scholarly journals 597 PB 179 CROP LOAD-RELATED DEFORMITY OF DEVELOPING PISTACIA VERA CV KERMAN NUTS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 517e-517
Author(s):  
Louise Ferguson ◽  
Patrick Niven ◽  
Andrea Fabbri ◽  
Lara Dallo ◽  
Walter Bentley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Loss ◽  
San Joaquin Valley ◽  
Pistacia Vera ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Individual Cluster

A deformity designated as `damage by other means' (DBOM) by California pistachio processors appeared in California's San Joaquin Valley orchards in 1990. Incidence, higher during the heavy crop year of this alternate bearing cultivar, was as high as 5% of harvested yield. This represents a significant loss as DBOM nuts cannot be used for shelling stock. In 1993 ten weekly individual cluster samples from five heavily and five lightly cropped trees demonstrated a higher incidence of DBOM on heavily cropped trees. Further the damage occurred within one month of nut set, was exclusively on subterminal, adaxial positions of the rachis, and, often did not involve the nutmeat unless the deformity was extensive enough to expose the developing nutlet causing desiccation and abscission. Microanatomical studies demonstrated a deterioration of the parenchyma cells that form the inner cell layers of the endocarp (nut shell).

scholarly journals Early Differences in the Intensity of Alternate Bearing Among Selected Pistachio Genotypes

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1740-1743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig E. Kallsen ◽  
Dan E. Parfitt ◽  
Brent Holtz
Keyword(s):  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
San Joaquin Valley ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Pistacia Vera ◽  
Kern County ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Old Trees

Alternate bearing (alternating years with high and low yields) is a prominent characteristic of ‘Kerman’ pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), the primary California cultivar. The degree of alternate bearing is described by alternate bearing index values from 0 (identical yields every year) to 1 (complete alternate bearing). Two separate and replicated trials designed to evaluate selections from a breeding program were conducted in the southwest (Kern County) and northeast (Madera County) areas of the San Joaquin Valley of California. Yields from the scion genotypes ‘Kerman’, ‘Golden Hills’, ‘Lost Hills’, ‘B5-8’, and ‘B19-1’ on PG1 rootstock were measured from 5- to 9-year-old trees in Kern County and from 5- to 7-year-old ‘Kerman’, ‘Golden Hills’, ‘Lost Hills’, and ‘B5-8’ trees on PG1 and UCB1 rootstock in Madera County. In Kern County, average annual yields among genotypes varied from a low of 208 to a high of 5273 kg·ha−1. Differences in the alternate bearing indices among genotypes were significant and ranged from 0.10 for ‘Lost Hills’ to 0.80 for ‘B19-1’. A similar pattern was observed for alternate bearing indices at the Madera County trial. In this younger trial, scion genotype had more influence on alternate bearing indices than did rootstock. Marked differences in the intensity of alternate bearing of young trees in these two trials suggest that alternate bearing might be amenable to selection in breeding programs. However, the observation that ‘B5-8’, with an alternate bearing index of 0.74, varied significantly from its female parent ‘Kerman’ at 0.36 suggests that inheritance is complex.

scholarly journals Estimation and Significance of Nutrient and Starch Storage Pools in Mature, Alternate-Bearing Pistachio (Pistacia vera. L.) Trees

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 671e-671
Author(s):  
Richard C. Rosecrance ◽  
Steven A. Weinbaum ◽  
Patrick H. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Nutrient Resorption ◽  
Pistacia Vera ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Nutrient Storage ◽  
Significant Component ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Storage Pools

The effect of crop load on nutrient and starch storage in mature, alternate-bearing pistachio trees was examined. Tree storage pools were estimated from the differences in nutrient and starch contents of perennial tree parts between dormancy (the period of highest nutrient and starch content) and following spring flush (the period of lowest nutrient and starch content). Following a lightly cropping (off) year, trees contained significantly larger N, P, and K storage pools than following a heavily cropping (on) year. The relative contribution of leaf nutrient resorption to tree nutrient storage pools varied depending on the crop load. Nutrient storage is a function of net leaf nutrient resorption and current uptake from the soil. Leaf nutrient (N, P, and K) resorption was a more significant component of nutrient storage in on-year than off-year trees. The contribution of nutrient storage to shoot (i.e., leaves, fruit, current-year wood) nutrient contents was evaluated following the spring flush (May) and nut fill (September) periods. Nutrient storage pools are an important source of nutrients during the spring flush of growth, but nutrient demands during nut fill are met primarily by current nutrient uptake from the soil. The relationships between nutrient storage and uptake are discussed.

scholarly journals Inflorescence Bud Retetion In `Kerman' Pistachio: Effects Of Defruting Date And Branch Size

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 919-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Wolpert ◽  
Louise Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Pistacia Vera ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Branch Size

Alternate bearing in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is correlated with crop load; a heavy crop on l-year-old wood appears to cause abscission of inflorescence buds on current wood. Defruiting heavily bearing trees before or during the period of nut growth stopped inflorescence bud loss. This relationship between crop and bud loss was affected by the fruiting status of neighboring shoots. Large defruited branches (> 5.5cm diameter). in fruiting trees had bud retention values (50% to 65%) equivalent to fully defruited control trees, but smaller branches showed reduced bud retention levels. Bud retention was increased 2- to 6-fold in small branches when neighboring branches were defruited. Nitrogen concentration of leaves in late August was positively correlated with the final bud retention percentage and inversely correlated with defruiting date.

