scholarly journals Varying Density with Constant Rectangularity: II. Effects on Apple Tree Yield, Fruit Size, and Fruit Color Development in Three Training Systems over Ten Years

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl R. Hampson ◽  
Harvey A. Quamme ◽  
Frank Kappel ◽  
Robert T. Brownlee
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Training System ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Training Systems

The effect of increasing planting density at constant rectangularity on the fruit yield, fruit size, and fruit color of apple [Malus ×sylvestris (L) var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] in three training systems (slender spindle, tall spindle, and Geneva Y trellis) was assessed for 10 years. Five tree densities (from 1125 to 3226 trees/ha) and two cultivars (Royal Gala and Summerland McIntosh) were tested in a fully guarded split-split plot design. Density was the most influential factor. As tree density increased, per-tree yield decreased, but yield per unit area increased. The relation between cumulative yield per ha and tree density was linear at the outset of the trial, but soon became curvilinear, as incremental yield diminished with increasing tree density. The chief advantage of high density planting was a large increase in early fruit yield. In later years, reductions in cumulative yield efficiency, and in fruit color for `Summerland McIntosh', began to appear at the highest density. Training system had no influence on productivity for the first 5 years. During the second half of the trial, fruit yield per tree was greater for the Y trellis than for either spindle form at lower densities but not at higher densities. The slender and tall spindles were similar in nearly all aspects of performance, including yield. `Summerland McIntosh' yielded almost 40% less than `Royal Gala' and seemed more sensitive to the adverse effects of high tree density on fruit color.

scholarly journals Long-term Effects of Training Systems and Rootstocks on ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ Performance, a 15-year Study in a Northern Cold Climate—Part 1: Agronomic Analysis

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 968-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaume Lordan ◽  
Anna Wallis ◽  
Poliana Francescatto ◽  
Terence L. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Training System ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Apple Cultivars

Choice of cultivar, training system, planting density, and rootstock affect orchard performance and profitability. To provide guidance to growers in northern cold climates on these choices, a field trial was established in Peru, Clinton County, NY, in 2002, with two apple cultivars (Honeycrisp and McIntosh). From 2002 through 2016, we compared Central Leader on ‘M.M.111’; Slender Pyramid on ‘M.26’ and ‘Geneva® 30’ (‘G.30’); Vertical Axis on ‘M.9 (Nic® 29)’ (‘M.9’), ‘Budagovsky 9’ (‘B.9’), and ‘G.16’; SolAxe on ‘M.9’, ‘B.9’, and ‘G.16’; and Tall Spindle on ‘M.9’, ‘B.9’, and ‘G.16’. Central Leader was planted at 539 trees/ha, Slender Pyramid at 1097 trees/ha, Vertical Axis and SolAxe at 1794 trees/ha, and Tall Spindle at 3230 trees/ha. Cumulative yield was higher with ‘McIntosh’ than with ‘Honeycrisp’. High planting densities (Tall Spindle) gave the highest cumulative yields (593 t·ha−1 on ‘McIntosh’ and 341 t·ha−1 on ‘Honeycrisp’). Tall Spindle (3230 trees/ha) on ‘M.9’ appeared to be the best option for ‘McIntosh’. On the other hand, for a weak-growing cultivar such as ‘Honeycrisp’, Tall Spindle on ‘B.9’ (366 t·ha−1) and Slender Pyramid (1097 trees/ha) on ‘G.30’ (354 t·ha−1) were the two combinations with the highest cumulative yield, largest fruit size (220–235 g), and greatest efficiency index (4.6–3.9 kg·cm−2).

scholarly journals Canopy Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of 'Royal Gala' Apple Trees Grown for Eight Years in Five Tree Training Systems

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl R. Hampson ◽  
Harvey A. Quamme ◽  
Robert T. Brownlee
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Training Method ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Slender Spindle

