scholarly journals Plasticity in Leaf and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Ficus benjamina Ggrown under Different Lght Regimes

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 835B-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qibing Wang ◽  
Jianjun Chen*
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Photosynthetic Characteristics ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Ficus Benjamina ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Leaf Area And Thickness ◽  
Dark Green

Ficus benjamina is considered to have a high degree of morphological and physiological plasticity in response to light levels. In this study, leaf area and thickness, specific leaf area (SLA), chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic characteristics of Ficus benjamina `Common'; grown in a shaded greenhouse under four maximum photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFDs) of 150, 250, 450, or 650 μmol·m-2·s-1 were investigated. Results showed that plants grown under 450 and 650 PPFDs had higher SLA and leaf thickness but smaller leaf areas than those grown under 150 and 250 PPFDs. Total chlorophyll content per unit leaf area decreased as PPFDs increased. Net photosynthetic rates (Pn) increased from 2.7 μmol·m-2·s-1 under 150 PPFD to 5.7 μmol·m-2·s-1 under 450 PPFD, then slightly decreased to 5.5 μmol·m-2·s-1 under 650 PPFD. The highest net photosynthetic rate was not associated with higher intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci) and stomatal conductance (gs) as plants grown under 250 PPFD had the highest (Ci) (259 ppm) and gs (0.1 mol·m-2·s-1), which suggests that photosynthetic enzymes could play a increasing role under 450 PPFD. Plant quality, however, was not necessarily correlated with the Pn because only those grown under 250 PPFD had appropriate heights, large and dark green leaves, and well-spread branches, and thus were graded higher than plants grown under the other PPFDs. This study shows that fine-tuning production light level is important for high quality Ficus benjamina production.

Effects of Allelopathic Chemicals on Growth and Physiological Responses of Soybean (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Sulfosalicylic Acid ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Matter Production

The effects of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid,t-cinnamic acid,p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid,p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 5-sulfosalicylic acid, vanillic acid, and vanillin on growth, photosynthesis, water relations, and chlorophyll content of 3-week-old soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Tracy’] grown in aerated nutrient solution were determined. At concentrations of 10−3M, caffeic,t-cinnamic,p-coumaric, ferulic, gallic, and vanillic acids significantly reduced dry matter production, leaf expansion, height, leaf production, net assimilation rate (rate of dry matter production per unit leaf area), and leaf area duration (total leaf area present during treatment interval). Chlorogenic acid,p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 5-sulfosalicylic acid, and vanillin at 10−3M did not inhibit growth. None of the 10 compounds at 10−4M inhibited growth. At concentrations of 10−3M, caffeic,t-cinnamic,p-coumaric, ferulic, gallic, and vanillic acids severely reduced net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of single, fully expanded leaves. These same compounds also caused marked reductions in leaf chlorophyll content, with net losses of chlorophyll occurring over an 86-h period after treatment.

scholarly journals Leaf Attributes as Indices of Fruit Quality in Prune Tree Canopies

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 751-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Southwick ◽  
S.A. Weinbaum ◽  
T.T. Muraoka ◽  
W.R. Krueger ◽  
K.A. Shackel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Range Analysis ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Leaf dry weight per leaf area (LDW/LA); weight of leaf N per unit leaf area (LN/LA); leaf dry weight (LDW); and fruit quality, particularly sugar per fruit (SF); fruit fresh weight (FFW); and fruit dry weight (FDW) were measured over a range of daily average incident photosynthetic photon flux values (PPF) (50 to 1000 μmol·s-1·m-2) in 7-year-old prune (Prunus domestics L. syn. `Petite d'Agen') tree canopies. Linear or curvilinear relationships between these leaf attributes and fruit characteristics were significant over the PPF range. Analysis of LDW/LA or LN/LA may be used to indicate tree canopy locations in which fruit size and quality is limited by suboptimal PPF.

Relationship between visual colour rating and chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and some growth characteristics in couchgrass (Cynodonspp. L.)

