scholarly journals Developmental Changes in Soluble and Cell Wall-bound Invertases in Floral Organs of Lilium longiflorum

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 581f-582
Author(s):  
Anil P. Ranwala ◽  
William B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Flower Organs

Easter lily flower buds at five stages of development (stage 1, 3–4 cm in length; stage 2, 6–7 cm; stage 3, 9–10 cm; stage 4, unopened buds, 13–14 cm; and stage 5, open flower 1 day after anthesis) were harvested, and flower organs were dissected for invertase assay. On a fresh weight (FW) basis, anthers had the highest soluble invertase activity (about 10-fold greater) than all other organs reaching to 15 units/g FW by the stage 2. The activity dropped to about 3 units/g FW at stage 3 and 4, and then increased up to 10 units/g FW in open flowers. Specific activity (units per mg of protein) also showed the same trend. On a specific activity basis, sepal invertase activity steadily increased during bud development, but was relatively constant on a fresh weight basis. stigma, style, and ovary, soluble invertase activity expressed on a FW and specific activity basis steadily increased as bud development. Filament soluble invertase activity on FW basis dropped at the stage 2 and 3, while specific activity steadily increased during bud development. Cell wall-bound invertase activity (released with 1 m NaCl) was present in all flower organs. However, soluble activity accounted for the most of total activity in sepal, ovary and filament (about 90%). About 75% of total activity was soluble in anther and style, whereas nearly equal amounts of soluble and cell wall activities were present in the stigma. The cell wall bound invertase activity increased throughout the bud development in sepal, stigma, style, and ovary parallel to soluble activity. Anther cell wall-bound activity fluctuated in a similar pattern as the soluble activity.

scholarly journals 782 PB 424 INVERTASE ACTIVITY AND CARBOHYDRATE COMPOSITION IN DEVELOPING ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS L. FLOWERS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 545a-545
Author(s):  
Ricardo Campos ◽  
William B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Acid Invertase ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Unknown Compound ◽  
Hexose Sugars

The relationship between the activity of soluble acid invertase and metabolism of soluble carbohydrates was investigated in snapdragon flowers. Flowers were harvested at three different developmental stages, and at four different dates. Soluble carbohydrates were extracted and analyzed by HPLC; invertase activity was determined in crude enzyme extracts. Sucrose concentration slowly increased throughout flower development from a closed bud to a fully open flower. Fructose and glucose concentration were relatively lower at the bud stage, increased during petal elongation, then slightly decreased at flower maturity. Mannitol concentration showed little change during flower development. An unknown compound increased in concentration during petal elongation and decreased at maturity. For all harvest dates, the specific activity of acid invertase increased with flower development. These results show a positive correlation of invertase activity and hexose sugars accumulation. It is possible that at maturity sugars are metabolized at a faster rate than produced, causing a slight decline in hexose sugars.

scholarly journals Expression of Soluble and Wall-bound Acid Invertases in Different Tissue of Lilium longiflorum Flower Buds

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 863A-863
Author(s):  
Anil P. Ranwala ◽  
William B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Reactive Red 120 ◽  
Soluble Acid Invertase ◽  
Soluble Acid ◽  
Reactive Green 19

In mature Lilium longiflorum flower buds, anther and stigma had the highest soluble acid invertase activity [3.29 and 2.31 μmol of reducing sugars (RS)/min per gram of fresh weight (FW), respectively] compared to style, ovary, petal, and filament with activities of 1.52, 1.08, 0.99 and 0.98 μmol RS/min per gram of FW, respectively. DEAE-sephacel chromatography revealed that invertase activity in petal, ovary, style, and stigma was composed exclusively of invertase II and III isoforms. Anther invertase was mainly invertase I with small amounts of invertase II and III. Filament tissue mainly had invertase II and III isoforms with a small amount of invertase I. Wall-bound invertases were extracted with 1.0 m NaCl. Anthers had the highest wall-bound invertase activity (4.42 μmol RS/min per gram of FW) followed by stigma (0.42 μmol RS/min per gram of FW). Other tissues had low wall-bound invertase activity (<0.1 μmol RS/min per gram FW). For further purification, the binding of soluble invertases to nine different reactive dyes was investigated. Invertase I was bound to Reactive Green 5, Reactive Green 19, and Reactive Red 120 columns and was eluted with 0.5 m NaCl, resulting in increase in specific activity ≈10-fold with ≈70% recovery. Invertase II and III bound only to Reactive Red 120. Elution with 0.5 m NaCl resulted in an ≈6-fold increase in specific activity.

