scholarly journals 394 HIGH-AND-LOW RESOLUTION ANALYSIS OF GROWTH IN SNAPDRAGON (Antirrhinum majus cv. Giant Tetra) AND ZINNIA (Zinnia elegens cv. Pompom)

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 487e-487
Author(s):  
Will Neily ◽  
Peter R. Hicklenton ◽  
David N. Kristie
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Expansion Stage ◽  
Resolution Analysis ◽  
Stage 1

Stem elongation rates (SER) in snapdragon end zinnia were recorded in 3 DIF regimes (+5, -5, and 0; Daily average: 18C) using both high resolution (linear transducers), and low resolution techniques. Three developmental stages were chosen for study: Stage 1 was vegetative growth, preceding the formation of a flower bud. Stage 2 was the period from bud formation to preliminary expansion. Stage 3 was the period just before anthesis. Low resolution measurements showed a decrease in snapdragon height in response to a negative DIF. A negative DIF was less effective in reducing zinnia height especially after the third developmental stage. Final plant height for both species was not affected by placing plants in the 3 DIF regimes for 1 week during the growth cycle. Snapdragon and zinnia displayed unique diurnal SER patterns. Snapdragon showed a large peak in SER at the start of the dark period followed by a gradual decline. SER increased again during the light period. Most growth in vegetative zinnias occurred around the light/dark transition. This peak growth tended to shift to the night period as buds were formed and flowering proceeded. High resolution measurements revealed a reduction in SER for both species at negative DIP; greatest decreases occurred during the night. DIF exerts an influence on diurnal SER in both snapdragon and zinnia, despite well defined differences in SER patterns. Negative DIF suppresses the SER of both species at all 3 developmental stages, but must be applied consistently in order to produce significant differences in final plant height.

scholarly journals High-resolution Analysis of the Effect of DIF and Growth Regulators on Stem Elongation in Zinnia

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 866F-866
Author(s):  
Will G. Neily ◽  
Peter R. Hicklenton ◽  
David N. Kristie
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
High Resolution Analysis ◽  
Resolution Analysis ◽  
Flower Bud Formation ◽  
Stage 1

Instantaneous stem elongation rates (SER) in zinnia (Zinnia elegans cv. Pompon) treated with daminozide (B-Nine) or gibberellic acid (GA3) were recorded in 3 DIF regimes (+5, –5, 0; daily average 18.7C). Two developmental stages were chosen for study: Stage 1 was vegetative growth before flower bud formation Stage 2 was the period before anthesis. At both stages, patterns of SER and total diurnal growth were influenced by DIF regime. The application of GA3 increased SER in a more or less additive manner over all phases of the diurnal growth cycle and daminozide similarly reduced SER. Neither GA3 or daminozide application transformed growth patterns to match those of positive or negative DIF plants, respectively. Instead. the growth regulators only enhanced or reduced total diurnal growth without modifying the effects of DIF. This suggests that DIF can influence stem elongation growth in a manner which is independent of the effects of gibberellin.

scholarly journals Temperature, but not Growth Regulators, Influences Diurnal Stem Elongation Rhythms in Zinnia

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will G. Neily ◽  
Peter R. Hicklenton ◽  
David N. Kristie
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Flower Bud Formation ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Diurnal Period

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of treatment with gibberellic acid (GA) on changes in diurnal growth rhythms caused by maturation and day/night temperature differential (DIF) in zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq. `Pompon'). Plants were treated with GA3 or with the GA biosynthesis inhibitor daminozide under three DIF regimes (+5 DIF: 21 °C DT/16 °C NT; 0 DIF: 18.7 °C constant; –5 DIF: 16.5 °C DT/21.5 °C NT), each with a daily average temperature of 18.7 °C, at two developmental stages: stage 1, the period of vegetative growth before flower bud formation; and stage 3, growth just before anthesis. Instantaneous stem elongation rates (SER) were measured using linear voltage displacement transducers. The DIF regime, as has been previously shown, influenced stem elongation primarily by altering the size of an early morning peak in SER; peak height increased as DIF became more positive. GA3 increased SER throughout the diurnal period with a proportionately larger effect on nighttime growth. Conversely, daminozide decreased SER more or less equally throughout the diurnal period. Neither GA3 or daminozide transformed growth patterns to match those of positive or negative DIF plants, but instead simply increased or decreased growth amplitude. Furthermore, neither growth regulator altered the basic diurnal SER pattern at any DIF, or influenced the observed shift to greater nighttime growth as plants matured from stage 1 to stage 3. The results suggest that neither the effects of DIF, or the age-related shift in diurnal growth distribution can be explained by changes in total availability of GA in the plant. Chemical name used: mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) butanedioic acid (daminozide).

scholarly journals Developmental Stages of Single-stem Cut Rose Production

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 654a-654
Author(s):  
Robert G. Anderson ◽  
Wenwei Jia
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Medium Temperature ◽  
Single Node ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Stem Development ◽  
Stage 1

