or fine-root surface area but did reduce coarse: fine root ratio (P ≤ 0.05). A threshold effect of container size on root dry weight was detected (P ≤ 0.1).

Genetic variation for rate of establishment in caucasian clover

1998 ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
K.H. Widdup ◽  
T.L. Knight ◽  
C.J. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Root Dry Weight

Slow establishment of caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum L.) is hindering the use of this legume in pasture mixtures. Improved genetic material is one strategy of correcting the problem. Newly harvested seed of hexaploid caucasian clover germplasm covering a range of origins, together with white and red clover and lucerne, were sown in 1 m rows in a Wakanui soil at Lincoln in November 1995. After 21 days, the caucasian clover material as a group had similar numbers of emerged seedlings as white clover and lucerne, but was inferior to red clover. There was wide variation among caucasian clover lines (48-70% seedling emergence), with the cool-season selection from cv. Monaro ranked the highest. Recurrent selection at low temperatures could be used to select material with improved rates of seedling emergence. Red clover and lucerne seedlings produced significantly greater shoot and root dry weight than caucasian and white clover seedlings. Initially, caucasian clover seedlings partitioned 1:1 shoot to root dry weight compared with 3:1 for white clover. After 2 months, caucasian clover seedlings had similar shoot growth but 3 times the root growth of white clover. Between 2 and 5 months, caucasian clover partitioned more to root and rhizome growth, resulting in a 0.3:1 shoot:root ratio compared with 2:1 for white clover. Both clover species had similar total dry weight after 5 months. Unhindered root/ rhizome devel-opment is very important to hasten the establishment phase of caucasian clover. The caucasian clover lines KZ3 and cool-season, both selections from Monaro, developed seedlings with greater shoot and root growth than cv. Monaro. KZ3 continued to produce greater root growth after 5 months, indicating the genetic potential for improvement in seedling growth rate. Different pasture estab-lishment techniques are proposed that take account of the seedling growth characteristics of caucasian clover. Keywords: establishment, genetic variation, growth, seedling emergence, Trifolium ambiguum

Respon Akar Bibit Aren Genjah (Arenga pinnata) Di Pembibitan Pada Pemberian Dosis dan Interval Pupuk Organik Cair Nasa

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Yetti Elidar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dose Study ◽  
Palm Sugar ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Research on the response of roots of palm sugar palm seeds (Arenga pinnata) in nurseries at doses and intervals of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer. Aims to determine the dosage, interval and combination of dosages and fertilization intervals with Nasa liquid organic fertilizer which can provide the best dry weight of the roots in the nursery. The research design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3x3 factorial experiments and each treatment was repeated 8 (eight) times, consisting of: the first factor was the treatment of POC Nasa dose in a concentration of 3 cc POC Nasa per liter of water (D) consists of 3 levels, namely: d1 = 300 ml POC Nasa, d2 = 400 ml POC Nasa, d3 = 500 ml POC Nasa, while the second factor is the treatment of POC Nasa Interval (I) consisting of 3 levels, namely: i1 = 2 once a week, i2 = once every 3 weeks, i3 = once every 4 weeks. The results of the POC Nasa dose study had a significant effect on leaf wet weight, leaf dry weight, root wet weight and root dry weight. The best dose at this level are: d2 (400 ml of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer), the interval of liquid organic fertilizer Nasa has a significant effect on leaf wet weight, leaf dry weight, root wet weight and root dry weight. The best dose at this level is: i1 (once every 2 weeks). The treatment combination has no significant effect on all parameters. 

scholarly journals Genome-wide association analysis unveils novel QTLs for seminal root system architecture traits in Ethiopian durum wheat

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Admas Alemu ◽  
Tileye Feyissa ◽  
Marco Maccaferri ◽  
Giuseppe Sciara ◽  
Roberto Tuberosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
High Density ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Seminal Roots

Abstract Background Genetic improvement of root system architecture is essential to improve water and nutrient use efficiency of crops or to boost their productivity under stress or non-optimal soil conditions. One hundred ninety-two Ethiopian durum wheat accessions comprising 167 historical landraces and 25 modern cultivars were assembled for GWAS analysis to identify QTLs for root system architecture (RSA) traits and genotyped with a high-density 90 K wheat SNP array by Illumina. Results Using a non-roll, paper-based root phenotyping platform, a total of 2880 seedlings and 14,947 seminal roots were measured at the three-leaf stage to collect data for total root length (TRL), total root number (TRN), root growth angle (RGA), average root length (ARL), bulk root dry weight (RDW), individual root dry weight (IRW), bulk shoot dry weight (SDW), presence of six seminal roots per seedling (RT6) and root shoot ratio (RSR). Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences between accessions for all RSA traits. Four major (− log10P ≥ 4) and 34 nominal (− log10P ≥ 3) QTLs were identified and grouped in 16 RSA QTL clusters across chromosomes. A higher number of significant RSA QTL were identified on chromosome 4B particularly for root vigor traits (root length, number and/or weight). Conclusions After projecting the identified QTLs on to a high-density tetraploid consensus map along with previously reported RSA QTL in both durum and bread wheat, fourteen nominal QTLs were found to be novel and could potentially be used to tailor RSA in elite lines. The major RGA QTLs on chromosome 6AL detected in the current study and reported in previous studies is a good candidate for cloning the causative underlining sequence and identifying the beneficial haplotypes able to positively affect yield under water- or nutrient-limited conditions.

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