5α-Reductase activity in stroma and epithelium of rat prostate and epididymis. A contribution to elucidation of the mechanism for development of hyperplastic growth of prostatic tissue

1983 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ole Djøseland ◽  
Nicholas Bruchovsky ◽  
Paul S. Rennie ◽  
Navdeep Otal ◽  
Sian Høglo
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Prostatic Tissue ◽  
Ventral Prostate ◽  
Total Enzyme Activity ◽  
Abnormal Growth

Abstract. The 5α-reductase activity was assayed in homogenates of stroma and epithelium in the rat ventral prostate and epididymis. Samples consisting of 0.3 mg/ml tissue protein in TES buffer, pH 7.0 were incubated at 37°C for 30 min in the presence of 50 nm [1,2-3H]testosterone and a NADPH-generating system started with 5 × 10−4 m NADP. The yield of 5α-reduced metabolites, as established by using thin-layer chromatography, gave an estimate of enzyme activity. Whereas the specific activity of 5α-reductase was highest in prostatic stroma and epididymal epithelium, most of the total enzyme activity was associated with the epithelium in both the prostate and epididymis. The effect of dihydrotestosterone on specific activity of 5α-reductase was studied by administering the hormone to 7-day castrated rats. In prostate, the specific activity of both stromal and epithelium forms of the enzyme reached a maximum after 4 days of treatment. In epididymis only the epithelial form of 5α-reductase underwent a major change in specific activity, the latter peaking after 8–12 days of treatment. Furthermore, while the total activity of 5α-reductase in the prostatic tissue fractions could be induced by as much as 4-fold the normal control values, the epididymal enzyme could not be induced above the normal level either in the stroma or the epithelium. This may explain the relative resistance of epididymis to abnormal growth stimulation under the influence of hormones.

Quantitative Evaluation of Allelopathic Potentials in Soils: Total Activity Approach

Weed Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syuntaro Hiradate ◽  
Kenji Ohse ◽  
Akihiro Furubayashi ◽  
Yoshiharu Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Allelopathic Potential

The allelopathic potential of a plant has been evaluated on the basis of two indicators: specific activity, which is the specific concentration of the allelochemical to exert a half-maximum effect on a receiver plant (EC50), and total activity in a plant, which is the ratio of the concentration of an allelochemical in the producing plant to its EC50. In the present study, a new indicator, total activity in a soil, which takes into account the effects of a soil on the allelopathy activity, is proposed because allelopathic activity is affected by the presence of soils. The total activity in a soil was calculated by multiplying the “total activity in a plant” with a “soil factor.” In this calculation, we assumed simplified cases for comparison, such that the allelopathic plant materials are evenly incorporated in the soils and the allelochemicals are released from the plant materials to the soils at a constant rate. We conducted bioassay experiments in the presence and absence of soils and cited some published data to calculate the specific activities and total activities in a plant and in a soil. The results indicated that the allelopathies of buckwheat caused by (+)-catechin, Leucaena leucocephala by L-mimosine, Xanthium occidentale by trans-cinnamic acid, and Brassica parachinensis by cis-cinnamic acid were not significant in a volcanic ash soil, an alluvial soil, and a calcareous soil, but the allelopathy of sweet vernalgrass caused by coumarin and Spiraea thunbergii by cis-cinnamoyl glucosides was highly effective in those soils. The allelopathies of Juglans species caused by juglone plus juglone precursors and Mucuna pruriens by L-DOPA would depend highly on the soil types. Although some limitations exist for this approach, the total activity approach would allow for a better quantitative estimation of the allelopathic potential of plant materials in soils.