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Visual Colour

SUMMARYChlorophyll contents per unit leaf area and unit dry weight, chlorophylla:bratio, visual colour rating, specific leaf area, and leaf fresh weight: dry weight ratios were estimated for 12 couch (bermudagrass) varieties (Cynodonspp. L.) in winter (July) and spring (October). Net photosynthetic and dark respiration rates were estimated in winter only.The chlorophyll contents per unit leaf area were higher in all varieties in spring than in winter, but per unit weight were more variable. The varieties differed substantially in the net photosynthetic and dark respiration rates. The specific leaf areas were greater in winter than in spring in five varieties: in others it changed little. The fresh: dry weight ratios of the leaves were almost constant between varieties in the spring but varied greatly during the winter. Visual colour ratings were well correlated with chlorophyll contents per unit area but not with weight. The net photosynthetic rate was closely correlated with chlorophyll content (per unit area) but not so closely with colour rating.

Comparative carbon dioxide exchange for two Populus clones grown in growth room, greenhouse, and field environments

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 924-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil D. Nelson ◽  
Paul Ehlers
Keyword(s):  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Growth Room

Light-saturated net photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area were 1.6–2.1 times greater for the photosynthetically mature leaves of plants of two hybrid Populus clones (NC-5260, 'Tristis No.1' (Populustristis Fisch. × P. balsamifera L.); NC-5326, 'eugenei' (P. deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. × P. nigra L.)) grown in pots in the field than in comparable plants from a controlled environment growth room and a winter greenhouse. Stomatal resistances to CO2 in the field trees were only 0.4–0.6 of those in growth room and greenhouse trees. Mesophyll (residual) resistances to CO2 in field trees were 0.4–0.8 of those in growth room and greenhouse trees. Field plants had specific leaf weights 1.5–1.8 times higher than growth room and greenhouse plants, likely primarily owing to the greater average photosynthetic photon flux density in the field (835, 225, and 142 μE m−2 s−1 for field, growth room, and greenhouse conditions, respectively). When net photosynthetic rates (Ps) were corrected for the differences in specific leaf weights to derive net photosynthetic rate per unit leaf dry weight, the values were similar for plants from the three environments (Ps in field trees was 0.9–1.2 times Ps in growth room and greenhouse trees); gross photosynthetic rates per unit leaf weight were even more similar. Internal leaf CO2 concentrations, and photorespiration and dark respiration rates per unit leaf area were not related to growth environment. However, photorespiration rate as a percentage of net photosynthetic rate was lower in the field trees (12–16% in field trees, 19–24% in growth room trees, and 23–39% in greenhouse trees). Net photosynthetic rate was shown to be under strong genetic control in these clones. The effects of growth environment on variables of carbon exchange are sensitive to the basis of expression of those variables.

scholarly journals (50) Evaluating Low Light Level Effects on Chlorophyll Content and Commercial Quality in Several Species of Bambuseae

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1037B-1037
Author(s):  
Harry G. Simmons ◽  
Alisara Menakanit ◽  
Surawit Wannakrairoj ◽  
Poonpipope Kasemsap
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Foliage Plant ◽  
Reduced Light

Bamboo has increasingly become a popular exterior ornamental plant because of its durability, versatility, and evergreen qualities in conditions of extreme temperature and moisture variations. Use as an interior foliage plant has been limited due to the difficulty of finding species adaptable to lower light levels. Nineteen species from seven genera (Bambusa, Cephalostachyum, Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloa, Schizostachyum, Thyrsostachys, and Vietnamosasa) were evaluated. Fifteen plants from each species were potted in like conditions (50% leaf mold; 50% topsoil; 5 g of 14–14–14 controlled-release fertilizer) and grown under a maximum daily photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) range between 1200 to 2000 μmol·m-2·s-1 for 6 weeks. Chlorophyll content of leaves was measured. The commercial quality of leaves, culms, and general appearance was also recorded. Light was then limited to a maximum PPFD of 150 to 300 μmol m-2s-1 for 6 weeks and all measurements were again recorded. Five species had significant increases in chlorophyll content after the 6-week period of reduced light levels. Species with a larger maturity size had a greater mortality percentage as well as lower quality leaf and overall appearance when grown under reduced light levels. Culm quality remained constant in 18 of the 19 species after the 6-week period. Vietnamosasa ciliata showed the greatest increase in chlorophyll levels as well as highest commercial quality of leaf and overall appearance.

