Selectivity of Propane Flamer as a Means of Weed Control

With growing public concern about environmental quality, farmers must turn to new plant protection alternatives that minimize the use of agrochemicals. Flaming has been practiced for several years as a means of weed control in noncropped areas (railroad, ditches, etc.), but its selectivity toward crops has yet to be defined. Experiments were conducted in the ICG-Propane laboratory at Laval Univ. to determine the temperature needed to kill weeds and the temperature that corn could tolerate. Four weed species were studied: Amaranthus retroflexus, Brassica kaber, Chenopodium album, and Setaria viridis and each species was tested at three growth stages: 0–2, 4–6, and >8 leaves. Corn tolerance was tested at four growth stages: coleoptile, 0–2, 4–6, >8 leaves. All plants were grown in the green-house and were submitted to different combinations of operation speeds and of propane pressures, giving 10 temperature intensities ranging from 110 to 390C. The response of each species was evaluated by measuring its height and dry biomass 2 weeks after treatment. The threshold temperature for corn was below 200C; above this temperature, significant corn injury occurred at all growth stages tested. The corn growth stages most tolerant to heat were coleoptile and >8 leaves. While the most sensitive was 4–6 leaves. All weeds tested were sensitive to heat at 0–2 leaf stage. Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album were controlled until six leaves with temperatures that were not harmful to corn. Weeds with more than eight leaves needed higher temperature, and control rarely reached 60%. Flaming could be a selective method of weed control if operated at a temperature of 170C. Selectivity can be increased by creating a growth differential between corn and weeds.

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Weed Control in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) with Soil-applied Herbicides Affected by a Prolonged and Limited rainfall

Poljoprivreda ◽

10.18047/poljo.27.2.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 3-14

Author(s):

Zvonko Pacanoski ◽

◽

Arben Mehmeti ◽

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Field Trials ◽

Early Spring ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Weed Species ◽

Polygonum Aviculare ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Solanum Nigrum L

The field trials were carried out in the Bitola and Titov Veles regions during two sunflower growing seasons (2018 and 2019) to estimate a weed control in sunflower with the soil‒applied herbicides, influenced by a prolonged and limited rainfall. Polygonum aviculare L., Solanum nigrum L., Chenopodium album L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Portulaca oleracea L., and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. were the most dominant weeds in both regions. The efficacy of PRE-em herbicides varied among the weed species, treatments, periods of efficacy estimation, regions, and years. The overall performances of the PRE-em herbicides were correlated with weather and soil conditions. The inconsistent weather patterns between the two years of the study likely influenced the weed control. All weeds in 2018 in the Bitola region were poorly controlled (<77% and <62%, 28 and 56 days after application, respectively) due to a higher amount of rainfall (57 mm) during the 10 days of the 1st decade after herbicide application. The herbicide efficacy has only produced a marginal control of weeds in 2019 in the Titov Veles region as well (<68% and <59%, 28 and 56 days after application, respectively), due to the drought conditions observed in this region in early spring and in mid-spring. A PREem application followed by a heavy rainfall resulted in a sunflower injury in the Bitola region in 2018, ranging from 9 to 28% across the PRE-em treatments seven days after emergence. The injuries by oxyfluorfen and dimethenamid-P were more serious (24 and 28%, respectively). The sunflower achene yields for each treatment in both regions generally reflected an overall weed control and crop injury.

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Effect of Additives upon Phenmedipham for Weed Control in Sugarbeets

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500031726 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 67-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Stephen D. Miller ◽

John D. Nalewaja

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Herbicidal Activity ◽

Redroot Pigweed ◽

Wild Mustard ◽

Green Foxtail ◽

Helianthus Annus ◽

Brassica Kaber

Weed control and sugarbeet (Beta vulgarisL.) injury from applications of methylm-hydroxycarbanilatem-methyl-carbanilate (phenmedipham) were influenced by additives, volume of additive, and species in both field and greenhouse experiments. Oils were more effective than the surfactant as additives to phenmedipham on green foxtail (Setaria virdis(L.) Beauv.), yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca(L.) Beauv.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), or common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.). Herbicidal activity of phenmedipham on kochia (Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.) or wild mustard (Brassica kaber(D.C.) L.C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L.C. Wheeler) was not enhanced by any additive. Linseed oil (2.34 L/ha) enhanced the herbicidal activity of phenmedipham on green foxtail, yellow foxtail, and redroot pigweed more than petroleum (2.34 L/ha) or sunflower (Helianthus annusL.) oil (2.34 or 9.35 L/ha). However, linseed oil reduced the herbicidal activity of phenmedipham on kochia.