In 1993, a planting of virus-free 'Royal Gala' apple (Malu×domestica Borkh.) on 'M.9' rootstock was established at Summerland, B.C., Canada, to determine whether angled-canopy training systems could improve orchard tree performance relative to slender spindles. The trees were trained in one of five ways: slender spindle (SS), Geneva Y-trellis (GY), a modified Solen training we called 'Solen Y-trellis' (SY), or V-trellis (LDV), all at the same spacing (1.2 m × 2.8 m), giving a planting density of 2976 trees/ha. In addition, a higher density (7143 trees/ha) version of the V-trellis (HDV) was planted to gauge the performance of this system at densities approaching those of local super spindle orchards. The plots were drip-irrigated and hand-thinned. No summer pruning was done. After 8 years, differences among training systems at the same density and spacing were small and few. The two Y-shaped training systems had 11% to 14% greater cumulative yield/ha than the SS, but did not intercept significantly more light at maturity. No consistent differences occurred in fruit size or the percentage of fruit with delayed color development among the four training systems at the same density. Relative to the LDV, the HDV yielded less per tree, but far more per hectare, particularly in the first 3 years. After 8 years, the cumulative yield/ha was still 65% greater than with LDV. Yield efficiency was unaffected by tree density. Fruit size on HDV ranked lowest among the systems nearly every year, but was still commercially acceptable. The HDV intercepted more light (73%) than SS (53%). The percentage of fruit with delayed color development in HDV was not significantly different from that for LDV in most years. The trees in HDV were difficult to contain within their allotted space without summer pruning. The substantially similar performance of all the training systems (at a given density, and with minimal pruning) suggests that cost and ease of management should be the decisive factors when choosing a tree training method.

scholarly journals (310) Peach Orchard Systems Management Trial: The First Six Years

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1026A-1026
Author(s):  
Desmond R. Layne ◽  
Eric J. Hitzler
Keyword(s):  
Training System ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
Clemson University ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Peach Orchard

In 1999, a trial was established at the Clemson University Musser Fruit Research Farm to investigate the effects of training system/tree density, rootstock, and irrigation/fertilization on tree growth, productivity and profitability. The replicated trial comprised three training systems/tree densities (open center–332 trees/ha; quad V–664 trees/ha; and perpendicular V–996 trees/ha). The two rootstocks used were Lovell and Guardian. Three irrigation/fertilization treatments included: natural rainfall only plus granular program; supplemental irrigation plus granular; and supplemental irrigation plus fertigation at a reduced nitrogen rate from the granular program. The scion was the popular midseason cultivar Redglobe. There were a total of 18 treatment combinations replicated 4 times with 5 trees per treatment plot. Soil moisture was determined by TDR and pan evaporation monitored by weather station. Seventy-two minirhizotron tubes were installed in 2002 to monitor fine root growth. During 1999–2001, drought conditions limited rainfall to 35% below the annual average. Spring freeze events in 2001 and 2004 reduced crop load disproportionately in shorter, open-center trees. As tree density within the tree row increased, trunk cross sectional area (TCA) decreased. Trees on Guardian rootstock had significantly greater TCA than Lovell each year. Trees that received supplemental irrigation had greater TCA than nonirrigated trees each year. By reducing N rate through fertigation, TCA was reduced. Cumulative yield was not affected by training system/tree density. Cumulative yield was not affected by rootstock. Cumulative yield was 7% greater by supplemental irrigation. Pruning, thinning and harvesting was easier in V-systems than for open center trees.

Genetic and environmental controls of tree water and nitrogen use efficiency of 5-year-old mango plantation in relation to mango fruit yield and size as well as soil fertility in tropical Australia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiling Sun ◽  
Zhihong Xu ◽  
Paula Ibell ◽  
Ian Bally
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Training System ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Mango Fruit ◽  
Total N ◽  
Tropical Australia ◽  
Use Efficiency