Commercial quality cut-roses were produced in a single-stem production system from single node cuttings. A significant advantage to single-stem rose production is that specific environments can be used for specific developmental stages of rose growth. In stage 1 (propagation), cuttings were treated with a 5-second dip in 500 ppm IBA/250 ppm NAA solution, placed in growing media in 8-cm pots, and placed under intermittent mist (5 second every 5 minutes) with growing medium temperature of 35°C. In stage 2 (axillary budbreak and stem development to visible pea size flower bud), rooted cuttings moved to benches (200 stems/m2) in a greenhouse at 14 to 16°C night, and plants received 12 hours supplemental light at 80 to 100 mol·m–2s–1. In stage 3 (stem elongation and flower bud development), small rose plants (30 to 35 cm tall with a pea-size flower bud) were moved to 100 stems/m2 in a greenhouse at 14 to 16°C night with ambient light. Through seven sequential crops of rose cuttings grown from Feb. through May 1995, rooting required a mean of 16 days, flower buds were visible in 42 days, and flower harvest required a mean of 58 days. Accumulated radiation and average temperatures through the spring had significant effects on the number of days in each developmental stage of rose growth.

Yield and nutritive value of the spring growth of an ageing timothy sward

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Bélanger ◽  
Gaëtan F Tremblay ◽  
Danielle Mongrain
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility

The decline in productivity of forage grasses with age since establishment has been recognised for several years, but this yield reduction and its consequences on nutritive value have not been studied in timothy (Phleum pratense L.). Our objective was to characterize the dry matter (DM) yield and nutritive value during spring growth of an ageing timothy sward grown under non-limiting N conditions. A timothy sward, seeded in 1998, was harvested at four developmental stages (stem elongation, early heading, late heading, and early flowering) during spring growth from 1999 to 2005. The average DM yield observed in production years 5, 6, and 7 was 43% of that measured in the first 4 production years when timothy was harvested at stem elongation or early heading, 52% when harvested at late heading, and 74% when harvested at early flowering. The yield potential of timothy during spring growth decreased with ageing at a rate of 0.66 and 0.91 Mg DM ha-1 yr-1 with harvests at early and late heading, respectively. The nutritive value of timothy harvested at stem elongation was greater in older (production years 5, 6, and 7) than in younger (first 4 production years) swards as indicated by in vitro true digestibility of DM (+ 48 g kg-1 DM), in vitro digestibility of NDF (+ 77 g kg-1 NDF), and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentration (-62 g kg-1 DM); this difference, explained mostly by the lower DM yield of older swards, disappeared when timothy was harvested later on in the growth cycle. Rates of change in nutritive value observed during the phase of reproductive development in spring growth were, therefore, greater in older than in younger swards. Our results demonstrate clearly the decline in timothy productivity with age and its consequences on nutritive value. Key words: Phleum pratense, harvesting year, stages of development, yield, digestibility

scholarly journals Effects of Temperature on the Development of Asiatic Lilies

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 479D-479
Author(s):  
J. Steininger ◽  
C.C. Pasian
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Two Phases

Temperature effects the rate of development of Lilium (Asiatic hybrid). The long-term objective is to evaluate thermal units as a tool for crop timing. The objective of this work was to determine Lilium base temperature (Tb). One-hundred-ninety plants of two cultivars (`Butter Pixie' and `Horizon') were used. Phenological observations were made on plants during six plantings over a 2-year period. Developmental stages observed were: shoot visible out of the soil (SV), visible flower bud (BV), and open flower (OF). The two cultivars were grown in four different greenhouse compartments with settings at 13, 18, 24 and 27°C, respectively. During periods of extreme outdoor temperatures, actual temperature deviated from the settings. Actual temperatures were constantly monitored with copper-constantan thermocouples and stored in a datalogger. Rates of development were calculated as the inverse of the numbers of days to complete a given phenological phase. Tb values were obtained by calculating the x-interception of the linear regression describing rate of development as a function of mean air temperatures. Tb for `Butter Pixie' and `Horizon' for the entire growth cycle (SV through OF) were 0.4°C and 2.0°C respectively. The production cycle can be divided into two phases: SV–BV and BV–OF. For `Horizon', Tb for these phases were 1.4 and 1.9°C respectively. For `Butter Pixie', these Tb were 2.4 and –1.0, respectively. More observations of development at mean temperatures higher than 27°C and lower than 13°C are necessary in order to increase confidence on the obtained Tbs.

scholarly journals Juvenility, Flowering, and the Effects of a Limited Inductive Photoperiod in Coreopsis grandiflora and C. lanceolata

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Peggy Damann ◽  
Robert E. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Height Reduction ◽  
Inductive Photoperiod ◽  
Short Days ◽  
Flower Bud Development