Crop load related deformity of developing Pistacia vera cv `Kerman' nuts

1998 ◽  
Vol 77 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 219-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fabbri ◽  
L. Ferguson ◽  
V.S. Polito
Keyword(s):  
Pistacia Vera ◽  
Crop Load

NITROGEN IN WOOD AND ITS ROLE IN WOOD DETERIORATION

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1539-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellis B. Cowling ◽  
William Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Chemical Form ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Xylem Parenchyma ◽  
Fiber Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Wood Deterioration

Based on present knowledge of the origin, amounts, chemical form, and distribution of nitrogen (N) in wood, hypotheses are proposed to explain radial gradients in N content that exist across the xylem cylinder of tree stems: (1) N in the cytoplasm of developing wood cells is diluted by apposition of cell wall substances; (2) after maturation of wood fiber cells, N in their cytoplasm is removed by elution into the transpiration stream; (3) death of xylem parenchyma cells during aging of sapwood and formation of heartwood is accompanied by removal of much of the N in their cytoplasm. Hypotheses 2 and 3 above suggest strongly that trees possess an internal recycling mechanism for conservation and reuse of the N in the cytoplasm of xylary cells.Although the supply of N in wood is meager, wood-destroying fungi readily metabolize the carbon-rich constituents of wood and produce large fruiting structures that release vast numbers of spores in nature. To account for these capacities, we postulate that these fungi employ one or more of the following three mechanisms: (1) preferential allocation of N obtainable from wood to substances and pathways highly efficient in the use of wood constituents; (2) reuse of N obtainable from wood by a dynamic and continuous process of autolysis and reuse without significant loss of N; (3) utilization of N sources outside the wood itself, for example, by fixation of atmospheric N.

scholarly journals CARBOHYDRATE PARTITIONING TO ROOTS OF `FRENCH PRUNE' TREES AS RELATED TO CROP LOAD AND POTASSIUM NUTRITION.

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 625b-625
Author(s):  
Salo Ponchner ◽  
R.M. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Potassium Nutrition ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Factorial Combination ◽  
Storage Organs ◽  
Root Starch ◽  
Large Crop ◽  
Tree Performance

Effects of crop load and potassium on seasonal trends in root starch concentrations were studied in a commercial orchard. Treatments were a factorial combination of fruit thinning and potassium fertilization. Root samples were divided into <10mm and >10 mm diameter categories. Large crop load was associated with lower starch concentrations in the >10 mm roots after stage III of fruit growth. Highest root starch concentrations occurred in low crop trees that had been fertilized with potassium. Roots <10mm diameter also accumulated starch throughout the season but the concentrations were much lower than found in the >10 mm roots and there was little difference among treatments at any sampling date. On the basis of these results, roots >10mm appear to be more important than smaller roots as storage organs and therefore are more affected by stresses and competition with other organs. Continuation of the project will seek relationships between early season root starch concentrations and tree performance including alternate bearing.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Analysis of the Pistacia vera (L.) Fruits Enable the Identification of Genes and Hormone-Related Gene Linked to Inflorescence Bud Abscission

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Jubina Benny ◽  
Antonio Giovino ◽  
Francesco Paolo Marra ◽  
Bipin Balan ◽  
Federico Martinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Transcriptomic Analysis ◽  
Pistacia Vera ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Hormone Biosynthesis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Axillary Inflorescence ◽  
Insight Into

Pistacia vera (L.) is an alternate bearing species. The tree produces axillary inflorescence buds every year. Still, they abscise in “ON” overloaded shoots, causing a limited production in the following “OFF” year, causing a significant and unfavorable production fluctuation. In this work, we carried out de novo discovery and transcriptomic analysis in fruits of “ON” and “OFF” shoots of the cultivar Bianca. We also investigated whether the fruit signaling pathway and hormone biosynthesis directly or indirectly linked to the premature fall of the inflorescence buds causing alternate bearing. We identified 1536 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in fruits of “ON” vs. “OFF” shoots, which are involved primarily in sugar metabolism, plant hormone pathways and transcription factors. The premature bud abscission linked to the phenomenon is attributable to a lack of nutrients (primarily sugar) and the possible competition between the same branches’ sinks (fruits vs. inflorescence buds). Hormone pathways are involved as a response to signals degradation and remobilization of carbon and nutrients due to the strengthening of the developing embryos. Genes of the secondary metabolism and transcription factors are also involved in tailoring the individual branches response to the nutritional stress and sink competition. Crosstalk among sugar and various hormone-related genes, e.g., ethylene, auxin, ABA and cytokinin, were determined. The discovery of putative biomarkers like callose synthase 5, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, NAD(P)-linked oxidoreductase and MIOX2, Jasmonate, and salicylic acid-related genes can help to design precision farming practices to mitigate the alternate bearing phenomenon to increase farming profitability. The aim of the analysis is to provide insight into the gene expression profiling of the fate of “ON” and “OFF” fruits associated with the alternate bearing in the pistachio.