<p><strong>Purpose:</strong> This study was aimed to quantify the effect of different variety, planting density, training system and canopy position on tree water and nitrogen use efficiencies in relation to mango fruit yield and size as well as soil fertility in a 5-year-old mango plantation of tropical Australia.</p><p><strong>Material and Methods:</strong> Soil (0-10 cm) and mango foliar samples were collected from a 5-year-old, factorial field experiment testing the effects of two mango varieties (Calypso vs Keitt), two planting densities (medium vs high), two training systems (single leader vs conventional) and two sampling canopy positions (north vs south) on foliar total carbon (TC, %), total nitrogen concentration (TN, %), and stable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotope compositions (δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N) as well as the corresponding total C, total N and δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N in the surface soil of tropical Australia. In addition, mango fruit yields and sizes were determined. Soil and foliar total C and N as well as δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N were determined on mass spectrometers at Griffith University. Each of the above treatment was replicated 6 times for foliar samples and 3 times for soil samples.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> There were significant genetic effect on foliar total N concentration (TN, %), tree water use efficiency (WUE) as reflected by foliar δ<sup>13</sup>C, N use efficiency (NUE) as indicated by foliar TN and δ<sup>15</sup>N, mango fruit yield and sizes in the 5-year-old mango plantation of tropical Australia. Overall, mango variety of Keitt had higher tree WUE and NUE as well as higher mango yield and greater fruit size, compared with those of mango variety of Calypso. There were also significant environmental influences on mango tree WUE and NUE as well as mango yield and fruit size. In particular, high planting density had higher tree NUE, and lower WUE as well as higher N loss, compared with those of medium planting density. High planting density treatment also had higher soil total N, compared with that of medium planting density treatment. The convention training system also had higher tree NUE and WUE, compared with the single leader training system. The northern side of tree canopy (sunny side) had lower fruit number, compared with the southern side (shady side) of tree canopy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> There were significant genetic and environmental influences on tree WUE and NUE as well as mango fruit yield and sizes in the 5-year-old mango plantation, highlighting the significant and exciting opportunities to improve mango tree WUE and NUE as well as fruit yield and soil fertility with both genetic selection and site management regimes.</p>

scholarly journals The Effects of Rootstocks and Training Systems on the Early Performance of ‘0900 Ziraat’ Sweet Cherry

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 573-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdal AGLAR ◽  
Kenan YILDIZ ◽  
Lynn Edwards LONG
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Training System ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Leader Training ◽  
Early Performance ◽  
And Training

The effects of three rootstocks (‘Gisela 5’, ‘Gisela 6’ and ‘MaxMa 14’) and three training systems (Spanish bush, Steep leader and Vogel central leader) on early performance of ‘0900 Ziraat’ sweet cherry were compared. There have been significant differences among both rootstocks and training systems in terms of tree heights. At the end of the fourth year, while the height of the trees grafted on ‘Gisela 5’ was 238.3 cm, those grafted on ‘MaxMa 14’ reached 266.4 cm in height. While the shortest tree height was obtained from Spanish bush system, heights of the trees in Steep leader and Vogel central leader training systems were found to be at similar levels. ‘Gisela’ 5 had lower trunk cross section area (TCSA) than ‘Gisela 6’ and ‘MaxMa 14’ rootstocks. Among three systems, trees trained to Steep leader had the highest TCSA, followed by Spanish bush and Vogel central leader. Interactions were found between rootstock and training system for yield and yield efficiency. On ‘Gisela 6’, cumulative yield of Vogel central leader system (17.0 g/tree) was significantly higher than Spanish bush (14.8 g/tree) and Steep leader (12.6 g/tree). On the other hand, on ‘MaxMa 14’, there were not significant differences in cumulative yield per tree among training systems. On ‘Gisela 5’ and ‘Gisela 6’, the highest yield efficiency were observed in trees trained as Vogel central leader. Yield efficiency of Vogel central leader (0.49 kg cm-²) was two time higher than those of Spanish bush (0.29 kg cm-²) and Steep leader (0.26 kg cm-²) on ‘Gisela 6’. The weight of fruits from trees grafted on ‘Gisela 5’ was lower than those from trees on ‘Gisela 6’ and ‘MaxMa 14’. In the fourth year, while the average fruit weight was 5.86 g on ‘Gisela 5’, it was 6.00 and 6.25 g on ‘Gisela 6’ and ‘MaxMa 14’ rootstocks respectively.