Juvenility and flowering requirements of Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet. `Sunray' and C. lanceolata L. `Early Sunrise' were examined by growing plants under short days (SD) and transferring them to long days (LD) upon reaching the designated true leaf stages. Neither cultivar flowered in continuous SD, and `Sunray' remained vegetative in LD. However, LD induced flowering in `Early Sunrise' plants in each leaf count treatment and the loss of juvenility was gradual, with most rapid flowering occurring when plants were transferred to LD at the 16 leaf stage. The limited inductive photoperiod (LIP) inhibited stem elongation of `Early Sunrise' plants in all LD treatments and selectively inhibited axillary flower bud development compared to plants grown in continuous LD. LIP did not affect scape length at first flower even though plant height was significantly diminished if given relatively few LD before transfer to SD. Height reduction was attributed to LIP inhibition of stem elongation with no significant loss of axillary flower bud potential.

scholarly journals Paclobutrazol Pre-plant Bulb Dips Effectively Control Height of ‘Nellie White’ Easter Lily

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Currey ◽  
Roberto G. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Target Height ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Easter Lily

The influence of pre-plant bulb dips in paclobutrazol solutions on final plant height, days to flower, and flower bud number were evaluated for easter lily (Lilium longiflorum). ‘Nellie White’ easter lily bulbs were placed in solutions of paclobutrazol containing 0, 30, 60, or 120 mg·L−1 for 15 min preceding planting. Days to flower and flower bud number were unaffected by paclobutrazol. Plant height at flowering for bulbs dipped in paclobutrazol solutions was 15% to 26% shorter compared with untreated bulbs. Additionally, dipping bulbs in 120 mg·L−1 paclobutrazol resulted in plants that met target height specifications for commercially grown easter lily. Based on these results, dipping easter lily bulbs in paclobutrazol solutions can be an effective strategy for reducing stem elongation without negatively impacting days to flower or flower bud number for commercially grown easter lily.

scholarly journals Principal component analysis is limited to low-resolution analysis in cryoEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Oscar S. Sorzano ◽  
Jose Maria Carazo
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Resolution Analysis

Principal component analysis (PCA) has been widely proposed to analyze flexibility and heterogeneity in cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM). In this paper, it is argued that (i) PCA is an excellent technique to describe continuous flexibility at low resolution (but not so much at high resolution) and (ii) PCA components should be analyzed in a concerted manner (and not independently).

scholarly journals Stem Elongation Response of `Stargazer' Oriental Lily to Bulb Dips in Uniconazole

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 852B-852
Author(s):  
Bin Liu ◽  
Royal D. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Final Height ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Elongation Rate ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Maximum Reduction ◽  
Oriental Lily ◽  
Lower Stem

Shoot elongation of `Stargazer' lily is rapid during the first 15 to 20 days after planting (1 to 2 cm·day–1 is common). Lower stem leaves are small, separated by long internodes. We determined if dipping `Stargazer' bulbs in uniconazole (5-, 10-, 20-, or 40-ppm solutions for 1 min) before planting would slow initial stem elongation, decrease final height, and improve appearance. Emergence, visible bud, anthesis dates, and flower bud count were recorded. Plant height was measured three times per week until anthesis. Uniconazole did not affect time to emergence, visible bud, anthesis, or flower bud count. Compared to the final height of 48 cm (untreated plants), height was reduced 7, 17, 22, and 30 cm (5%, 35%, 46%, and 62%) at anthesis for plants in the 5-, 10-, 20-, and 40-ppm treatments, respectively. The uniconazole bulb dips did not affect stem elongation rate for the first 10 days after treatment or from 45 days after treatment through anthesis (day 65). Relative to untreated plants, stem elongation rate of treated plants decreased linearly from 10 to about 35 days after treatment, with a maximum reduction of 55%, 75%, 85%, and 100% for plants in the 5-, 10-, 20-, and 40-ppm treatments, respectively.

scholarly journals Proximal-Sensing-Powered Modelling of Energy-Water Fluxes in a Vineyard: A Spatial Resolution Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 4699
Author(s):  
Nicola Paciolla ◽  
Chiara Corbari ◽  
Antonino Maltese ◽  
Giuseppe Ciraolo ◽  
Marco Mancini
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Surface Flux ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Proximal Sensing ◽  
Resolution Analysis ◽  
Relative Errors

Spatial resolution is a key parameter in energy–water surface flux modelling. In this research, scale effects are analyzed on fluxes modelled with the FEST-EWB model, by upscaling both its inputs and outputs separately. The main questions are: (a) if high-resolution remote sensing images are necessary to accurately model a heterogeneous area; and (b) whether and to what extent low-resolution modelling provides worse/better results than the upscaled results of high-resolution modelling. The study area is an experimental vineyard field where proximal sensing images were obtained by an airborne platform and verification fluxes were measured via a flux tower. Modelled fluxes are in line with those from alternative energy-balance models, and quite accurate (NSE = 0.78) with respect to those measured in situ. Field-scale evapotranspiration has resulted in both the tested upscaling approaches (with relative error within ±30%), although fewer pixels available for low-resolution calibration may produce some differences. When working at low resolutions, the model has produced higher relative errors (20% on average), but is still within acceptable bounds. This means that the model can produce high-quality results, partially compensating for the loss in spatial heterogeneity associated with low-resolution images.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document