scholarly journals Correlations of Crop Load and Return Bloom with Root and Shoot Concentrations of Potassium, Nitrogen, and Nonstructural Carbohydrates in Pecan

2007 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Smith ◽  
Charles T. Rohla ◽  
Niels O. Maness
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Return Bloom

The current theory of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] alternate bearing is the “growth regulator–carbohydrate theory” in which flowering is first controlled by growth regulators produced by fruit and leaves, and then by the size of the carbohydrate pool near budbreak. Lack of nitrogen (N) reserves has also been proposed to be limiting after large crops, thus reducing return bloom. Annual production was determined for 12 individual trees for 3 years. Return bloom was monitored on four previous-season shoot types: 1) vegetative shoots, 2) bearing terminal shoots without a second growth flush, 3) bearing lateral shoots without a second growth flush, and 4) bearing shoots that were primarily in the terminal position with a second growth flush. Nonstructural carbohydrates, organically bound N, and potassium (K) concentrations were determined in roots and shoots. Regression analysis was used to determine the effect of yield on subsequent nonstructural carbohydrates, N, and K in the roots and shoots, and their postyield concentrations on subsequent flowering. Alternate bearing was evident because there were reductions of 18%, 16%, and 18% in the percentage of current season shoots flowering for every 10 kg/tree production increase in the previous season's yield in 2002, 2003, and 2004 respectively. Flower production in 2002 decreased by 2.6 flowers/1-year-old branch and 1.6 flowers/1-year-old branch in 2003 for each 10 kg/tree increase in production. The third year of the study, neither previous season shoot type nor yield affected subsequent flower production. The previous year's shoot type did not affect the percentage of current season shoots flowering; however, the previous year's shoots that had a second growth flush produced more flowers the following year than the other shoot types. Results suggested that crop load was not related to nonstructural carbohydrates, N, or K in the roots and shoots during January in these well-managed trees. Stored nonstructural carbohydrates, N, and K were also not related to return bloom. These data suggest that the current “growth regulator–carbohydrate theory” may not be valid in these well-managed trees. Nonstructural carbohydrates, K, and organically bound N do not appear to be critical factors regulating flowering.

scholarly journals Macronutrient Allocation to Leaves and Fruit of Mature, Alternate-bearing Pistachio Trees: Magnitude and Seasonal Patterns at the Whole-canopy Level

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Picchioni ◽  
P.H. Brown ◽  
S.A. Weinbaum ◽  
T.T. Muraoka
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Seed Fill ◽  
N Resorption ◽  
Leaf N ◽  
Pistachio Trees

Estimates of leaflet and fruit macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) accumulation and resorption were developed in six (three heavily cropping, on-year and three noncropping, off-year) mature pistachio (Pistacia vera L. `Kerman') trees over three growing seasons during three stages of phenology [the spring growth flush (April to June); seed fill (late June to September); and leaf senescence (September to November)]. Crop load influenced total nutrient content per tree in annual organs (leaves and fruit), the relative allocation of nutrients between leaves and fruit, temporal patterns of nutrient accumulation in annual organs, and the magnitude of net leaf nutrient resorption per tree prior to leaf fall. In off-year trees, macronutrient accumulation in annual organs (leaves) was concentrated during the spring flush of growth. In contrast, significant macronutrient accumulation in annual organs of on-year trees (leaves plus fruit) occurred not only during the spring flush of growth but also during seed fill. Duration and magnitude of macronutrient accumulation were greater in on-year vs. off-year trees. Fruit N and P demand during seed fill was partially met by a net decrease in the N and P contents of the pericarp. These decreases in pericarp nutrient content during seed fill were equivalent to 32% and 26% of embryo accumulation of N and P, respectively. Fruit demand for N, P, and K during the spring flush of “on” years was accompanied by reduced leaf N, P, and K contents per tree. Net leaf N, Ca, and Mg resorption per tree during leaf senescence differed with crop load. Net leaf N resorption was significantly greater in off-year trees than on-year trees. Leaf N resorption presumably represents an important component of the N pool stored in perennial tree parts during dormancy. The greater leaf N resorption following “off” years was a function of greater leaf N concentration and greater leaf biomass per tree. In contrast, net leaf resorption of Ca and Mg was greater in on-year vs. off-year trees. Experimental validation of the magnitude and periodicity of nutrient uptake by mature pistachio trees is needed during the alternate-bearing cycle, especially in light of the potential contribution of current fertilization practices to groundwater contamination.

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