scholarly journals Canopy Development, Yield, and Fruit Quality of `Empire' and `Delicious' Apple Trees Grown in Four Orchard Production Systems for Ten Years

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence L. Robinson ◽  
Alan N. Lakso ◽  
Stephen G. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Slender Spindle

A field planting of `Empire' and `Redchief Delicious' apple trees (Malus domestics Borkh.) was established in 1978 to evaluate four planting systems: 1) slender spindle/M.9, 2) Y-trellis/M.26, 3) central leader/M.9/MM.111, and 4) central leader/M.7a. During the first 5 years, yields per hectare for `Empire' were positively correlated with tree density. In the second 5 years, the Y-trellis/M.26 trees produced the highest yields while yields of the other systems continued to be related to tree density. Cumulative yields were highest with the Y-trellis/M.26 trees. With `Delicious', the Y-trellis/M.26 yields were greatest during all 10 years despite lower tree density than the slender spindle/M.9. Yields of `Delicious' with the other three systems were a function of tree density during the 10 years. At maturity, canopy volume per tree was greatest on the central leader/M.7a trees and smallest on the slender spindle/M.9 trees; however, there were no significant differences in canopy volume per hectare between the systems despite large differences in yield. Trunk cross sectional area (TCA) per hectare was greatest with the Y-trellis/M.26 trees and smallest with the central leader/M.7 trees. Yield was highly correlated to TCA/ha. Yield efficiency with `Empire' was greatest for the slender spindle/M.9 system, followed by the Y-trellis/M.26, central leader/M.9/MM.111, respectively. With both cultivars, the central leader/M.7a system had the lowest yield efficiency. With `Delicious', there were no differences in yield efficiency for the other three systems. The greater yield of the Y-trellis/M.26 system was the result of greater TCA/ha and not greater efficiency. `Empire' fruit size was largest on the central leader/M.7a and the central leader/M.9/MM.111 trees and smallest on the slender spindle/M.9 and the Y-trellis/M.26 trees. With `Delicious', fruit size was larger with the Y-trellis/M.26 trees than the other systems. When fruit size was adjusted for crop density, there were no significant differences due to system with `Empire', but with `Delicious' the Y-trellis/M.26 trees had larger adjusted fruit size than the other systems. Crop density calculated using TCA correlated better to fruit size than did crop density calculated using annual increase in TCA, canopy volume, or land area. Fruit color and quality with `Redchief Delicious' were not influenced by system. With `Empire', average fruit color and soluble solids content were lower for the Y-trellis/M.26 and slender spindle/M.9 in some years when canopy density was allowed to become. excessive.

scholarly journals Varying Density with Constant Rectangularity: I. Effects on Apple Tree Growth and Light Interception in Three Training Systems over Ten Years

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl R. Hampson ◽  
Harvey A. Quamme ◽  
Frank Kappel ◽  
Robert T. Brownlee
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Training System ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Plot Design

The effect of increasing planting density at constant rectangularity on the vegetative growth and light interception of apple [Malus ×sylvestris (L) var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] trees in three training systems (slender spindle, tall spindle, and Geneva Y trellis) was assessed for 10 years. Five tree densities (from 1125 to 3226 trees/ha) and two cultivars (Royal Gala and Summerland McIntosh) were tested in a fully guarded split-split plot design. Planting density was the most influential factor. As tree density increased, tree size decreased, and leaf area index and light interception increased. A planting density between 1800 and 2200 trees/ha (depending on training system) was needed to achieve at least 50% light interception under the conditions of this trial. Training system altered tree height and canopy diameter, but not total scion weight. Training system began to influence light interception in the sixth leaf, when the Y trellis system intercepted more light than either spindle form. Trees trained to the Y trellis tended to have more spurs and a lower proportion of total leaf area in shoot leaves than the other two systems. The slender and tall spindles were similar in most aspects of performance. Tall spindles did not intercept more light than slender spindles. `Royal Gala' and `Summerland McIntosh' trees intercepted about the same amount of light. `Royal Gala' had greater spur leaf area per tree than `Summerland McIntosh', but the cultivars were similar in shoot leaf area per tree and spur density.