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Changes in weed infestation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under conditions of strip intercropping and different weed control methods

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2010.045 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 171-178 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aleksandra Głowacka

Keyword(s):

Common Bean ◽

Weed Control ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Floristic Composition ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Weed Species ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Weed Infestation ◽

Strip Intercropping

The experiment was conducted in the years 2004-2006 in a private farm in the village of Frankamionka in Zamość district. There were two experimental factors: I. Cultivation methods - sole cropping and strip intercropping; and II. Tending methods - mechanical, mechanical-chemical, and chemical weed control. The subject of the study was weed infestation of the Mela variety of common bean. Beans were sown between 30 April and 5 May. Weed infestation was assessed in the last week before harvesting by determining its floristic composition and the frequency of occurrence of particular weed species, as well as the air-dry weight of weeds. The dominant weed species were Galinsoga parviflora, Echinochloa crus-galli, Chenopodium album, and Amaranthus retroflexus, which comprised 84.7% of the total number of weeds. Strip intercropping markedly reduced the number of weeds per unit area (by 50%), as well as the dry weight of their aerial parts. The most effective method of weed control was the mechanical-chemical method, which resulted in the lowest occurrence of weeds. It also significantly reduced the weight of weeds.

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Weed Identification in Maize, Sunflower, and Potatoes with the Aid of Convolutional Neural Networks

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12244185 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (24) ◽

pp. 4185

Author(s):

Gerassimos G. Peteinatos ◽

Philipp Reichel ◽

Jeremy Karouta ◽

Dionisio Andújar ◽

Roland Gerhards

Keyword(s):

Neural Networks ◽

Convolutional Neural Networks ◽

Weed Management ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Species Discrimination ◽

Weed Species ◽

Stellaria Media ◽

Alopecurus Myosuroides

The increasing public concern about food security and the stricter rules applied worldwide concerning herbicide use in the agri-food chain, reduce consumer acceptance of chemical plant protection. Site-Specific Weed Management can be achieved by applying a treatment only on the weed patches. Crop plants and weeds identification is a necessary component for various aspects of precision farming in order to perform on the spot herbicide spraying or robotic weeding and precision mechanical weed control. During the last years, a lot of different methods have been proposed, yet more improvements need to be made on this problem, concerning speed, robustness, and accuracy of the algorithms and the recognition systems. Digital cameras and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have been rapidly developed in the past few years, providing new methods and tools also in agriculture and weed management. In the current work, images gathered by an RGB camera of Zea mays, Helianthus annuus, Solanum tuberosum, Alopecurus myosuroides, Amaranthus retroflexus, Avena fatua, Chenopodium album, Lamium purpureum, Matricaria chamomila, Setaria spp., Solanum nigrum and Stellaria media were provided to train Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Three different CNNs, namely VGG16, ResNet–50, and Xception, were adapted and trained on a pool of 93,000 images. The training images consisted of images with plant material with only one species per image. A Top-1 accuracy between 77% and 98% was obtained in plant detection and weed species discrimination, on the testing of the images.

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Effect of Clay, Soil Organic Matter, and Soil pH on Initial and Residual Weed Control with Flumioxazin

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11071326 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1326

Author(s):

Calvin F. Glaspie ◽

Eric A. L. Jones ◽

Donald Penner ◽

John A. Pawlak ◽

Wesley J. Everman

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Organic Matter ◽

Weed Control ◽

Soil Ph ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Matter Content ◽

Weed Species ◽

Soil Organic Matter Content ◽

Field Soils

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of soil organic matter content and soil pH on initial and residual weed control with flumioxazin by planting selected weed species in various lab-made and field soils. Initial control was determined by planting weed seeds into various lab-made and field soils treated with flumioxazin (71 g ha−1). Seeds of Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass), Setaria faberi (giant foxtail), Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed), and Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) were incorporated into the top 1.3 cm of each soil at a density of 100 seeds per pot, respectively. Emerged plants were counted and removed in both treated and non-treated pots two weeks after planting and each following week for six weeks. Flumioxazin control was evaluated by calculating percent emergence of weeds in treated soils compared to the emergence of weeds in non-treated soils. Clay content was not found to affect initial flumioxazin control of any tested weed species. Control of A. theophrasti, E. crus-galli, and S. faberi was reduced as soil organic matter content increased. The control of A. retroflexus was not affected by organic matter. Soil pH below 6 reduced flumioxazin control of A. theophrasti, and S. faberi but did not affect the control of A. retroflexus and E. crus-galli. Flumioxazin residual control was determined by planting selected weed species in various lab-made and field soils 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after treatment. Eight weeks after treatment, flumioxazin gave 0% control of A. theophrasti and S. faberi in all soils tested. Control of A. retroflexus and Chenopodium album (common lambsquarters) was 100% for the duration of the experiment, except when soil organic matter content was greater than 3% or the soil pH 7. Eight weeks after treatment, 0% control was only observed for common A. retroflexus and C. album in organic soil (soil organic matter > 80%) or when soil pH was above 7. Control of A. theophrasti and S. faberi decreased as soil organic matter content and soil pH increased. Similar results were observed when comparing lab-made soils to field soils; however, differences in control were observed between lab-made organic matter soils and field organic matter soils. Results indicate that flumioxazin can provide control ranging from 75–100% for two to six weeks on common weed species.