scholarly journals Covalent Immobilization of Thiol Proteinases on Chitosan

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Svetlana Olshannikova ◽  
Victoria Koroleva ◽  
Marina Holyavka ◽  
Alexander Pashkov ◽  
Valeriy Artyukhov
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Covalent Immobilization ◽  
Tropical Plants ◽  
Chitosan Matrix ◽  
Plant Enzymes ◽  
Thiol Proteases ◽  
Thiol Proteinases ◽  
Wide Substrate Specificity

Plant enzymes such as ficin (EC 3.4.22.3), papain (EC 3.4.22.2) and bromelain (EC 3.4.22.4) are obtained from tropical plants. These biocatalysts belong to thiol proteases, in the active center of which cysteine is contained. Ficin, papain and bromelain have a wide substrate specificity, which provides a demand for their use in various industries. Enzymes in the free state are less commonly used; immobilized biocatalysts are the preferred form. The aim of this work was to determine the optimal concentration of a crosslinking agent in the covalent immobilization of ficin, papain and bromelain on a chitosan matrix. Ficin, papain and bromelain (Sigma) were chosen as objects of study. An acid-soluble chitosan (350 kDa, Bioprogress CJSC) was used as an immobilization carrier. The concentration range of glutaraldehyde (crosslinking agent) ranged from 1 to 25%. Suitable concentrations of glutaraldehyde for covalent immobilization were identified by the optimal ratio of protein content (mg per g of carrier), total activity (in units per ml of solution) and specific activity (in units per mg of protein). It was shown that for covalent immobilization of ficin and bromelain on a chitosan matrix, it is most promising to use 10% glutaraldehyde. For immobilization of papain on chitosan by covalent means, the concentration of glutaraldehyde equal to 20% is optimal.

scholarly journals Aktywność cytokininowa sześciu odmian Hordeum vulgare L. [Cytokinin activity of six cultivars of Hordeum vulgare L.]

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Politycka ◽  
A. Stroiński ◽  
Z. Krzywański ◽  
M. W. Borys
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Cytokinin Activity ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Polar Derivatives ◽  
Made In

Cytokinin activity was determined in roots, crowns, ears of six varieties of the barley in the tobacco Wisconsin 38 callus tissue test. Analysis was made in early stage of ears. The order increasing values of the total cytokinin activity (the total activity of compounds fitting their mobility with zeatin, zeatin ribosid and their more polar derivatives) were for most part of varieties: younger roots < older roots < crowns < ears. Dependences between the cytokinin activity and fresh weight of analysed material were not found.

scholarly journals AtSYP71 Is Important for Plant Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Stress Adaptation.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyue Kou ◽  
Hailong Zhang ◽  
Xiaonan Zhao ◽  
Mingjing Wang ◽  
Guochen Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Cell Wall Biosynthesis ◽  
Knockout Mutant ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Confocal Images

Abstract Background: SYP71, the plant-specific Qc-SNARE protein, is reported to regulate vesicle trafficking. SYP71 is localized on the ER, endosome, plasma membrane and cell plate, suggesting its multiple functions. Lotus SYP71 is essential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in nodules. AtSYP71, GmSYP71 and OsSYP71 are implicated in plant resistance to pathogenesis. To date, SYP71 regulatory role on plant development remain unclear.Results: AtSYP71-knockout mutant atsyp71-4 was lethal at early development stage. Early development of AtSYP71-knockdown mutant atsyp71-2 was delayed, and stress response was also affected. Confocal images revealed that protein secretion was blocked in atsyp71-2. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that metabolism, response to environmental stimuli pathways and apoplast components were influenced in atsyp71-2. Moreover, the contents of lignin, cellulose and flavonoids as well as cell wall structures were also altered.Conclusion: Our findings suggested that AtSYP71 is essential for plant development. AtSYP71 probably regulates plant development, metabolism and environmental adaptation by affecting cell wall homeostasis via mediating secretion of materials and regulators required for cell wall biosynthesis and dynamics.