scholarly journals Effects of Rootstock, Tree Density and Training System on Early Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Blush Pear

HortScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Lexie McClymont ◽  
Ian Goodwin ◽  
Desmond Whitfield ◽  
Mark O’Connell ◽  
Susanna Turpin
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Training System ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
High Density ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
And Training

Vegetative growth, orchard productivity, fruit quality and marketable yield were evaluated for rootstock (D6, BP1 and Quince A), tree density (741–4444 trees/ha), and training system (Open Tatura trellis, two-dimensional vertical and three-dimensional traditional) effects on young trees of the blush pear cultivar ‘ANP-0131’. ‘ANP-0131’ is a vigorous scion and vegetative growth, precocity, and yield were influenced by the selected rootstocks. Tree density and training system treatments exerted a substantial effect on canopy radiation interception while increasing tree density improved yield. Increasing tree density from 2222 (high density) to 4444 (ultra-high density) trees/ha did not improve cumulative yield. Crop load affected fruit size, such that “marketable” yield (yield of fruit weighing between 150 and 260 g) was greatest for trees on D6 rootstock and trained to Open Tatura trellis at high and ultra-high densities.

scholarly journals Training Systems and Sustainable Orchard Management for European Pear (Pyrus communis L.) in the Mediterranean Area: A Review

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1765
Author(s):  
Stefano Musacchi ◽  
Ignasi Iglesias ◽  
Davide Neri
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Training System ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Pyrus Communis L ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Planting Distance

In 2018, 23.2 Mt of pears were produced in the world across 1.3 million hectares (ha) of cultivated land. This review analyzes different training systems and management styles that have been adopted worldwide, emphasizing the European pear’s economic and environmental sustainability for the Mediterranean area of cultivation. Despite a reduced number of cultivars utilized around the world, pear presents a plethora of innovative training systems. In Europe, dwarfing rootstocks have led to reduced planting distances and a subsequent increase in planting density. Still, the economic sustainability of these systems is now questionable. Many of the quince rootstocks have made it possible to considerably reduce the size of the tree and introduce the concept of continuous row planting, with the management of orchards from the ground (i.e., pedestrian orchard). The planting distance must be chosen according to the soil fertility, the vigor of the grafting combination, and the training system. The planting distance dramatically affects the pruning and the management of soil, fertilization, and irrigation. The reduction of tree size also lowers the volume of spray necessary when applying pesticides. The variability in yield worldwide results from the interaction amongst cultivar/rootstock/training system/climate/management.

scholarly journals Early Performance of Two Apple Cultivars in Three Training Systems

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1004-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Ferree
Keyword(s):  
Training System ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Flower Density ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Early Performance

In 1987, `Smoothee Golden Delicious' (`Smoothee') and `Lawspur Rome Beauty' (`Lawspur') apple (Malus domestica Borkh,) trees were planted and trained as central leaders or palmette leaders on M.7 and Mark rootstocks or were planted as slender spindles on Mark rootstocks. `Smoothee' trees were larger and had consistently greater yields and production per unit trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) than `Lawspur' trees. Slender spindle trees had lower early yields per tree and TCA but had greater cumulative yields per hectare than trees in the other training systems. In the fifth and sixth growing seasons, `Smoothee' trained as palmette leaders tended to have higher yields per hectare then central leader trees. Training system had little influence on `Lawspur' tree yields. Limb bending in 1989 increased flower density in 1989 and 1990. Cumulative yield per hectare increased 11% as a result of limb bending of trees on Mark rootstock, but bending had no influence on trees on M.7 rootstock. `Smoothee' on Mark had higher cumulative yields per hectare with the palmette leader and central leader than either `Smoothee' on M.7 in either training system or any combination with `Lawspur'.

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