Effect of Light on Growth and Development of Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) and Russian Knapweed (Centaurea repens)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 779-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando A. Dall'Armellina ◽  
Robert L. Zimdahl
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Russian Knapweed ◽  
Reproductive Response ◽  
Field Bindweed

Field bindweed and Russian knapweed were grown from seed or rhizome segments under 520, 325, or 236 μmol·m–2· s–1photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) to determine vegetative and reproductive response. Flower production in both species declined with decreasing light level. Leaf area of field bindweed decreased as light level decreased, but Russian knapweed leaf area increased as light intensity decreased from 520 to 325 μmol·m–2·s–1PPFD or from 520 to 236 μmol·m–2·s–1. Dry matter of shoots, roots, and rhizomes of field bindweed grown from seed declined as light level decreased, but the only response of plants grown from rhizome segments was complete inhibition of rhizome production. Dry matter of Russian knapweed shoots and roots in plants grown from seed or rhizome segments decreased as light decreased. In both species the total PPFD was more important than whether low or high light level occurred first.

scholarly journals Only Extreme Fluctuations in Light Levels Reduce Lettuce Growth Under Sole Source Lighting

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruqayah Bhuiyan ◽  
Marc W. van Iersel
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Electricity Prices ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Fluctuating Light ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Net Assimilation

The cost of providing lighting in greenhouses and plant factories can be high. In the case of variable electricity prices, providing most of the light when electricity prices are low can reduce costs. However, it is not clear how plants respond to the resulting fluctuating light levels. We hypothesized that plants that receive a constant photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) will produce more biomass than those grown under fluctuating light levels. To understand potential growth reductions caused by fluctuating light levels, we quantified the effects of fluctuating PPFD on the photosynthetic physiology, morphology, and growth of ‘Little Gem’ and ‘Green Salad Bowl’ lettuce. Plants were grown in a growth chamber with dimmable white LED bars, alternating between high and low PPFDs every 15 min. The PPFDs were ∼400/0, 360/40, 320/80, 280/120, 240/160, and 200/200 μmol⋅m−2⋅s–1, with a photoperiod of 16 h and a DLI of ∼11.5 mol⋅m−2⋅day–1 in all treatments. CO2 was ∼800 μmol⋅mol–1. Plants in the 400/0 μmol⋅m−2⋅s–1 treatment had ∼69% lower An,30 (net assimilation averaged over 15 min at high and 15 min at low PPFD) than plants grown at a PPFD of 320/80 μmol⋅m−2⋅s–1 (or treatments with smaller PPFD fluctuations). The low An,30 in the 400/0, and to a lesser extent the 360/40 μmol⋅m−2⋅s–1 treatment was caused by low net assimilation at 360 and 400 μmol⋅m−2⋅s–1. Plants grown at 400/0 μmol⋅m−2⋅s–1 also had fewer leaves and lower chlorophyll content compared to those in other treatments. The four treatments with the smallest PPFD fluctuations produced plants with similar numbers of leaves, chlorophyll content, specific leaf area (SLA), dry mass, and leaf area. Chlorophyll content, An,30, and dry mass were positively correlated with each other. Our results show that lettuce tolerates a wide range of fluctuating PPFD without negative effects on growth and development. However, when fluctuations in PPFD are extreme (400/0 or 360/40 μmol⋅m−2⋅s–1), chlorophyll levels and An,30 are low, which can explain the low poor growth in these treatments. The ability of lettuce to tolerate a wide range of fluctuating light levels suggests that PPFD can be adjusted in response to variable electricity pricing.

Chlorophyll degradation in leaf sections from tall and short varieties of rice

1971 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Harada ◽  
H. Nakayama
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Degradation ◽  
Rapid Degradation ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Leaf

SUMMARYAmong the four varieties of rice tested, the leaves of short varieties had much chlorophyll per unit leaf area and slow chlorophyll degradation, while those of tall ones showed less chlorophyll content and its rapid degradation.

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