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Evaluation of weed control in acetyl coA carboxylase-resistant rice with mixtures of quizalofop and auxinic herbicides

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2019.134 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 498-505

Author(s):

Tameka L. Sanders ◽

Jason A. Bond ◽

Benjamin H. Lawrence ◽

Bobby R. Golden ◽

Thomas W. Allen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Rice Yield ◽

Field Studies ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽

Acetyl Coa ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Herbicide Mixture ◽

Sequential Treatments ◽

And Control

AbstractRice with enhanced tolerance to herbicides that inhibit acetyl coA carboxylase (ACCase) allows POST application of quizalofop, an ACCase-inhibiting herbicide. Two concurrent field studies were conducted in 2017 and 2018 near Stoneville, MS, to evaluate control of grass (Grass Study) and broadleaf (Broadleaf Study) weeds with sequential applications of quizalofop alone and in mixtures with auxinic herbicides applied in the first or second application. Sequential treatments of quizalofop were applied at 119 g ai ha−1 alone and in mixtures with labeled rates of auxinic herbicides to rice at the two- to three-leaf (EPOST) or four-leaf to one-tiller (LPOST) growth stages. In the Grass Study, no differences in rice injury or control of volunteer rice (‘CL151’ and ‘Rex’) were detected 14 and 28 d after last application (DA-LPOST). Barnyardgrass control at 14 and 28 DA-LPOST with quizalofop applied alone or with auxinic herbicides EPOST was ≥93% for all auxinic herbicide treatments except penoxsulam plus triclopyr. Barnyardgrass control was ≥96% with quizalofop applied alone and with auxinic herbicides LPOST. In the Broadleaf Study, quizalofop plus florpyrauxifen-benzyl controlled more Palmer amaranth 14 DA-LPOST than other mixtures with auxinic herbicides, and control with this treatment was greater EPOST compared with LPOST. Hemp sesbania control 14 DA-LPOST was ≤90% with quizalofop plus quinclorac LPOST, orthosulfamuron plus quinclorac LPOST, and triclopyr EPOST or LPOST. All mixtures except quinclorac and orthosulfamuron plus quinclorac LPOST controlled ivyleaf morningglory ≥91% 14 DA-LPOST. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl or triclopyr were required for volunteer soybean control >63% 14 DA-LPOST. To optimize barnyardgrass control and rice yield, penoxsulam plus triclopyr and orthosulfamuron plus quinclorac should not be mixed with quizalofop. Quizalofop mixtures with auxinic herbicides are safe and effective for controlling barnyardgrass, volunteer rice, and broadleaf weeds in ACCase-resistant rice, and the choice of herbicide mixture could be adjusted based on weed spectrum in the treated field.

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Weed Interference Affects Dry Bean Yield and Growth

Notulae Scientia Biologicae ◽

10.15835/nsb437810 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 70-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hossein GHAMARI ◽

Goudarz AHMADVAND

Keyword(s):

Chenopodium Album ◽

Growing Season ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Weed Competition ◽

Weed Species ◽

Dry Bean ◽

Logistic Equations ◽

Weed Interference ◽

Minimum Number

Dry bean is one of the most important pulse crops in Iran. Field study was conducted in 2011 to evaluate effects of weed competition from a natural flora on growth and yield of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The treatments consisted of weed infestation and weed removal periods (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days) after crop emergence. Control plots kept weed-infested and weed-free throughout growing season. To assess the weed competition effect on crop characteristics, Richards, Gompertz and logistic equations were fitted to the data. The most abundant weed species were Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexus. Increase in duration of weed interference decreased the stem height of dry bean. At the end of the growing season, dry bean was 20 cm taller in season-long weed-free treatment compared to the season-long weed-infested treatment. As the number of days of weed interference increased, a declining trend of LAI and number of pods was observed. The minimum number of pods was obtained in season-long weed-infested treatment (5.01 pods/plant). Weed interference during the whole growing season, caused a 60% reduction in yield. Considering 5% and 10% acceptable yield lost, the critical period of weed competition was determined from 20 to 68 and 23 to 55 days after planting (DAE), respectively.