Changes in the peroxidase activity of subcellular fractions from aging Phaseolus hypocotyls

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 852-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Truelove ◽  
R. Rodriguez-Kabana ◽  
Larry R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Soluble Peroxidase ◽  
Tissue Homogenates ◽  
Hypocotyl Tissue ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

Changes in nitrogen contents and peroxidase activities of fractions isolated from hypocotyl tissue of Black Valentine bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of increasing age were studied. As beans aged in darkness, a decreasing percentage of their nitrogen content was recovered in the isolated particulate fractions. Peroxidase activity of particulate fractions from dark-grown beans accounted for 49% of the total activity of both 3-day-old seedlings and 16-day-old senescing plants. Peroxidase specific activity of dark-grown tissue homogenates did not increase with plant age; however, after a certain period of growth, further aging resulted in increased peroxidase specific activity associated with the particulate fractions. Between day 3 and day 8 the patterns of peroxidase activity of the different fractions varied, but over the period day 9 to day 16, the patterns of all fractions were correlated. The nitrogen contents and peroxidase activities of fractions isolated from beans transferred from dark to light were different from those of fractions from beans of similar chronological age kept in darkness. Transfer of plants to light resulted in increased soluble peroxidase activity and prevention of the steep increase in particulate fraction activity recorded for dark-grown plants.

Extraction and properties of hemagglutinin from cell wall fragments of Fusobacterium nucleatum

1982 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 298-305
Author(s):  
P Dehazya ◽  
R S Coles
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Sephadex Column ◽  
Dodecyl Sulfate ◽  
Triton X

To study the hemagglutinin of Fusobacterium nucleatum, methods were sought to solubilize and purify this component. When cells of F. nucleatum were ruptured by passage through a French press, the fragments lost virtually all ability to agglutinate human erythrocytes. Extraction of the fragments with 2% Triton X-100 for 30 min at 22 degrees C restored hemagglutinating activity (HA). Hemagglutination by these fragments could be inhibited by arginine, as can hemagglutination by intact bacteria. Treatment of active cell wall fragments with pronase and 2% Triton X-100-EDTA at 37 degrees C or with pronase and 0.1% Triton X-100-EDTA at pH 10.0 allowed recovery of solubilized HA. The former HA was inhibited by arginine (arg+) whereas the latter was not (arg-). Fractionation of the arg+ extract by preparative isoelectric focusing showed that HA was recovered from the gel sections having a pH between 4.5 and 5.5. Hemagglutination by this preparation was still arg+. Chromatography of this hemagglutinin on DEAE-Sephadex increased the specific activity to high levels with a loss of inhibition by arginine. A fraction from the DEAE-Sephadex column containing 10,700 HA units per mg of protein was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Solubilization at 22 degrees C before electrophoresis revealed three Coomassie blue-staining bands which migrated with apparent molecular weights of about 21,000, 38,000 and 60,000. When the same DEAE fraction was boiled in sodium dodecyl sulfate, electrophoresis revealed only one band with an apparent molecular weight of 21,000.

scholarly journals Protective activity of the fungal polysaccharides against fusariosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002) ◽  
pp. 617-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Šrobárová ◽  
G. Kogan ◽  
L. Tamas ◽  
E. Machová
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Protective Activity ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fungal Polysaccharides ◽  
Chitin And Chitosan

Most of the experiments carried out in the area of plant protection have used chitin and chitosan obtained from the crustacean chitin which production is rather expensive. In our study we have applied the chitin-glucan complex prepared from the waste mycelia of filamentous fungi, from baker’s yeast. Five different polysaccharides have been used for the preparation of water-soluble compounds and the assay of their antifungal activity against plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. In the field experiments, application of the polysaccharides led to the diminished infestation as well as to significantly increased productivity of fresh weight of the plants (tomato). The results demonstrated that application of the polysaccharides led to increased production of cell wall and some outher and intermembrane-bound proteins. Although the nature of the observed proteins has not been yet established, it can be speculated that they represent some enzymes involved in the antiinfective defense mechanisms in plants.

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