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Results of the weed control in onion (Allium Cepa L.) field

Общество и инновации ◽

10.47689/2181-1415-vol1-iss3-pp1-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

O. Ariunaa ◽

T. Erdenenzorig ◽

B. Dondov

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Seed Production ◽

Experimental Research ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Growing Season ◽

Crop Damage ◽

Weed Species ◽

Domestic Production ◽

Allium Cepa L ◽

Production Demand

Our country has provided about 52% of vegetables from domestic production, the rest part imported others from outside. Thus, imports of potatoes and vegetables have been reduced last year, for this reason, main vegetable seeds, were produced domestically and provided over 80 percent of the country’s demand. In the future domestic production demand of vegetable goal set working to provide by 100 percent from government our country in this connection issues urgent need to solve sowing seeds, variety supply, seed production, and plant protection. According to our research, during the growing season, 150-350 weeds growing per 1m2 of rounded onions shows that the amount of crop damage is relatively high. For the purpose of control against weeds in the onion field with 3 repetitions of 7 variants of 2 types of herbicides are conducted experimental research. These include; pre-emergent Estamp (Stomp) herbicide applied in doses 2.5; 3.5 l/ha that controls all types of weeds, but showed results of 65.2-72.4%. The growing season during a selective post-emergent of Gaur herbicide in doses 0.7; 0.9l/ ha used against broadleaf and grassy weeds that became clear of weed species density reduced by 92.7-93.4%. It was tested in this study Pendimethalin, 33% + Oxyfluorfen 24 % mixture herbicides have reduced the number of weeds by 92.4-94.1%.

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A COMPARISON OF MCP AND 2,4-D FOR THE CONTROL OF ANNUAL WEEDS IN GRAIN CROPS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps57-008 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 69-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H. A. Friesen ◽

D. R. Walker

Keyword(s):

Chenopodium Album ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Seedling Stage ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Thlaspi Arvense ◽

Wild Mustard ◽

The Difference ◽

Lamb’S Quarters ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Oats, flax and barley were sprayed with various formulations of MCP (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) at a number of Experimental Farms in Western Canada in 1954 and 1955. Each formulation was applied at 4 and 8 ounces of acid equivalent per acre at each of two dates, viz., Date 1, when the weeds were in the seedling stage less than 3 inches in height; and Date 2, at a stage coinciding with the first appearance of buds on the major weed species.Stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense, L.), wild mustard (Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler var. pinnatifida (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler), lamb's quarters (Chenopodium album L.), Russian pigweed (Axyris amarantoides L.), and ball mustard (Neslia paniculata L.), were effectively controlled by each of the MCP and 2,4-D formulations used. Russian thistle (Salsola kali L.), and red-root pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), were not satisfactorily controlled by MCP, whereas hemp nettle (Galeopsis tetrahit L.) was not controlled by 2,4-D. Wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.) was not controlled by any of the treatments. Each treatment was more effective when applied during the seedling stage of the weeds.On the basis of wood control and yield of grain the results of this study favour the use of MCP over 2,4-D with either oats or flax. Oats was significantly more tolerant to MCP, particularly if treated during the early growth stages when weed competition was most critical. With flax, the difference in tolerance was most pronounced in favour of MCP at the later date of treatment. The 2,4-D ester and low volatile ester resulted in a preponderance of plant deformities, lowered the yields of both oats and flax and delayed the maturity of flax significantly. Barley yields in this study were not adversely affected by any of the treatments.

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Controlling Broadleaf Weeds in Soybeans by Bentazon in Minnesota

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500036730 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 136-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Robert N. Andersen ◽

William E. Lueschen ◽

Dennis D. Warnes ◽

Wallace W. Nelson

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Field Studies ◽

Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Low Area ◽

Wild Mustard ◽

Polygonum Pensylvanicum ◽

Brassica Kaber ◽

Over The Top

In field studies, bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4)3H-one 2,2-dioxide] was applied as postemergence sprays over the top of weeds and soybeans[Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Bentazon at 0.84 to 1.68 kg/ha applied as an early postemergence treatment controlled wild mustard[Brassica kaber(DC.) L.C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L.C. Wheeler], common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.), Pennsylvania smartweed, (Polygonum pensylvanicumL.), common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.), and wild common sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.). Pigweeds (Amaranthussp.) were controlled by applications in the three true-leaf stage but became more resistant at later stages. Control of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.) was erratic. The optimum time for controlling weeds with bentazon was around the first trifoliolate stage of soybeans. Rainfall within several hours after treatment reduced weed control. Eight yield studies, two of which included eight cultivars, were conducted on weed-free soybeans. In none were yields reduced significantly by bentazon at 3.36 kg/ha (the highest rate studied). Eight yield studies were conducted on soybeans infested with common cocklebur or velvetleaf. Weed control was generally excellent with 0.84 kg/ha of bentazon. Where infestations were sufficient to reduce yields, bentazon treatments increased the yields to levels generally comparable with those of the handweeded checks. One exception was an application of bentazon to soybeans growing in a low area that was periodically flooded by heavy rains. In that experiment the benefit of controlling common cocklebur was offset by bentazon injury to the soybeans, and yields from the treated plots were about the same as those of the weedy check.

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